中考英语特训班语法.pdf

中考英语特训班语法第一课时英语的三个重要特征：1.曲折变化形式相对较少2.词汇比较开放性3.句法灵活语法从两方面来研究：1.词法名词(noun)n.例：John,Beijing,pen,water,live,potato,tomato代 词(pronoun)pron.例：they,that,some形 容 词(adjective)a.例：happy,young,clever,big动i司(verb)v.彳 列：write,playjump,sing,am/is/are,go,come,have数词(numeral)n u m.彳 列：the first/second/third,eight,hundred,million副 词(adverb)a d v.例：always,very,clearly,hardly冠 词(article)art.例：a,an,the介i司(preposition)prep.(列：from,on,between,of连词(conjunction)conj,例：and,or,but,if,when感 叹 词(interjection)interj.例：oh,aha,hello2.名词名词的分类：1.名词的定义:表示人、事物、抽象概念2.分两类：专有名词与普通名词第二种划分：可数名词(C)与不可数名词(U)区分可数不可数名词非常重要，1.不能完全按照汉语的逻辑来分例：bread,furniture2.可数名词与不可数名词不是一成不变的总结：glass（玻璃），a glass（玻璃杯）paper（M）,a paper（论文）wood（木头）a woodbeauty,light 等2.1.名词的数：名词如何以单数变为复数形式1.通常，单数名词后面+s,例：book,table,lake,dog,cat2.以 ch,sh,s,x,z 结尾的,+es,：match,bush,bus,box,quiz3.以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，y 变 i,再+es：例：lazy,family4.以0 结尾的名词,+e s,初中学到的有四个，例：tomalo,hero,potato等其他的直接+s5.以f,fe结尾的，把 f,fe变成v,再+es不规则变化第一种：tooth,teeth；foot,feet；goose,geese；ox,oxen；man,men；woman,women；child,children；mouse,mice；louse,lice第二类：复数形式与单数形式是一样的sheep,sheep;Chinese.Chinese;Japanese,Japanese;deer,deer;fish,fish;shark,shark;2.2.名词的格主宾格，也叫所有格；只有所有格才有形式上的变化两种形式：（1）名词4s；构成有生命的名词的属格（2）o f（介词）+名词；构成表示没有生命名词的属格3 冠词不定冠词a,an定 冠 词 the不定冠词a,ana 用在以辅音发音开头的可数名词前面；an用在元音发音的词前面不定冠词a,来源于数字one；与可数名词单数连接第二课时a,an,the的用法：1.不定冠词a a n,用在单数的可数名词之前，表示某一个2.用在单数名词之前，翻译成任何、每一，用来表示泛指3.文章中第一次出现，我们用a,an；第二次提到则用the4.固定搭配：5.一定不能用a,a n 的情况定 冠 词 the的用法1.定冠词与名词连用，表示特指2.定冠词出现在文章中第二次出现的名词之前3.用在双方都知道的人和事物的情况4.表示世界上，宇宙中独一无二的事物5.定冠词用在序数词之前，表示顺序6.用在形容词最高级之前7.乐器的前面一般也要加the8.用在某些名词或形容词之前表示某一类9.有些国家名词之前要加the10.用在公共建筑前面，11.用在表示机关，团体等名词之前12.固定搭配：in the middle of,tell the truth,tell lies,in the air,13.不用定冠词the(1)不用在所有格词与物主形容词之后(2)不用在复数名词之前(3)固定用法，例：go home,go to school,go to bed(4)交通工具前面不加冠词，例：by car,by ship,by plane,on foot(5)表学科之前不加the(6)月份，季节，节日，星期之前不加(7)头衔之前也不加(8)固定词组中不加例 J：at home,by mistake,learn sth by heart,at first,day and night,at last,in hospital,in person,make fun ofmake room for,put in water,make sense,make friends with练习题1.Are t hose?一 No,they aren*t.Th e y r e.A.sheep;cows B.sheep;cowC.sheeps;cow D.sheeps;cows2.are made of metal and wood.A.Knives B.KnifesC.Knivies D.knives3.How wonderful!The is made of.A.house;glass B.house;glassesC.houses;glass D.houses;glasses4.September 10 is Day.A.Teachers*B.TeachersC.Teacher D.Teachers The5.Could you give me_ please?A.two piece of paperC.two pieces of paper6.一 Which of the following animals lives only in China?B.two piece of papersD.two pieces of papersA.monkeyC.pandaB.elephantD.cat7.Whafs the Chinese for PRCn?A.中国人民解放军C.联合国8.1 cant get on the bus,because there is_ on it.A.not any roomsC.little room9.March 8 is_ Day.A.Womans1C.Womans10.What can I do for you?一 Fd like_ and a moon cake.A.some milkC.any milkB.中华人民共和国D.