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Everybody loves a fat pay rise.Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that acolleague has been given a bigger one.Indeed,if he has a reputation for slacking,you might evenbe outraged.Such behavior is regarded as all too human/with the underlying assumption thatother animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.But a study bySarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta,Georgia,which has just beenpublished in Nature,suggests that it is all too monkey,as well.每个人都喜欢大幅度加薪。但是如果你知道你的同事薪水比你高，你的欣喜就会消失。事实上，如果他有个懒散的名声，那么你可能会愤怒。这种行为被认为是“人之常情二言下之意就是别的动物不会拥有这种进化的很完全的不满感。但是，乔治亚州亚特兰大埃默里大学的莎拉卜罗娜和弗兰斯德维尔做了一项研究，表明所有的猴类也是如此。这个研究刚 刚 在 自然上发表。The researchers studied the behavior of female brown capuchin monkeys.They look cute.They are good-natured,co-operative creatures,and they share their food readily.Above all,liketheir female human counterparts,they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of goodsand services“than males.研究者研究了雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为。这些猴子看起来很可爱。它们脾气很温和，善于合作，也很乐于分享它们的食物。最重要的是，像人类女性一样，它们比雄性的猴子更加关注“商品和服务”的价值。Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr.Brosnans and Dr.de Waals study.The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food.Normally,the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber.However;when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers,so that each could observewhat the other was getting in return for its rock,their behavior became markedly different.这些特点使它们成为卜罗娜和德维尔博士所做研究的最佳候选人。研究者们用了两年时间教猴子用钱换取食物。一般情况下，猴子非常乐意用几块岩石碎片换取几片黄瓜。然而，当两只猴子被分别放在两个相邻的房间里，使它们能看到对方能用岩石换取什么的时候，它们的表现变得明显不同。In the world of capuchins,grapes are luxury goods(and much preferable to cucumbers).Sowhen one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token,the second was reluctant tohand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber.And if one received a grape without having toprovide her token in exchange at all,the other either tossed her own token at the researcher orout of the chamber;or refused to accept the slice of cucumber.Indeed,the mere presence of agrape in the other chamber(without an actual monkey to eat it)was enough to induceresentment in a female capuchin.在卷尾猴的世界里，葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜要受欢迎)。所以，当一只猴子用钱换了一颗葡萄，那么另一只猴子就会犹豫是否拿钱仅仅去换回几片黄瓜。如果一个猴子没有用任何钱就得到了一颗葡萄，那么另一只就会用钱砸研究者或把钱扔出窗外，或拒绝接受黄瓜。实际上，仅需在另一个笼子里放上一颗葡萄(而不需要真正的猴子吃它)就已经足以使一只雌性卷尾猴愤怒了。The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys,like humans,are guided by social emotions.In the wild,they are a co-operative,group-living species.Such co-operation is likely to be stableonly when each animal feels it is not being cheated.Feelings of righteous indignation,it seems,are not the preserve of people alone.Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelingsabundantly clear to other members of the group.However,whether such a sense of fairnessevolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestorthat the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.研究者指出卷尾猴是像人类一样受社会情绪支配的。在大自然里，它们是善于合作，群居的物种。这种合作只有当每只动物感觉到它没有被欺骗时才可能保持稳定。看起来，愤怒的情绪不是只有人类才有的。拒绝接受较少的奖赏使这种情绪完全的展现在群体中其他成员的眼前。然而，这样的公平意识是否是卷尾猴和人类独立发展起来的，或者是源于3.5亿年前他们的同一个祖先，这还没有得到解答。Come on-Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and half forcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leads to nogood-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,Tina Rosenbergcontends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improvetheir lives and possibly the word.来吧，每个人都在做这个事情。这个广为传播的信息，一半是邀请，一半是强迫，正式我们大多数人想的当我们听到同年人压力这个词的时候。它通常会导致人们想到不好的事情,酗酒，吸毒和滥交。