2017潍坊中考英语外研版专题复习：专题四　阅读理解.pdf

r专题四阅读理解鼓-ZHU A N TI SI YUEDULIJIE阅读理解是通过语篇对学生综合运用语言的能力进行考查的题型。综合运用语言的能力，包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对材料的评估能力等。阅读理解题的难度并不是很大，以确认短文的事实和细节为主。但是随着课程标准的实施，对学生高层次阅读能力的要求有所增加。生题型考点解读0考点2016201520142013主旨大意题1 次2 次3 次2 次细节理解题6 次10次8 次9 次推理判断题2 次2 次2 次1 次词义猜测题2 次1 次2 次3 次堡考点分析总结。纵观近几年来的阅读理解题，有以下几个考查特点：1.细节理解题是考查的重点，一般是针对某个特定细节来提问。2.阅读词汇量、信息量有所递增，要求学生进一步提高阅读速度。3.增加了生词量，加大了对学生猜测词义能力的考查。4.主旨大意题每年都考，这不但要求学生能准确地确认细节问题，而且要求学生能对文章进行高度概括或总结。d 题型命题趋势。阅读理解主要考查学生综合运用语言的能力，通过分析近几年中考题，阅读理解命题有以下趋势：1.联系生活实际，关注社会热点。2.篇幅变长，词汇量有所增加，选材广泛。3.注重对学生综合能力的考查，比如词义猜测题。4.注重文章的整体阅读，不但要理解文章的细节，而且要理解整篇文章，比如主旨大意题。也如何进行复习o阅读理解能全面快速地反映出学生的英语水平，是中考不可缺少的题型之一。为了提高阅读理解水平，我们应做到下面几点：（一）要充分利用好课本素材。深入挖掘课本素材，根据课本上多层次的阅读任务，逐步掌握文章信息，培养学生处理信息的能力。学生必须先自主阅读，找出问题，然后在教师的引导和点拨下解决疑难问题。对于精彩的段落，可以选择背诵，以增强英文语感。有了强烈的语感，阅读理解能力会不知不觉地提高。（二）要努力拓展课外阅读。要 多 阅 读 一 些选题严谨而又新颖，时代感强，覆盖面广的文章。当前的阅读理解选材越来越注重现代化、多样化、知识化和生活化，内容贴近生活，蕴涵着丰富的世界各国文化背景知识，具有强烈的时代感和交际性，常常从不同侧面反映目前人们的思想意识、生活情趣和对人、对自然的态度及与世界的交流。只有通过大量阅读不同题材和体裁的短文，才能不断增强快速捕捉、掌握信息的能力，也能提高面对较长篇幅阅读材料的心理承受能力。（三）要注重阅读方式。在平时的练习中，做完阅读，就是核对答案与纠错.事实上，纠正答案对文章的二次阅读往往起着至关重要的作用。首次读文章时，我们应当模拟考试的紧张气氛，捕捉所需要的信息，尽量做到高质高效。二次阅读的目的就不再是获取信息了，而是把握文章的布局安排，分析作者的意图。同时要把二次阅读变成精读，因为要想真正培养逻辑推理能力，提高阅读水平，精读是必不可缺的。（四）要积累大量的词汇，夯实语法知识。英文阅读理解涉及语篇、段落、句子、词汇四个层次的理解，而其中最根本的是对词汇的理解。要想准确理解文章的内涵，必须拥有较大的词汇量。我们不但要掌握课本上的词汇，而且也要注重对课外阅读词汇的掌握。比如，我们可以利用二次阅读积累词汇。我们要通过平时的学习积累教学考纲中要求的各个语法项目，这样就能通过分析句子结构辨别意群及正确理解结构复杂的长句，为更好地理解文章做好铺垫。总之，只要我们充分利用好课本素材、努力拓展课外阅读、注重阅读方式以及积累大量的词汇和夯实语法知识，英语阅读理解能力必定会有所提升。堂 整 方 法 技 巧0中考阅读理解的考查方式主要有：（一）主旨大意题；（二）细节理解题；（三）推理判断题；（四）词义猜测题。针对这四种考查方式，我们可以运用以下方法与技巧：一、主旨大意题主旨大意题是针对文章的主题、标题或写作目的而设置的题目。这类题主要考查学生在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、推理等逻辑思维方法对文章进行高度概括或总结的能力。其最有效的方法是找出主题句，我们可以通过分析篇章结构，找HI每一小段的主题句，然后通过寻找共同点，找出整篇文章的主题句，这是找准文章主旨大意的关键。主题句是文章的核心，它往往是一个有很强概括性和代表性的句子。找到了文章的主题句，文章的中心思想也就显而易见了。对于主旨大意题，要始终渗透“通读全文，了解文意”的阅读理念。链 接 训 练.（2015,lll东潍坊，C）On a cold winter morning,a poor boy called Howard Kelly was on hisway to school.He was so hungry that he decided to beg（乞讨）for a meal at the next house.A lovely young lady opened the door and she brought him a large glass of milk.He had itslowly,and then asked,“How much do I owe（欠）you?”“You owe me nothing,“she replied.Mother has taught me never to accept pay for akindness.He said,“Then I thank you from the bottom of my heart.”Years later the woman became seriously ill.The local doctors sent her to the big city,wherespecialists（专家）can study her illness.Dr.Howard Kelly,now famous,was called in for theconsultation（会诊）.When he heard the name of the town she came from,a strange light filledhis eyes.Immediately,he rose and went to her room.He recognized her at once and decided to dohis best to save her life.From that day on,he gave special attention to her and her illness.After a long time,the lady was well again at last.Dr.Kelly asked the hospital office to passthe final bill to him.He looked at it and then wrote something on the side.The bill was sent toher room.She was afraid to open it because she had thought that it would take the rest of her lifeto pay it off.Finally she looked,and the note on the side caught her attention.4Paid in full with aglass of milk.”