中国共产党B.no roomsD.few roomB.Womens,D.WomensB.some milksD.any milks11.The vegetable market is_ walk from our school.A.a quarter of an hours1C.a quarter of an hours12.There are twelve_ in a year.B.a quarter-of-an-hoursD.a quarter-of-an-hoursA.monthC.monthsB.monthesD.the month13.How many are there in your family?A.peopleC.the peopleB.peoplesD.the people14.New York is a city inA.the USAC.France15.The peoples Republic of China was founded_.A.on October 1,1949C.in October 1,194916.It*s about_ walk from my home to the park.B.JapanD.AustraliaB.1949,on October 1D.1949,in October 1A.two hours.C.two hours17.We forgot both of the.A.rooms1 numbersC.room*s numbers18.Those books in the classroom are.A.Jim and DickC.Jims and Dick19.Physics a difficult lesson,so I*m going to drop it.A.isC.are20.Liu Met is a girl,she is the shortest one in her class.A.sixteen-years-oldC.sixteen-year-oldB.two hoursD.two of hoursB.room numberD.room numbersB.Jims and DicksD.Jim and DicksB.wasD.wereB.sixteen-old-yearsD.sixteen-old-year52.Though the first letter isuu in the word useful,we must say”useful book,.A.a；a B./;aD.an;anC./;an53._here always sit before_TV set watching football matches if they have time.A.The people;/B.People;theC.People;/D.The people;a54.There are six offices on the fifth floor and_ biggest one is Mr Tang*s.A.aB.anC.theD.不填55.We cant see_ sun at_night.A.a;/B.a;theC.由e;/D.the;the56.Well give our English teacher a card for_A.The Teachers DayB.Teachers DayC.A Teachers DayD.Teachers*Day57._Browns are going to the park this Sunday.A.AB.AnC.D.The58.The football hit him_.A.in the headB.on his faceC.in his faceD.on the head59.Do you know_ girl over there in a red coat?A.aB.anC.由eD./60._useful game you are playing!A.WhatB.What aC.What anD.How61.They had_ after_ supper that evening.A.a good time.theC.good time.theB.good time./D.a good time./62.There i su in the word found and letter is in the middle of this word.A.an;the B.a;theC.a；a D.the;the数 词基数词(1)表示数目数量的多少的词(2)基本的基数词：1319 应该注意的词：thirteen,fifteen,eighteen20-90 应该注意的词：twenly,ihirly,forty,fifty几十几：21 twenty-one 32 thirty-two三位数：148one hundred and forty-eight414 four hundred and fourteen千以上的数字：Ihousand,million,billion2510two thousend,two houndred and ten84296 eighty-four thousend,two hounrend and ninety-six序数词表示数目顺序的词，一般在词尾加t h,例：fourth第 1 第 19：first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth,twelfth第 20第 90：基数词的y 变成i,再加e th,例：thirtieth千百万直接加 lh,hundredth,thousendth,millionth几十几：只有个位用序数词。132 one hundred and thirty-second数词的句法功能：相当于名词和形容词的句法功能主语，宾语，表语，定语，同位例：Two were late yesterday.I am eigthteen.Give me four.We have six subjects this term.We two have been to Beijing.数词的应用1.数词表示钟点(1)基数词+oclock。-Waht time is it.-It is five oclock./It is five.We often get up at six oclock.2.表示编号例：lesson one,the first lessoncharper two,the second charperbus NO.three,the NO.third bus3.表示年月日例：公元前 358,读：three fiftyeight B.C公元 573,读：five seventythree A.D1997 年，读：nineteen ninety-seven1900 年，读：nineteen hounred1905 年，读：nineteen hounred and five2000 年，读：two thousand2005 年，读：two thousand and fivelhel990s 或 1990s,读：the nineteen ninetiesthe 20th century,读：the twentieth century1 月 January 2 月 February 3 月 March 4 月 April 5 月 May 6 月 June 7 月 July8 月 August 9 月 September 10 月 October 11 月 November 12 月 December2003 年 10 月 1 日：Oct.the first,two thousand three第三课时4.