但是在她的新书 加入俱乐部中，堤娜罗森博格认为通过社会治疗，同年人压力可以成为个积极的推力，在这个过程中组织和官员运用团队的力量来帮助个人改善生活甚至改善世界。Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the social cure inaction：In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against theHaze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-prevention initiative known asLoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.罗森博格，普利策奖的获得者，提供了许多正在运用社会治疗的例子:在南卡罗莱纳州，有一个由州政府发起的名叫Rage Against the Haze的禁烟行动正在努力使吸烟成为很逊的行为。在南非，一个名为“热爱生命”的艾滋病预防活动正在招募年轻人以促进同龄人间进行安全的性行为。The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique of thelameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure forhealthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology,Dare tobe different,please dont smoke!pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smokingamong teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothing more than fitting in.Rosenberg arguesconvincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers,so skilled atapplying peer pressure.这个理念看起来很有前景，罗森博格是一个很敏锐的观察者。她对于许多公共卫生运动的批评都是正确的：他们没有动员同龄人的压力来为健康习惯服务，他们对于心理学有严重错误的理解。“场旨在减少渴望融入集体的未成年人吸烟行为的广告牌上写着“敢于不同，请勿吸烟”。罗森博格认为公共健康的支持者应该像广告商学习，擅长运用同年人压力，这是很有说服力的。But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join theClub is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social andbiological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw of the social cureas its presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.Rage Against the Haze failedonce state funding was cut.Evidence that the Love Life program produces lasting changes islimited and mixed.但是从社会治疗的整体效果来看，罗森博格不太有说服力。加入俱乐部活动有许多不必要的细节，而且对于那些使同龄人压力有效的社会和生物因素的发掘力度不够。在这呈现出的社会治疗最主要的缺陷是它不能长时间运作。一旦来自州政府的资金被切断，那么活动的资金也就被切断了。表 明“热爱生命”活动产生了持久变化的证据是有限而且混杂的。Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.Anemerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spreadthrough networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form of peer pressure：we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.毫无疑问，同龄人团体对我们的行为产生了巨大影响。向正在崛起的研究表明好的和坏的生活习惯都正在朋友网络中通过社会交流进行传播。这是一种很微妙的同年人压力：我们无意识地模仿我们每天所见到的行为。Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peergroups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Its like the teacher who breaks up thetroublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic neverreally works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside：in the realworld,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.但是，不能确定的是，专家和官员们能多成功的挑选我们的同龄人团体并引导他们的行为正常发展。就像老师将坐在后排的问题学生打乱排座，并安排他们与好学生一桌。但是，这个方法并不奏效，这就是来自外界的社会治疗的一个弊端：就像在学校样，在真实世界里，我们会坚持自己选择朋友。汉译英：过去50年其实并不是发明创新的黄金时期。从 1900年到1950年，改变人类生活的发明有汽车、飞机、电话、收音机、电视机当然还有核武器和计算机。而近50年来，只有为数不多的发明。难道发明的源泉已经枯竭了吗？答案并非如此。事实上，发明的新时代刚刚开始。Actually the last fifty years was not the golden age of invention and creation.From 1900 to1950,human life was changed by many inventions.Such as cars,planes,telephones,radios andtelevision sets.Nuclear weapons and the computer are also changed our world a lot.However,inthe recent 50 years only a few inventions have been made.Is the wellspring of invention using up?Not really,a new age of invention is just beginning.从目前的教育体制看，我国人才培养存在一些弊端。基础教育过于偏重知识的传授，忽视了兴趣与技能等非智力品格的培养。所以，加快应试教育向素质教育的转变势在必行。Concerning the current educational system in China,we still have many drawbacks ineducating people.Our basic education overemphasizes on passing on the knowledge but ignoresthe development of non-intelligence characters including interest and technical ability.So it isimperative to accelerate transition from test-oriented education to quality-based education.受过良好教育的大学生对任何国家来说都是一笔财富。遗憾的是，人才外流已给许多发展中国家的工.业和经济造成了困难。