《中考英语冲刺班讲义汇总版》.pdf

初中英语冲刺班学习纲要（T oday you do peopI e don/t do,tomorrow you do peopI e can/t do!）词类、句子成分和构词法一、词类：英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1名词（，.）：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy,morning,bag,ball,class,orange.2、代词（prom）：主要用来代替名词。如；who,she,you,it.3、形容词（。力.）：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good,right,white,orange.4、数词：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one,two,three,first,second,third,fourth.5、动词（也）：表示动作或状态。如：am,is,are,have,see.6、副词（adu.）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now,very,here,often,quietly,slowly.7、冠词（art.）：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a,an,the.8、介词（prep.）：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如M,叽/rom,above,9、连词伍。中）：用来连接词、短语或句子。如 and,but,before.10感叹词表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh,well,hi,hello.二、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或 者“什 么 二 通常用名词或代词担任。2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回 答“做（什么）主要山动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day.3、表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：M y name is Pinq pin。.（我的名字叫座.茬）4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常山名词或代词担任。如：He can spell theword.有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter.（他给我写了 二:封信）5、定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a bid city.（上海是个大城市）6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常山副词担任。如：He works hard.7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当。如：He often helps me do mv/essoas（他常常帮我做功课）/The teacher wanted me to/earn French all bv myself.（老师要我自学法语）同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面，进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate 7bm，（你的同学汤姆在哪里？）三.构词法构词有法记无定法一、利用构词法记忆：1.合成法：note+book-notebook,school+ya rd-schoolyard,book+ma rk-bookma rk2.派 生 法（即在词根上加前、后缀记忆）：en（使.有）+coura g e-encoura g e；inter（one with another；face to fa ce）+view-*interview；foreign+er（人）-foreig ner,pla y+er（执行动作的人）-pla yer,sha rpen+er（执行动作的物）-,sha rpener；library+（y-i）an（人）li brarian；miss（v.）+in g-missing（a dj.）,probable（a dj.）+（I）y-probably（a dv.）,sad（adj.）+l y-sadly（adv.）；compose（v.）+（e-i）tion-*composition（n.）inform（v.）+（a）tioninformation（n.）3.转化法：形容词一动词，如：d ry（燥的）fd ry（弄干）,c/e a n（干净的）-c/e a n（打扫，弄干净）,等等。动词f 名词，如：look,walk,rest,work,study,swim,go,talk 等等。名词f动词，如：/ia d（手）一（传递）。c e（脸L（面对）等等。形容词f副词，如：early f early,fastfast等等。（5）副词f连词，如:wh e n（什么时候广（当.时候），等等。介词f副词，如：in（到 里）f（在里面;在家）,on（在.上）f（进行，继续）,等等。二、意义关联帮你记忆：dictionarywords,umbrellarain,library bookshelf,kitchencook三、英英解释，温故知新：abroad in or to another country,overseas；interview meeting with sb.说说记忆单词的方法词是构成句子的重要元素，词汇量的多少在英语学习中占有重要地位。今天我们讲讲怎样记忆单词。一、把单词放入句子中，在一定的语言环境中记忆单词。如果一旦忘记词义，就回忆它所在的句子。很多成绩较好的同学都有一个体会，抓住对句子的理解和背诵这样一个关键，记忆单词一般来说是毫不费力的。二、将单词按归类的方法进行记忆。把同义词归成一类，如 learn-study,between-among；反义词归成一类,如left-right,high-low,strong-weak：或根据含义和用途把同一类型的词归成一 类,如交通工具 类:car,bus,ship,plane,tru c k,学科类：maths,science,art,geogra p h y,频度副词类：always,usually,often,sometimes,never,等等。这样当遇到其中一个词时，头脑中出现的就是一组词，这样记忆单词的效率就会大大提高。同时，还可以掌握词与词之间的区别和各自特殊的用法，将平时极易混淆的单词清楚地区别开来。三、利用构词法记忆单词。比 如 happy（幸福的）,加 前 缀“un”成 为 unhappy（不幸福的），改“y”为“i”加后 缀“ness”则变成了名词：happiness（幸福）;“pea（豌豆）”与“nut（坚果）”可合成为“peanut（花生）”；when（何时）+ever（在任何时候）=whenever（无论什么时候）等等。