2022年河北大学英语考试真题卷14测.pdf
2022年河北大学英语考试真题卷（本卷共分为1 大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总 分 100分，60分及格。）单 位：姓 名：考 号：题号单选题多项选择判断题综合题总分分值得分一、单项选择题（共5 0题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意）1.I Qu es t io ns 9 and 10 ar e bas ed o n t he fo l lo w ing new s.At t heend o f t he new s it em,y o u w i I I be giv en 10 s eco nds t o ans w er each q u es t io n.No w Iis t en t o t he new s./I Ho w w as t he s t o Ien mo ney d i s co v er ed.A.During handling of baggage at the airport.B.During a drug investigation at the airport.C.During investigation of the accident.D.During handling of documents.2.BUTEXT A /B Science i s a cu mu I at i v e bo dy o f kno w I edge abo u t t he nat u r aI w o r Idto bt a i ned by t he ap p licat io n o f a p ar t icu lar met ho d p r act is ed by t hes cient is t.The w o r d s cience it s elf i s der iv ed fr o m t he Lat in s ci r e,w hich means t o kno w,t o hav e kno w I edge o f o r t o ex p er ience.Techno lo gyi s t he f r u i t o f ap p I i ed s c i ence,i t i s t he co ncr et e ex p r es s i o n o f r es ear chdo ne in t he labo r at o r y and ap p l ied t o manu fact u r ing co mmo dit ies t o meethu man needs.The w o r d s cient is t w as int r o du ced o nly in 1840 by WilliamWhew eI I,Pr o fes s o r o f Mo r al Philo s o p hy at t he Univ er s it y o f Cambr idge.In his Phi losophy of the Inductive Sciences,he wrote:W e need a nameto describe a cultivator of science in general.I shouId be inclined tocal I him a scientist.n The cultivators of science”before 1840 were knownas Mnatural phi losophers.The founders of the 300-year-old Royal Societywere typical Mnatural phi losophers.They were curious,often eccentricpersons who poked inqui ring fingers at nature.In the process of doingso they stated a technique of inqui ry we know today as the“scien tificmethod M.Briefly,these are the steps in the method.Fi rst comes the thoughtthat sparks off the inquiry.(For.examp I e,in 1896,the physicist Henr iBecquerel,in communications to the French Academy of Sciences,statedthat he found that uranium salts emitted rays of unknown nature.Hisdiscovery excited Mar ie Cur ie.Along with her husband Pierre,she wantedto know more about this radiation.What was it exact Iy,and where didit come from)Second comes the co 11ect i ng of facts:the techniques of doing thiswiI I differ according to the problem to be solved.However it is basedon exper iments in which one may use anything from a test tube to an earthsate I I ite to gather essential data.(If you do not know the d ifficu ltie swhich the Cur ies encountered to gather thei r facts,as they invest igatedthe mysterious uranium rays,I advise you to read the remarkable storyin the book Madame Curie by her daughter E v e.)This leads to step three:organising the facts and studying there I at i onsh i ps that emerge.(These rays were d i fferent from anyth i ng known.How can this be explained Did this radiation come from the atom itse lfIt might we I I be that other materials also emit radiation.Madame Curieinvestigated and found this was so.She invented the word radioactivityfor this phenomenon.She foI I owed this with further experimental workon only active radioelements.)St ep fo u r is t he s t at ement o f a hy p o t hes is o r t heo r y:t hat is,fr aminga gener al t r u t h t hat has emer ged and t hat may be mo dif ied as new fact semer ge.(In Ju ly 1898,t he Cu r ies anno u nced t he p r o bable p r es ence inp it chblende o r es o f a new eIement endo w ed w it h p o w er fu l r adio act iv it y.This w as t he beginning o f t he dis co v er y o f r adiu m.)Then fo I Io w s t he clear er s t at ement o f t he t heo r y.(In December 1898rt he Cu r ies r ep o r t ed t o t he Academy o f Sc i ences:The v ar io u s r eas o ns w ehav e enu mer at ed lead u s t o be Ii ev e t hat t he new r adio act iv e s u bs t anceco nt ains a new eIement t o w hich w e p r o p o s e t o giv e t he name o f Radiu m.The new r adio act i v e s u bs t ance cer t ainly co nt ains a v er y s t r o ng p r o p o r t io no f bar iu ms in s p it e o f t hat it s r adio act iv it y i s co ns ider able.Ther adio act iv it y o f r adiu m t her efo r e mu s t be eno r mo u s.)And t he final s t ep is t he p r act ical t es t o f t he t heo r y-t he p r edict io no f new fact s.This is es s ent ial becau s e fr o m t his flo w s t he p o s s ibi I it yo f co nt r o l by man o f t he fo r ces o f nat u r e t hat ar e new ly r ev ealed.No t e ho w Mar ie Cu r ie u s ed dedu ct iv e r eas o ning in o r der t o p u s h o n.This kind o f det ect iv e w o r k is bas ic t o t he met ho do Io gy o f s cience.Fu r t her,s he w as co ncer ned w it h p r o babiIit y and no t cer t aint y-in herinv es t igat io ns.Als o,alt ho u gh t he Cu r ies w er e do ing t he bas ic r es ear chw o r k at gr eat ex p ens e t o t hems elv es in har d p hy s ical t o il,t hey knew t hatt hey w er e p ar t o f an int er nat io nal gr o u p o f p eo p Ie al I co ncer ned w it ht hei r s ear ch fo r t r u t h.Thei