因为那里急需工程师、科学家、经理和其他专门人才.在那里更需要这些人才发展工业和经济。The well-educated college students are a treasure to any country.Unfortunately,the braindrain has caused many problems to the developing country in the development of industries.Inthese countries,engineers,scientists,managers and other professionals are badly needed.Theyare needed to develop the industry and economy there.随着世界经济趋于体化，城市作为对外开放的窗口，不可能封闭于国家范围之内进行经济建设，如果城市经济不能和同际接轨。我国在世界市场竞争中就会处于被动。我国既要补偿性地发展传统第三产业.又要跟上世界潮流，发展科技开发、信息服务、国际金融贸易等新兴第三产业。With the globalization of the world economy,cities as windows of opening-up to the outsideworld we cant develop our economy only in China.If Chinas urban economy cant join theinternational market,our country will be in a disadvantaged situation in the world.So Chinashould not only develop its traditional third industries,but also keep up with the world trend.And we should develop some newly emerged third industries.Such as,science and technology,information service,international financial trade and so on.在美国的一个饮食健康研讨会上,来自全美各地的营养学家们全面地研讨了早餐和记忆力的密切关系，认为吃早餐能增强一整天的记忆力。研究表明，在回忆及运用新学知识方面，没吃早餐的孩子明显落后于吃过早餐的孩子，而且他们的口头表达和短时记忆能力也不及后者。At a meeting about healthy diet held in the US,dietitians from all over the country talkedabout the close relations between breakfast and memory.They suggested that breakfast can helpenhance a whole days memory.The research shows that kids without having breakfast lagapparently behind those who have had breakfast.Furthermore,they are inferior to the latterboth in oral expression and short-term memory.环境保护是当今世界各国人民共同关心的重大的社会经济问题，也是科学技术领域里重大的研究课题。环境科学是在现代社会经济和科学发展过程中形成的 门综合性科学。就世界范围来说，环境科学成为一门科学还是近二三十年的事情。Environmental protection is a common concern in todays world.It is a major social economicproblem and it is also a major research subject in scientific and technological field.Environmental science is a comprehensive science that has developed development of modernsocial economics and science.As far as the world range is concerned,it is not until the recenttwenty or thirty years that environmental science becomes a science.文化是不同国家的人们互相理解的最佳媒体。通过举办文化节，许多中国城市在世界上的知名度提高了。已经证明，对促进中国人民和世界其他地方人民之间的交流来说，这是最好的途径之一。这种交流不仅仅限于文化方面，还扩大到了经济和其他领域。Culture is the best medium for people of different countries to understand each other.Byholding culture festivals,many cities in China have raised their prestige in the world.And it hasbeen proven that one of the best ways to promote the communication between Chinese peopleand the people from different parts of the world.This kind of communication is not only confinedto culture,but extends to economy and other fields.自从1939年以来，人们做了大量的科学研究确定了烟草对人体健康危害极大。急需立法来禁止各种烟草产品的广告宣传。因为这种广告总是劝人们吸更多的烟，因而在很大程度应对那些健康状况恶化或由肺癌致死的人们负责。Since 1939 people have done many studies about the tobacco and they confirm thattobacco is very harmful to health.And there is badly needed to ban all advertising of tobaccoproducts.Because such advertisements are always persuade people to smoke more and theyshould undertake a large part responsible for people with deteriorating health or those who diedof lung cancer.在现代世界中信息灵通是非常重要的。许多领域的成功取决于获取最新信息。同时，决策的失误往往是因为缺少必要的信息。因此，我们称这个时代为信息时代。随着社会的发展，人们可以预见，在未来社会中信息的作用更为重要，没有信息，我们就如同盲人，寸步难行。It is very important to be well-informed in the modern world.Success in many fieldsdepends on getting the latest information.At the same time,failure in policy-making oftenresults from the lack of necessary information.Therefore,we call the current era”theinformation era”.With the development of the society,people can predict that information willplay a more and more important role in the future.Without information we would act like theblind and could make no further step.