四、根据记忆与遗忘的规律来记忆单词，即应及时在第二天、第三天甚至以后再读第一天记忆的单词，定期作阶级性的复习，同遗忘作斗争。要记忆单词就不能怕重复，重复也是记忆的一种好方法。五、初中阶段还有一个很实用的记忆单词的好方法就是根据音标即单词读音来记单词。只要你首先根据音标把一个单词读准、读对，那么就可根据其读音基本拼写出该单词。首先这要掌握一定的拼读规则。比 如“dirty”，根据音标我们就能拼写出d-ir-t-y （在非重读音节中发 口）。这种方法对于记忆字母较多的单词尤其有效，如*c ontribution根据音标我们可把它分成四部分来记忆：contri b u-tio n,这样就能较快地记住单词。以系统的方式来学习记忆知识能起到事半功倍的效果。因此背单词时我们一定要留心观察，寻找词与词之间的关系，这样将有助于我们记忆单词。总之，只要我们掌握一些科学的方法，并用心去记忆，就一定能记住英语单词。第一讲名词一、可数名词的数：单数/复数1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:在单数名词词尾加 So 如：map-m aps,boy-boys,horse玲 horses,tabled tables.s,o,x,sh,ch 结尾的i可 力 口 es.如：class-classes,boxfboxes,hero-heroes,dish-dishes,bench-benches注:少数以。结尾的词,变 复 数 时 只 加 如：photon photos,pianopianos.以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为，再加e S o如：fam ilyfam ilies,city f cities,party3 parties.以/或花 结尾的名词,变/或 fe 为 v,再 力 口 eSo 如：shelf shelves,wo 甘好 wolves,life fiv e s,knife-knives.2 不规贝lj变化：man-men,/vomanA/omen,sheepsheep,toothteeth,fishf fish,child-children,oxoxen,goose-geese二、名词作 定 语（一般用单数）L man,woman等作定语时，若所修饰的名词是复数则该两词也用复数。如：men workers,women teacherso2.数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。如：a ten-mile w a lk卜 里路，two-hundred trees两百棵树。三.名词所有格：1.名词所有格表示所属关系，相当于物主代词，在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下：表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加勺。如：Childerns Day,my sisters book 以5或es结尾的复数名词。只 在 词 尾 加 如：Teachers Day有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词，也可在词尾加6如：todays newspaper,ten minutes/break,Chinas population.无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词，一般均可用介词。/短语来表示所有关系。如：a fine daughter of the Party（党的好女儿）.四.名词作主语时主谓一致问题：1、主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数形式：如：The computer was o areat invention.（计算机是个了不起的发明）The water in the qlass is very co/d.（玻璃杯里的水很冷）2、集体名词（如 family,class,team,group,row,police,school 等）做句子主语时，如果表示整体概念，则谓语用单数形式，如：Class Three is a very good class.如果表示其中的所有成员时，则谓语用复数形式，如：Cbss Three have a map of China.2、Chinese,Japanese,fish,sheep,people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用爱数。如：Therejs a sheep in协e ya川.（院子里有只绵羊）There are some sheep in the yard.（院子里有一些绵羊）4、maths,news等虽然有s结尾，用单数：The news is very excit777g.（这个消息令人兴奋）5、glasses,shoes,socks,trousers,gloves等名词往往用复数形式，故谓语用复数。6 e/t/?er.or或 者ce/t/?er.cor.连接两个人物做句子主语时，谓语采用就近原则。如：Either you or he is rig h tly：么是你对，要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的）/A/e/t力er you“o r jgm g o in g伯ere.（你和我都不打算去那里）7、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时，谓语一般用单数。如：Two months is not a short t/me.（两个月不是个短时间）Two thousand kilometers is quite a long d/5tar）ce（距岗）.（两千千米是相当长的一段距周8、population 一词特殊功巨的四侬翊c/C/7Ma?（中国人口是多少？）（句子用单数）Three quarters of the population in this c/are Arabs（阿拉伯人）.随堂练习：1.All the teachers and students are having a meeting there.A.women,girlsB.women girlC.woman-girlsD.woman girl2.Mr Black is a friend of.A.Jacks auntsB.Jacks auntC.Jack auntsD.aunts of Jack3.This toy was made by a boy.A.ten-year-oldB.ten-years-oldC.ten-year-olderD.ten-years-older4.The farmer raised ten.A.sheepsB.deersC.horseD.cows5.She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as.A.her grandmotherB.her grandmothersC.her grandmothers*D.that of her grandmother6.We have moved into a.A.two-storey houseB.house of two storeyC.two-storeys houseD.two storeys house7.Well give our English teacher a card for.A.the Teachers DayB.Teachers DayC.a Teachers DayD.Teachers Day8.Li Ping met an old friend of on a train yesterday.A.heB.himC.hisD.her9.a re big and bright.A.The classroom windowB.The window of the classroomC.The windows of the classroomD.The classrooms windows胸 腐 缱 酸 倒每天都有很多人被病痛折磨着，但有些病却是因为一些不必要的担忧，正如本文中的ta ilor一样，威吓不少一点忧心，让自己健康快乐一点呢？