例 What does the story intend to tell us?A.Where there is a will,there is a way.B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.C.Every kindness will be paid off.D.Better late than never.【解析】Where there is a will,there is a w ay.意为“有志者，事竟成；A friend in need isa friend indeed.意 为“患难朋友才是真朋友”：Every kindness will be paid o ff.意 为“好心总会有好报”：Better late than never.意 为“迟做总比不做好”。本文通过讲述凯利小时候得到别人的帮助，后来报答对方的故事，告诉我们要多做善事。故选C。【答案】C二、细节理解题细节理解题指针对文章细节描写或与文章主旨大意、情节发展相关的具体事实所设置的题目。这类题主要考查学生获取信息及对文章所提供信息的理解能力。解答此类题，我们一定要本着从原文中寻找答案的原则。首先要正确理解题干，然后直接到文中寻找信息源，再进行理解和分析就确定答案了。要注意的是，不要孤立地理解单个句子，而要结合上下文语境来理解。同时还要注意句子的非主干成分，如定语、状语、补语等，这些成分往往是出题者进行误导的落脚点。链接训练一（2015 山东潍坊，B）classifiedsBabysitter neededW nee d a babys itter to lookafte r o u r tw o boys aged 5 and 7 iafte r s chool fro m 4 p.m.-6 p.m”M o n.-Fri.I 40 a w e e k.Cali Mary on 678345211H o lid a y jo bDo you w an t to earn s omeextra m o ne y this s um m er?Doyou s peak an o th e r language?W e ne ed French,S panis h o rGe rm an s peakers to w o rk fo rus in th e G ty Mus e um s hopTues day-S aturday.Send yo ur CV tocitYmuseumshopjob.lkjjcnv f MUS EUMNe w s p ap e r ro undbe fo re s c ho o lWe need young people todeliver newspapers on Mon.Wed.and Fri.mornings.Thepaper round takes 30 minutesin the village of Clanbrook.Papers must be deliveredbefore 8 a m.and you musthave your own bike.Interested?Ask for more infoat Clanbrook post officef Munchies Cafe可P A R T-T IM E W O R KWe are looking fo r breakfas t andlunchtim e s taff to w o rk in-o urcafA on Saturdays.Co m e in(8 a.m.-4 p.m )o r callBella o p 612398745(afte r 4 p.m.)例 How much should the boys parents pay the babysitter for one day?A.4.B.6.C.8.D.10.【解析】由广告A 中 Mon.-Fri.（星期一至星期五）与40 a week（每周40英镑）可知，每天是8 英镑。【答案】C三、推理判断题推理判断题，既要求学生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思，又要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确的推理判断。解答此类题要注意两点：与原文相同的细节不能选。因为此类题是我们作出的推理判断，忌原文呈现。文中没有出现的细节不能跳出文章作推断，即要忠于原文，在文章中寻找可推断的依据，切忌把自己的观点当成作者的观点。解题过程中只要注意上述两点，再结合做细节理解题和主旨大意题的方法，即可得出正确答案。链接训练“一One morning Fan Xing discovered that her classroom had changed.The 13-year-old saw thatthe desks were no longer in rows（排），but pushed together to make six bigger desks.The new aiTangement（排歹lj）was part of a reform（改革）at FarTs school,Changsha DaotianMiddle School in Hunan.About five weeks ago,more than 2,000 junior students at the schoolbegan studying in this way,with six to eight students sitting in groups.“This reform is designed to provide students with easier ways to study and more chances fordiscussion,said Liu Xu,a school head teacher.Our school hopes it can improve students*abilities（能力）for self-study as well as teamwork.”例 The purpose of the new classroom arrangement is to.A.make the students feel fresh and interestedB.divide big classes into small classesC.make more room for new studentsD.provide students with more chances for teamwork【解析】本题考查新的教室排列的目的。第 段和第二段介绍了这一排列，第三段介绍了这项改革的目的，选项D 与之相符，所以选择D。