用数词表示分数例：1/4 one fourth 3/4 three fourths1/4 a quarter 3/4 three quarters1/2 a half动 词动词的时态(the tenses of verbs)1.一般现在时(ihe simple present tense)用来表示主语的现在的职业，性格，状态和特征等例：His brother is a worker.She is a teacher of English.I don t like you.They are in high spirits.用来表示主语的能力，习惯，与经常性动作例：The little girl writes a beautiful hand.Does she usually go to you for advice.They take a walk after supper every day.The students go to see the old man twice a month.一般现在时替代一般将来时.例：If you see him,tell him to come please!构成：主要用动词原形表示；如果主语是第三人称单数，则+s或者+es一般动词+s：help,helps;swim,swims;enoy,enjoys;leave,leaves以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾的动词+es,和名词变复数很相似例：teaches,guesses,washes,goes以o 结尾的动词一般加es,以辅音字母+y的动词，把 y 变成i,再加es例：fly,flies;study,studies;肯定，否定，一般疑问式及回答，以行为动词work为例肯定：I work./We work./You work./They work.否定：I do not work./We do not work./You do not work.They do not work.一般疑问及回答：-Do I work?-Yes,you do.-No,you dont第三人称单数：肯定：He works.否定：He does not work.一般疑问及回答：Does he work?-Yes,he does.-No,yhe does not.2.一般过去时(the simple past tense)表示过去的经常，反复发生的事情或习惯性的动作例：When I was in Beijing,I often went shopping here.Whenever I went to his office,I would find him reading and writing.叙述过去连续发生的一系列动作例：She entered the room,picked up a map and looked at it carefully.The students got up early in the morning,did morning exercises andthen read English aloud in the open air.Jack entered the office,took off his raincoat and put on a clean coat.The first radio broadcast was heard on December 24,1906.The old man fell ill all of a sudden just now.We visited that place the day before yesterday一般带特定过去时间状语彳 列：The first radio broadcast was heard on December 24,1906.The old man fell ill all of a sudden just now.We visited that place the day before yesterday构成：用动词过去式表示规则动词：原形+ed/d在动词原形后加e d,在清辅音后发/t/,在浊辅音和元音后发/d/,在 t,d 后发/id/结尾以e 结尾，直接加d末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加ed结尾是辅音字母加y 的动词，去 y 加 iedwas用于第一、三人称单数，其它人称用were3.一般将来时(the future tense)表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，通常使用表示将来的时间状语1)表示一种倾向2)表示一种推测3)表示将来经常做的事情4)表示计划、安排或约定要做的事构成：shall/will+动词原形be going t o 多用于口语中，含有打算、计划、准备做某事或表示很可能会发生4.现在进行时(the present continuous tense)表示动作此时此刻正在发生表示现阶段正在进行而不一定是说话时发生的常常带有某种感情色彩构成：be+现在分词5.过去进行时（the past continuous tense）表示过去某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作，通常由表示过去时间的状语、状语从句或者上下文来表示时间的关系来指引出来5.过去进行时（the past continuous tense）构成：be（was/were）+现在分词6.现在完成时（the present perfect tense）表示过去发生的动作或情况到说话的时候已经结束或可能继续进行去.强调过去某一时刻到说话时的这段时间中的经验或者经历.着眼于过去的动作对现在所产生的结果和影响，把过去和现在紧密的联系起来.构成：have/has+动词的过去分词形容词定义：有形容功能、形容作用的词；用来描写或者修饰名词、代 名 词（简称代词）；说明人或者事物的归属类、性质、状态、大小或者数量；形容词的分类：（按照不同的标准）简单形容词：good（好的）、small（小的）复合形容词：homesick（想家的）、good looking（好看的）、easygoing（随和的）形容词在句子中的作用（用法）：1）在句子中做定语，做名词的前置定语；这是本有趣的书。Il is an interesting book,a good m an、a good looking girl2）在句子中做表语；表语一般放在系动词后；例：He is ill.我一个人在那个房子里。I was alone in the house.3）在句子中做补语（宾语补足语）；例：这个好消息使他很高兴。The good news made him happy.He was born rich.形容词在句子中出现的位置：1）在名词短语中，形容词做定语修饰名词时；位置通常是：限定词+形 容 词+名 词（形容词在名词前面）例：这是本有趣的书。