A man went to see his doctor one day,because he was suffering from pains in his stomach.After the doctor hadexamined him carefully,he said to him,“Well,theres nothing really wrong with you,Im glad to say.Your only troubleis that you worry too much.Do you know,I had a man with the same trouble as you here a few weeks ago,and I gavehim the same advice as I am going to give you.He was worried because he couldnt pay his tailors bills.I told him notto worry about the bills any more.He took my advice and when he came to see me again two days ago,he told me thathe now felt quite all right again.Yes,I know all about tha t/answered the patient sadly.You see,Im that manstailor!suffer from.遭受，蒙受，承受pain n.痛，疼痛stomachn.胃，肚子，腹部examinevt.检查，调查，诊查troublen./vt.麻烦/惹麻烦tailorn.裁缝，成衣工billn.账单，单子，清单patientadj.忍耐的，容忍的，有耐心的A n nA；开心一刻：皿Q:Whats the difference between a monkey and a flea?A:A monkey can have fleas,but a flea cant have monkeys.猴子会和跳蚤有什么不同呢？你可能会直接的想到它们俩是一大一小。但除此之外呢，那就是猴子身上可以长跳蚤，而跳蚤身上却不能有猴子。这个答案很有意思吧？第二讲数词一、分类：数词有基数词和序数词两种。1、基数词：表示数目的词叫基数词。(1)在句中作主语，宾语和表语。如：Four of them went to the factory.I want two.(2)表示分数时分子用基数词，分母用序数词。如：one third;two thirds(3)hundred,thousand,million,dozen等这些词前面如有表示具体数字的词,它们不能加s;反之，通常和of连用则需加 s.如：three hundred people;thousands of people.2、序数词：表示顺序的数词叫序数词。英语的序数词基本变法：一般在基数词后加由母结尾的改为#/?,-ty结尾的改为-t/eth,（4）熟记特殊词。（2）、序数词如下：1000th-one thousandth,1000000th-one millionth.,第 7039the seven hundred and third,第 5480-t/?e five thousand four hundred and eightieth.、注：a,两位以上的序数词仅个位数部分用序数词，其余部分仍用基数词。如：由/rty-six附，b.使用序数词时,般加定冠词附e.如：Im in the third grade.c.序数词作几分之几讲时，有复数形式。如：l/5one fifth;2B 今 two thirds;4玲 four sevenths;1/2 a half;14玲。quarter;3/40 three quarters;50%玲 fifty hundredths（fifty per cent）.二、数词的用法：1、表示年份：2002:two thousand and two;1976:nineteen seventy-six.2、表示日期：12 月 1 日：Dec.1st 或 the first of December；2002 年 11 月 8|：1:Nov.8th,2002.3、表示时刻：5：15;8：30;10：454、表示编号：Room 105Room one 0 five;Bus No.l3-Bus Number Thirteen;P.5后Page Five;Tel.No.76586595 小数的读法：5.7,0.16-zero point one six.6、“半”的表达：f halfan hour,1.5 dsW-one and a half hours one hour and a half.7、序数词前面加the时，表示顺序，加a/a n时表示“再一、又 一 如：The third lesson is rather d/fficu/t.（第三课相当难）/S/?a we read the text a third me?（我们把课文读第三遍，好吗?）中考题集：1.About people are in the Peoples Park at weekends.A.two hundreds B.two hundreds of C.two hundred D.hundred of2.The water behind the Three Gorges Dam（三峡大坝）should be higher than downstream（下游）.A.sixty-five meter B.sixty-fifth meter C.sixty-five meters D.sixty-fifth meters3.In our school severa l students are able to search the Internet for useful information now.A.hundred of B.hundreds for C.hundred D.hundreds4.1 was 8 years old when my father was 31.this year my father is twice my age.How old am I?A.21 B.22 C.23 D.245.When was the PRC founded?It was founded on.A.July 1,1921 B.October 1,1949 C.August 1,1927 D.May 1,19226.Henry has learned eig ht French words this year.A.hundred B.hundreds C.hundred of D.hundreds of7.T he lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two.