r r ep o r t s w er e p u b Iis hed and i mmed i at e Iyex amined by s c i ent i s t s al I o v er t he w o r ld.Any flaw s in t hei r ar gu ment,w o u ld be p o i nt ed o u t t o t hem i mmed i at e Iy.Wh i ch o f t he fo l lo w ing i s t he mo s t i mp o r t ant i n t he s t ep s i n t he s c i ent if icmet ho dA.Collecting and organising the facts.B.Stating a hypothesis.C.Testing the hypothesis,D.Publishing the theory.3.BTEXT B/BFor hundreds of years,farmers have seIected and bred plants andanimals to favour,or bring out,characteristics they desired.Forexample,cows that produced large amounts of mi Ik were seIected forbreeding,while poor mi Ik producers were not a I I owed to reproduce.Sim ilarlyy horses were bred for speed and strength.Those having thesedesi red character istics were seIected for breeding.Over time,thesepreferred breeds became more common than ear Iier,less desi red types.This seIective breeding is cal led a rtific ia l seIection.The theory of evoIution by naturaI seIection was put forward in a jointpresentation of the views of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel I Wal lacebefore the Linnaean Soc i ety of London in 1858.Darwin and WaI I ace werenot the firs t to suggest that evoIution occurred,but their names areIinked with the idea of evoIution because they proposed the theory ofnatural seIection as the mechanism by Which evoIution occurs.W e arealways more Ii keIy to be Ii eve in a process when peopIe exp lain how ithappens than if they merely assert that it does.The theory of evoIution by means of naturaI seIection is based on threeobservations.Fi rst,as we can see by comparing one cat or human beingwith another,the members of a species differ from one another;that is,there is variation among individuals of the same species.Second,someof the differences between individuals are inherited.(Otherdifferences are not inherited,but are caused by different envi ronments.For instance,two plants with identical genes may grow to different sizesif one of them is p I anted in poor so il.)Thi rd,more organisms are bornthan I i ve to grow up and reproduce:many organisms die as embryos or seeds,as sap Iingst nest Iings,or larvae.The logical conclusion from these three observations is that certaingenetic characteristics of an organism wi I I increase its chances ofI iving to grow up and reproduce over the chances of organisms with othercharacter isties.To take an extreme examp Ie,if you have inherited asevere genet ic disease of the I i ver,you have a much Iower chance of I i vingto grow up and reproduce than someone born without th is disease.Inherited characteristics that improve an organism5 s chances ofIiving and reproducing w ill be more common in the next generation andthose that decrease its chances of reproducing wiI I be less common.Var ious genes or combinations of genes wi I I be naturally seIected fromone generation to the next(that is,to cause evoIution).It is notnecessary that al I genes affect survival and reproduction;the sameresult occurs if just some genes make an individual more IikeIy to growup and reproduce.To summarize:1.Individuals in a popuI at i on vary in each generation.2.Some of these var iat ions are genetic.3.More individuals are produced than I ive to grow up and reproduce.4.I nd i v i dua I s with some genes are more like ly to survive andreproduce than those with other genes.Cone I us i on:From the above four premises it fol lows that thosegenet i c tra its that make the i r owners more I i ke I y to grow up and reproducewiI I become increasingly common in the popuI at i on from one generationto the next.Which of the following statements is NOT trueA.Members of a species differ from one another.B.All differences between individuals are inherited.C.Two organisms with identical genes may grow to different sizes.D.Not all of the organisms can live to reproduce.4.B TEXT C/BWinnersWinners have different potentials.Achievement is not the mostimportant thing,authenticity is.The authentic person experiences there a lity of himself by knowing himself,being himself,and becoming acredible,responsive person.He actuaI izes his own unprecedenteduniqueness and appreciates the uniqueness of others.A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his ownknowledge.He can separate facts from opinion and doesn,t pretend tohave al I the answers.He Iistens to others,evaIuates what they sayrbut comes to his own conclusions.While he can admi re and respect otherpeop I ev he is not tota 1 1 y defined,demo I ished,bound,or awed by them.A winner can be spontaneous.He does not have to respond inpredetermined,rig id ways.He can change his plans when the situationcalls for it.A winner has a zest for I ife.He enjoys work,play,food,other people,sex,and the world of nature.Without gui It,he enjoys hisown accompI i shments.Without envy he enjoys the accompI ishments of others.Although a winner can freely enjoy himself,he can also postponeenjoyment.He can disci pline himself in the present to enhance hisenjoyment