【答案】D四、词义猜测题词义猜测是利用上下文语境对某些生词作出推测和判断。该题型旨在考查学生根据上下文推断词汇意思的能力。词义猜测题：第一，要熟练掌握大纲单词，平时注意积累生词和短语。第二，根据熟悉的词及词义判断生词的意思。第三，要把生词放到句子里，把句子放在句群里，根据上下文判断生词在特定句子中的确切意思。链 接 训 练（山东潍坊中考改编）Never giving up is the key to making our dreams come true.We mayfail from time to time,but we can learn from failure,correct our mistakes and try again until weachieve our goals.Our life is like a long journey.It sometimes has wind and rain.We believerainbows will appear after storms.例 Whats the meaning of the underlined word“failure”?A.放弃 B.成功 C.失败 D.梦想【解析】从原句 We may fail from time to time,but we can learn from failure,correct ourmistakes and try again until we achieve our goals.中的 We may fail from time to time 以及correct our mistakes and try again可知I,我们可能会失败，但是我们可以从失败中学习，所以选 C。【答案】C0n备考试题精选0（-）（2016 吠 泮，A）Our new neighbours are the Browns.They have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy is Jack and the girl is Alice.Jack is 1L and he is one year older than me.Alice and mysister Nancy are 8 years old.At weekends,Nancy and I like to go to play with Alice and Jack.Both Jack and I really enjoyplaying computer games.Sometimes the girls join us,but the games they enjoy are different fromthe ones we like.There is a big park near our house.Sometimes,when the weather is fine,the four of us willgo for bike rides there.We often stop at the huge playground to have some fun.Jack and I like toplay basketball,but the girls prefer to sing and dance.Our families often have dinner together.On some days,they come over to our house and onother days,we go over to theirs.Mr Brown and his wife cook really well.Nancy and I are very glad to have the Browns next door.Its great to have friends living sonear.短文大意：本文作者介绍了自己的新邻居布朗一家。布朗夫妇有一个儿子杰克和一个女儿爱丽丝。“我”和妹妹南希喜欢和他们两个一起玩耍。两家人经常在家中聚餐。1.Who are the writers new neighbours?A.A family of three.B.The Browns.C.Jack and Nancy.D.Alice and Nancy.SBB贬机由第 段 的 第,句 Our new neighbours are the Browns.可知，布 朗 一 家是作者的新邻居。故选B。2.How old is Alice?A.8.B.9.C.10.D.11.ISHA由 第 一 段 的 最 后 一 Alice and my sister Nancy are 8 years o ld.可知,爱丽丝8 岁。故选Ao3.The girls prefer to at the playground in the park.A.listen to music B.play basketballC.sing and dance D.play computer gamesme由第三段的 There is a big park near our house.We often stop at the huge playground tohave some fun.Jack and I like to play basketball,but the girls prefer to sing and dance.可知,两个女孩更喜欢在公园的操场上唱歌、跳舞。故选C。4.Where do the two families have dinner together?A.At a park nearby.B.At a restaurant.C.In a forest.D.At their houses.答:D由第四段的前两句 Our families often have dinner together.On some days,they come overto our house and on other days,we go over to theirs.可知，两家人在他们的家里聚餐。故选 D。5.The writer thinks its to be friends with the new neighbours.A.boring B.great C.difficult D.safe餐案B由文章的最后一句Its great to have friends living so near.可知，作者认为和新邻居成为朋友非常不错。故选B。