（twenty）醵 桀 阕 单 词学习不用功可能挨老师的批评，考试不及格可能被父母打屁股，但你听说过有学习不用功要被钉死在十字架上的吗？本文中的Little T ommy就是这样想的。Little Tommy was doing very badly in math.His parents had tried everythingtutors,cards,special learningcentersin short,everything they could think of.Finally they took Tommy to a catholic school.After the first day,little Tommy came home with a very serious look on his face.He didnt kiss his mother hello.Instead,he went straight to his room and started studying.Books and papers were spread out all over the room and littleTommy was hard at work.His mother was surprised.She called him down to dinner and as soon as he finished eating,he went back to his room,without a word.In no time he was back hitting the books as hard as before.This went on forsome time,day after day while the mother tried to understand what was happening.Finally,little Tommy brought home his report card.He quietly put it on the table and went up to his room and hit thebooks.His mom looked at it and to her surprise,little Tommy got an A in math.She could no longer hold her curiosity.She went to his room and asked,“Son,what was it?Was it the nuns?Little Tommy looked at her and shook his head,No.Well then/she asked again.WHAT was it?Little Tommy looked at her and said,“Well,on the first day of school,when I saw that man nailed（车 丁）to the plus sign（加号）,I knew they werent joking.tutor n.Catholic adj.go straight toserious adj.spread vt.report cardto ones surprisecuriosity n.nun n.shake ones headplus sign n.家庭教师天主教的径直走向.严肃的铺 开，散播成绩报告卡令某人惊讶的是。好奇心修女摇头加号蔡 貂尬。回 筱Q:How can you most irritate a farmer?A:By treading on his corn?如果你踩了农夫的玉米或是谷物，他肯定会生气的；而如果你踩了农夫脚底的鸡眼，他会更生气。Corn既可以表示“玉米/谷物，也有 鸡眼 的意思。第三讲冠词1、冠词分类：冠词是一种虚词，不能独立担任一个成分，只能附着在一个名词上，帮助说明其词义。英语中有两个冠词：1）定 冠 词the2）不 定 冠 词a/an2、不 定 冠 词a/。的用法：不 定 冠 词a/a n用在单数名词的前面,a用在辅音开头的词前面;an用在元音开头的词的前面。不定冠词的基本用法：表 示某一个人或东西，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：There is a doq/vinq on the around.（有一只狗躺在地上。）（2）表示某类人或事物,以区别于其他种类。如：A elephant is much stronger than a ma n.（大象比人强壮多了。乂不能译为：一头大象比一个人强壮。）（2）表示某类人或事物中的任何一个。如：He is a teacher of Enqfe事 他 是英语教师。）(4)表 示“一”这个数量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dMMeroom.(在 刃B个餐J亍里有弓K桌 子 不 口四把椅子。)(5)几个用不定冠词的习语：a b斌一点),a他阳一点),a/ew(几个),a/ot(许多),a kind of(一种),a pair of副、一双),a number o/(大量的),a piece of(一张、一片),half an/)our(半小时),have a good time(玩得开心),have a co/d(感冒),make a noise(发出嘈杂声),have/take a(rest 匐(休息)一会儿，等等。3、定冠词M e的用法：定冠词M e用在可数名词的单数或复数或不可数的名词前面。定冠词的基本用法：(1)表示特指的人或事物。如：卬 让/1。/0卬夕/o/左6的$1 化.(手上拿着一朵花的男人是杰克)(2)指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the b/ackboarcU帆(莉莉或青看黑板。)(3)复述前面提到过的人或事物。如:There is_a man under the tree.The man is called Robert(树下有个人，那个人叫罗伯特。)(4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：力e earth tums around the sum(地球绕太阳旋转。)(5)用在表示方位的名词前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze R iv e r.(tL 区将会刮大风。)(6)在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如：Who is the first one to a。?(谁第一个去？)/Of all the stars,the sun isthe nearest to the earth(在所有的恒星之中太阳离地球最近)(7)常用在乐器名称的前面。