This is an interesting book.她有一件漂亮的裙子。She has a beautiful dress.She is my best friend.black tea（红茶）sweet potato（红薯）.注意：在不定代词出现的时候，形容词修饰不定代词，形容词后置；不定代词：这个代词并不确定这个名词是何物或者何人例：something anything nothing everything somebody some oneanybody any one everybody every one nobody no oneI have something important to say.There is something wrong with my car.多个形容词如何排列位置形容词分为：1）观点形容词；完全表述个人主观上对事物的看法；good lovely beautiful handsome ugly clever2）事实形容词；用来描述事物本身固有特征的：blue yellow dark white round squarea、表示尺寸大小的；big small long short high lowb、表示形状的形容词；wide round square trianglec、表示一件事物新旧的；new oldd、表示颜色的；black purple red yellow gray colourfule、表示国籍、出处的：English Chinese Japanese German Asia Americanf、表示质地、材料的；stone wood paper silver metal一般先说观点形容词，再说事实形容词；例：一件漂亮的白色的衣服。It is a beautiful white dress.这是一个很好的红苹果。A good red apple.事实形容词出现时顺序：a b c d e f+名词例：一张大大的、圆圆的木头桌子。large round woodenA large round wooden table.一个黑色的、小小的塑料袋子。black small plasticA small black platic bag.例：一张又大又漂亮的，红 色 的，中国式的旧木桌。A beautiful big old red Chinese wooden table.第四课时形容词的三个级别即：形容词的原级、比较级、最高级；形容词的原级所谓形容词原级就是形容词本身，用来描述人与人，事与事之间在某一方面相同或不同;as+形容词原级+as 以什么什么的一样的怎么样。例：他和他的父亲一样的高。He is as tall as his father.not as+形容词原级+asnot so+形容词原级+as例：他没有他的父亲高。He is not so/as tall as his father.形容词的比较级和最高级大多数形容词的比较级和最高级都是在词尾+词 缀 er/est;部分形容词的比较级和最高级是在词前+more/most;形容词的最高级前十定 冠 词 the形容词分为：单 音 节 双 音 节 多 音 节单音节一般在词尾+er/eststrong/s tonger/stongestcheap/cheaper/cheapestsmall/smaller/smallest以“e”结尾的单音节词 在词尾+r/stwide/wider/w idestfine/finder/finestbrave/braver/bravest如果是闭音节，双写最后一个辅音字母+e r/estthin/thinner/thinnestbig/bigger/biggestfat/fatter/fattest双音节 以er结尾+er/est clever/cleverer/cleverest以“ow”结尾+er/est narrow/narrower/narrowest以le“结尾+r/st gentle/gentler/gentlest其他的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词前+more/most多音节 比较级和最高级是在词前+more/mostdifficult/more difficult/the most difficultwonderfull/more wonderful/the most wonderfulquiet/quieter/quietest/more quiet/the most quietfarther 指距离上的远 Can you walk any farther?further 指抽象上的远，与距离无关；further education形容词的不规则变化：goodbetterbestwellbetterbestbadworseworstillworseworstmanymoremostmuchmoremostfarfartherfarthest/furtherfurthestold olderolderelderoldestoldesteldesteldereldest指年纪的老，一种东西的旧；指家族中的长幼；my eldest sister 姐姐eldest son 长子little 1）小的;后加可数名次 a little boy,a little skirt,a little restrant,a little book此意义下，little无比较级和最高级；用 smaller,sm allest代替；2）少量的；little money,a little milk,比较级 less最高级 least形容词比较级的考点:1）形容词比较级+than例：这课比上一课容易 o This lesson is easyer than the last one.2）the+比 较 级+the+比较级 越怎么样，越怎么样the more the more,the better,the colder例：越吃药，我的感觉越糟。The more medicine I take,the worse I seeing to feel.The higher,the colder.The more learn it a man is,the more modest he usually is.3）形容词比较级前的修饰词a little,a lot,much,far,noHe is taller than I.He is a little taller than I.He is a lot taller than I.光速比声速快 Light travels faster than sound.Light travels a lot faster than sound.Light travels much faster than sound.He is shorter than his brother.He is a little shorter than his brother.