（二）（2016 大津，B）Do you know that in some parts of the world,people build temporary（暂时的）hotels made of snow and blocks（大块）of ice?These are known as ice hotels.Unlike usual hotels,all the rooms in the ice hotels are made of ice.In some ice hotels,eventhe glasses for drinks are made of ice blocks.So they only serve cold drinks.Also,hot food is notserved in the ice hotels,but guests can eat hot food at places nearby.To keep warm,guests sleep in comfortable sleeping bags on ice blocks that are covered bymattresses（床垫）and reindeer skins（驯鹿皮）.There are some places in the ice hotels that are heated,such as the bathrooms.This isbecause,even though it is not as cold in the ice hotels as it is outdoors（在户外）,indoortemperatures are still very low.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the ice hotels is that they are rebuilt every year.Theycan be used only during the winter months.The ice hotels melt（融化）away when spring aiTives.The ice blocks used to build these hotels are from nearby rivers.So,when the ice hotels meltaway,they melt back into the rivers.短文大意：本文介绍了世界上的冰雪酒店。冰雪酒店用雪和冰块建成。酒店内甚至装饮料的杯子也是用冰块制成的。客人睡在覆盖着床垫和驯鹿皮的冰块上，并且还配有舒适的睡袋。冰雪酒店在冬天建成并使用，当春天到来时，冰雪融化，酒店慢慢消失，化为冰水流入河中。1.According to the passage,ice hot e l s.A.are found everywhere B.do business in summerC.are made of glass D.are made of snow and ice答：D 由 第 一 段 中 people build temporary hotels made of snow and blocks of ice?These areknown as ice hotels.可知，冰雪酒店是用雪和冰块建成的。故选D。2.Which of the following about the ice hotels is true?A.They are just like usual hotels.B.The glasses are made of wood.C.They serve cold drinks.D.The rooms are made of bamboo.ISBc解析A 项意为“它们仅像通常的酒店一样”；B 项意为“杯子是由木头制成的”；C 项意为“它们供应冷饮”：D 项意为“房间是由竹子建成的”。由第二段的前三句Unlike usual hotels,allthe rooms in the ice hotels are made of ice.In some ice hotels,even the glasses for drinks aremade of ice blocks.So they only serve cold drinks.（与通常的酒店不同，冰雪酒店里的所有房间都是用冰建造的。在一些冰雪酒店里，甚至装饮料的杯子都是由冰块制成的。所以它们只供应冷饮。）可知，关于冰雪酒店四个选项中只有C 项说法正确。3.You cant see in the ice hotels.A.hoi food B.reindeer skinsC.sleeping bags D.mattressesKA析由第二段最后一句中 Also,hot food is not served in the ice hotels.和第三段 To keepwarm,guests sleep in comfortable sleeping bags on ice blocks that are covered by mattresses andreindeer skins.可知，冰雪酒店里不供应热的食物，但是有驯鹿皮、睡袋和床垫。故选A。4.Why are bathrooms heated in the ice hotels?A.Guests want to eat in them.B.Indoor temperatures are very low.C.Guests ask the hotels to do that.D.It is as cold indoors as it is outdoors.2 B 由第四段 There are some places in the ice hotels that are heated,such as the bathrooms.Thisis because,even though it is not as cold in the ice hotels as it is outdoors,indoor temperatures arestill very low.可知，冰雪酒店里的浴室供暖是因为室内温度非常低。故选B。5.What happens to the ice hotels in spring?A.They melt away.B.They are rebuilt.C.They are repaired.客案AD.They need more ice.由最后一段中The ice hotels melt away when spring arrives.可知，在春天到来时冰雪酒店会融化抻：。故选A。