如：Hebega。top/ay且适WooatMeageo/5.(五岁时他开始拉小提琴)(8)用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。如：/mveaeverbee to血H/ma/aya/WouS/s.(我从来没有去过喜马拉雅山)(9)用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。如：e/s/r0m期空Uojted5mteso”mer7ca(他来自美利坚合众国)(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are aoina to Mount Emei next moot/).(卜4、月格林一家要去峨眉山)(11)same之 前 般 用the。如：Lucv L，/v look the 5ame.(露西和莉莉看上去长得样)(12)几个用定冠词的习语：at the same time(与此同时),make the bed(铺床),M the ead(最后),a the time(一直),by Me way(顺便说一下),o the way(在路上)等等。4、一些不用冠词的情况：(1)专有名词和(第一次使用)一些不可数名词时前面通常不用。如：China is a ue/vlarae couct/v.(中国是个大国)/Man needs air and water.(人类需要空气和水)(2)名词前一有指示、物主或不定代词作定语时不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than vours.(我的钢笔比你的昂贵多了)(3)周名，月名或季节名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday,February 18/995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日，星期一)/They usually plant trees on the hills M so春天他们通常在山上梢树)(第一次使用)复数名词表示人或事物的类别时不用。如：Me。are cleverer than monkeys.(人比猴子聪明)(5)三餐饭前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at sdi。/.(我们在家吃早饭.在校吃午饭)(6)节、假日前一般不用。如：On Childrens Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(k)j,些男孩经常得到父母的礼物)(7)球类名词前不用。如：The children Dlav football oa Saturday aftemooasl孩子们星期六下午踢足球)(8)城市的重要/主要建筑物名称前不用。如：They are aow at PeoHes CMema(他 们 止 匕 亥U在人民电影院)(9)一些习惯用语中不用。如：(1)a t/to/from/out o f/after/fo r school;in/to/for/after class;in/t o/out o f/into bed;(4)after/a t/from/out of/to work;(5)at/to sea;(6)in/from /down/to town;(7)at/from home;(8)at/for/to breakfast/lunch/supper;(9)at night/noon/midnight;(1 0)on foot;(1 1)go to school/bed;on top of;(1 3)in front of;(1 4)on show/display/duty/watch;(1 5)in/out of hospital;(1 6)at all;(1 7)on/in time;(1 8)at first/last/once;(1 9)in Chinese/English,etc.;C O)takecare of随堂练习：1.There is old woman in the car.A./B.the C.a D.an2.Shanghai is in east of China.A./B.an C.the D.a17.tall man over there is our English teacher.A.A,the B.The,a C.A,an D.The3.Bill is_ English teacher.He likes playing_ football.A.a,the B.an,the C.an,/D./,/4.The museum is quite far.It will take you ha lf_ hour to go there by_A.an,/B.an,a C.a,/D./,/5.The story is_ interesting.That means it is_interesting story.A.an,the B.the,a.C./,an D./,a6.This is_ interesting story-book and it is a lso_ useful one.A.a,a B.an,an C.an,a D.a,an7.woman over there is popular teacher in our school._ bus.A.A,an B.The,a C.The,the D.A,the8.They passed our school_ day before yesterday.A.an B.one C.a D.the9.Dont pla y_ basketball here.It/s dangerous.A.a B.an C./D.the10.-Have you seen_ bag?1 left it here just now.一 Is it one on the chair near the door?A.a,a B.the,the C.a,the D.the,a11.He said that he g ot_ C in the test.A.a B.an C.the D./12.English is_ useful language in_ world.A.an,the B.a,the C.the,the D.an,an13.In the word caria ge_ r is lost.A.the B.an C.a D./14.1 have two dog s._ black one is two years old a nd_ yellow one is three years old.A.A,a B.The,a C.The,the D.A.the15.Li Dan can pla y_ piano very well.A./B.a C.an D.the16.Wha t_ interesting film it is!1 like_ film very much.A.a,the B.a,a C.an,the D.The,/朋友与你相互嬉闹，朋友与你互掏腰包；朋友与你互相惦记，朋友与你心有灵犀；朋友与你有苦共担，朋友与有乐同欢请读读这篇真挚的友情故事。Linda Evans was my best friend-like the sister I never had.We did everyth