in the future.He is not afraid to go after what he wants butdoes so in appropriate ways.He does not get his security by control I ingothers.He does not set himself up to lose.A winner cares about the world and its peoples.He is not i so Iatedfrom the general problems of society.He is concerned,compassionate,and commi tted to improving the qua Iity of Iife.Even in the face ofnationaI and international adversity,he does not see himseIf as totaI Iypower less.He does what he can to make the wor Id a better place.LosersAlthough peopIe are born to win,they are also born helpless andtotaI Iy dependent on thei r envi ronment.Winners successfully make thetransition from total helplessness to i ndependence and then tointerdependence.Losers do not.Somewhere along the Iine they begin toavoid becoming self-responsible.As we have noted,few peopIe are total winners or losers.Most of themare winners in some areas of thei r Iives and losers in others.Thei rwinning or losing is infIuenced by what happens to them in chiIdhood.A lack of response to dependency needs,poor nutr it ion,brutality,unhappy re I ationships,di sease,conti nu i ng di sappoi ntments,i nadequatephysical care,and traumatic events are among the many experiences thatcontribute to making people losers.Such experiences interrupt,deter,or prevent the normal progress toward autonomy and seIf-actuaIization.To cope with negat i ve experiences a child learns to man i puI ate himselfand others.These man i puI at i ve techniques are hard to give up later inI ife and often become set patterns.A winner works to shed them.A loserhangs on to them.A loser represses his capac i ty to express spontaneously andappropriately his fulI range of possible behaviour.He may be unawareof other options for his Iife if the path he chooses goes nowhere.Heis afraid to try new things.He maintains his own status quo.He is arepeater.He repeats not only his own mi stakes but often those of hisfamiIy and culture also.A loser has d ifficu lty giving and receiving affection.He does notenter into intimate,honest,direct relationships with others.Instead,he tries to manipulate them into living up to his expectations andchannels his energies into Iiving up to their expectations.When a person wants to discover and change his n I os i ng streak,whenhe wants to become more I ike the winner he was born to be,he can usegestalt-type experiments and transactional analysis to make changehappen.These are two new,exciting,psychological approaches to humanproblems.The f i rst was gi ven new I ife by Dr.Freder ick Per is;the secondwas deveI oped by Dr.Eric Berne.Gestalt therapy is not new.However,its current popularity has grownvery rap idly si nee i t Was g i ven new i mpetus and d i rect i on by Dr.Freder i ckPeris.Gestalt is a German word for which there is no exact Englishequ i vaI ent;it means,roughly,the forming of an organised,mean i ngfuIwhole.Peris perceives many personal ities as lacking wholeness,as beingfragmented.He c I a i ms peop I e are often aware of on I y parts of themse I vesrather than of the whole self.For examp I ef a woman may not know or wantto admit that sometimes she acts I ike her mother;a man may not know oradmit that sometimes he wants to cry I ike a baby.The aim of gestalt therapy is to help one to become who I e-to help theperson become aware of,admit to,reclaim,and integrate his fragmentedparts.Integration helps a person make the transition from dependencyto se I f-su ff i c i ency;from author i tar i an outer support to authent i c i nnersupport.Which of the following characterizes losersA.Losers tend to postpone enjoyment and not to discipline themselves.B.Losers tend to restrain their love and caring.C.Losers tend to give up some of the techniques which they develop tocope with bad experiences.D.Losers are so afraid to try new things that they often change theirplans to suit the situation.5.B TEXT D(/B)Given Shakespeare1 s popularity as an actor and a pIaywright and hisconsp i cuous f i nanc i a I success,i t was not surpr ising that jea I ous rivalsbegan to snipe at his work.In later centuries,a common charge was thatShakespeare did not invent many of his plots but took his basic storiesfrom we I I-known English history and old Iegends instead.It is quite true that these sources have been used by many Englishdramatists.But what Shakespeare did to the common facts i s who Ilyremarkable:he invented new characters,transformed old ones,createda gallery of kings,maidens,courtiers,warriors and clowns of sta rt Iingpsychological depth.He rearranged fami I iar tales with an extraordinaryg ift for drama,comedy and fantasy.And over al I th is Work,so rich withsoaring Ianguage and glistening poetry,he cast an unprecedented moodof grandeur and glory.Never had the theatre been showered with suchlyricism and passion,such insight and profundity.But how cou I d a man of so I i t t I e educat ion produce such masterfu I worksDid Shakespeare,in fact,w rite the plays Through the centuries,somehave suggested Francis Bacon was