（三）（2016 山东青岛,B）“I will think of it”It is easy to say this,but doyou know what great things have come from thinking?Sir Isaac Newton was sitting in his garden when he saw an apple fallfrom a tree.He began to think and tried to find out why the apple fell.Then hediscovered how the sun,moon,and stars are kept in their places.A boy named James Watt sat quietly by the fire,watching the lid of thekettle move up and down.He wanted to find out why the steam in the kettlemoved the lid.From that time he went on thinking and thinking.And when hebecame a man,he improved the steam engine（蒸汽机）so much that it couldeasily do the work of many horses.James Ferguson was a poor boy.Once,seeing the inside of a watch,he wondered.Whyshould I not make a w atch?B ut how could he get the materials to make the mainspring（钟表的主发条）?He soon found he could make it with whalebone（鲸骨）.He then made a wooden clockwhich kept good time.His motto（座右铭）was“I will think of it.And he made his thoughtsuseful to himself and the world.Boys and girls,when you have a difficult lesson to learn,dont lose heart,and dont asksomeone for help before helping yourselves.Think,and by thinking you will learn how to think tosome purpose.短文大意：本文通过科学名人牛顿、瓦特和弗格森的事例说明了思考的重要性，要求我们学会如何思考才能达到目的。1.From the passage,we know that some great things come from.A.listening B.reading C.speaking D.thinking答二D:勺由笫一段中but do you know what great things have come from thinking?（.但是你知道哪些伟大的事情是通过思考得来的吗？）可知一些伟大的事情来自思考，故选D。2.The idea of Isaac Newtons discovery was from.A.the falling of an apple B.the cleaning of a gardenC.the falling of a tree D.the moving of a lid答:A由第二段中when he saw an apple fall from a tree.He began to think and tried to find outwhy the apple fell.（这时他看到一个苹果从树上掉下来，他开始思考并尽力弄清苹果为何掉下来。）可知他的发现源自苹果的下落。故选A。3.The achievement of James Watt was that he.A.kept thinking B.found the steam in the kettleC.improved the steam engine much D.watched the lid move up and downC:折由第三段中 And when he became a man,he improved the steam engine.（当他长大成人后，他改进了蒸汽机）可知选C。4.The right order of the following sentences is.James Ferguson made a wooden clock.James Ferguson saw the inside of a watch.（3）James Ferguson made the mainspring with whalebone.A.B.C.D.B由第四段中 Once,seeing the inside of a watch.he could make it with whalebone.He thenmade a wooden clock.的顺序可知B项正确。5.What is the main idea of the passage?A.Learn to ask for help.B.A difficult lesson to learn.C.It is easy to say“I will think of it.”D.Think 1 and by thinking you will leam how to think to some purpose.OD短文最后句是本文的中心句，即 Think,and by thinking you will leam how to think tosome purpose.故选 Do（四）（2016 币；庆,A）Paper cut can be seen in many parts of China during the Spring Festival.People put it on windows,doors and walls for the festival.A thousand years ago,paper cut was used for decoration（装饰）.In Tang Dynasty womenused paper cut as headdress.In Song Dynasty,it helped make gifts more beautiful.Whats more,people would feel happier when they saw paper cut on windows,doors and walls.Now people usepaper cut to express their wishes for welcoming the New Year.There are different kinds of paper cut in different parts of China.Pictures usually covernearly all things,from flowers,birds to the famous people.Now,there are factories for paper cutin China.Paper cut has changed from decoration to a kind of art.At the same time,paper cut alsoappears in cartoons,magazines or TV programs.短文大意：本文介绍了中国剪纸这种艺