形容词最高级的构成：形容词的最高级表示在一定的范围内（整个集体、整个事件、整个同类事物或者人中），某类事，或者某类人在兴致高低或者大小等等方面，程度最高或者最低。形容词最高级的基本结构是：the+形容词的最高级+比较的范围范围如何表示？of i n 的介词短语，th at从句例：他是他们班最高的男孩。He is the tallest boy in his class.This is the best of all.这是我所看过的电影中最有趣的一部。This is the most interesting film that I have seen.无比较级、最高级的形容词：1）表示国家的形容词：English2）表示起源的形容词；3）一些有绝对意义的形容词；blind（瞎 的）wrong（错 的）dead（死 的）living（活 着 的）4）本身表示极限色彩的形容词；perfect（完 美 的）final（最 终 的）wonderful（绝 妙 的）副词副 词（adverb）可以修饰动词；形容词；其他副词或者全句子。用来说明时间、方式、程度等概念；副词的分类：1）时间副词；是指可以表示确切时间，表明或暗示某时，某种时间关系，即时间的先后顺序,早晚等的副词。用于回答when,how long等问题；例：yesterday,often,already,soon,later,then2）频率副词；是指表示日常习惯性的时间副词，和表示某种情况程度的极限副词。例：once,twice,again,never,always,hardly,usually,sometimes3）地点副词；是表示某一动作发生或某一状态存在所处的地点，具体位置，及其他位置关系的副词。用于回答where例：there everywhere in outside below upstair over4）方式副词；用于说明某一动作或某一状态存在的方式这类副词经常以“ly”结尾。用于回答“以什么样的方式”这种问题。例：politely,carefully,slowly5）程度副词；表示某种情况极限的副词。用于回答“到什么程度”这种问题。例：very,too,nearly,almost,rather,much6）疑问副词；用来提出特殊疑问句的副词。例：how,when,where,how many,how often,why副词的用法：1）修饰动词；He run fast.write carefully,go quickly2）修饰形容词；She is happy.She is very happy.She is too happy.3）修饰另一个副词；Thank you very much.4）修饰介词、介词短语；They arrived on time.They arrived just on time.5）修饰整个句子；luckly She was not hurt.Luckly,she was not hurt.练习:78.What a cough!You seem ill.A.terrible;terribly B.terribly;terribleC.terrible;terrible D.terribly;terribly79.John drives as as Tom.A.carefully B.carefulC.nice D.fine80.1 m not sure whether Mary can sing Mabel.A.as well as B.as good asC.so good as D.as better as81.Chinese is more difficult than English.A.most B.veryC.many D.much82.This morning Li Ming got up earlier than usual.A.very B.muchC.too D.quite83.Which is the city,Shanghai,Beijing or Tianjin?A.large B.largerC.largest D.more large84.Today my sister is feeling to go to the factory.A.enough good B.good enoughC.well enough D.enough well85.Which is,Lesson Five or Lesson Six?A.interesting B.more interestingC.most interesting D.the most interesting86.She is than any other girl in her class.A.thiner B.thinnerC.thin D.the thinnest87.all the students in his class,Xiao Ming wr i t es.A.Of;most carefully B.In;the most carefulC.Of;very carefully D.In;much more carefully88.The population in Chongqing is the of all the cities in China.A.most B.biggestC.largest D.highest97.dog lay at the gate.A.An old yellowC.A yellow-old参考答案：78 8897B.A yellow oldD.Yellow and oldAAADB CCBBACA动词动词的定义：表示动作的状态。例：run（跑步），work（工作），sleep（睡觉），love（爱，stop（停止）give（给），smoke（吸烟）,agree（同意）;动词的分类（按照不同的方式）：1 根据动词在句子中的用途分为：实义动词：在句子中表示有关主语的动作或状态的主要动词；例：study（学习），walk（步行），sing（唱歌），dance（跳舞）助动词：auxiliary verb helping verb和实义动词一起构成不同时态、语气或者语态的动词例：do,have,can,be 动词2 根据动词能否有宾语分为：及物动词：（vt）transitive verb 可以直接加宾语例：买本书 buy a book不及物动词：（vi）intransitive verb 不可以直接加宾语例：去学校 go to school系动词：联系动词 linking verb 加表语，构成主系表结构如：am is are look seem sound taste 后加名词或形容词3 根据动词的过去式与过去分词的变化是否规则分为：规则动词：regular verb 以“ed”结尾例：play played played不规则动词：irregular verb例：putput putcutcutcutbuybought boughtpaypaidpaidseesaw seengowentgone动词的语态：动词要通过某种特殊形式来表示主语是动作的实施者、执行者还是动作的承受者。例：动作的执行者 他写这本书。He wrote th