大学英语四级语法精要.pdf

大 学 英 语 皿 级 语 法 析 契I动词（时态，语态,用法,省略,一致性等）1.时态1）现在完成 进 行 时 态（h a v e/h a s b e e n +-i n g分词构成）：动作或状态从过去某时开始，继续到现在，可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.Iv e b e e n w r i t i n g l e t t e r s f o r a n h o u r.Iv e b e e n s i t t i n g i n t h e g a r d e n.2）过去完成进行时（由h a d b e e n +i n g分词构成）：过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作Fd b e e n w o r k i n g f o r s o m e t i m e w h e n h e c a l l e d.We h a d b e e n w a i t i n g f o r h e r f o r t w o h o u r s b y t h e t i m es h e c a m e.3）将来完成进行时：将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.By n e x t s u m m e r,h e w i l l h a v e b e e n w o r k i n g h e r e f o rt w e n t y y e a r s.In a n o t h e r m o n t h s t i m e s h e l l h a v e b e e n s t u d y i n gh e r e f o r t h r e e y e a r s.4）将来完成时（由shall/will have+过去分词构成）：将来某时会业已发生的事.I shall have finished this one before lunch.Theyll have hit the years target by the end ofOctober.2.语态1）可以有两种被动结构的类型，例如：He was said to be jealous of her success.It was said that he was jealous of her success.能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”，“相 信”等 意 义 的 动 词，常 见 的 有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等.It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.The ship is supposed to have been sunk.担当be supposed t o与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如：Why are you driving so fast in this area?You aresupposed to know the speed to know the speed limit.（你应该晓得速度限制）2）双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态a）双宾语结构的被动语态：双宾语结构变为被动语态时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面，但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.He was asked a number of questions at the pressconference.Two days were allowed them for making the necessarypreparations.b）宾补结构的被动语态：She was called Big Sister by everybody.Then he was made a squad leader.He was considered quite qualified for the job.The room was always kept clean and tidy.3.短语动词1)Vi+advThe plane took off two hours late.2)Vi+prepThey looked round the Cathedral.3)Vi+prep(有被动语态)Shes looking after her sisters children.The children were always well looked after.4)Vi+adv+prepI began to look forward to their visits.5)Vt+0+advSome women choose to stay at home and bring up theirchildren.The children were brought up by their mother.They took him on.6)Vt+adv+0(无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking.7)Vt+0+prepWe talked Donald into agreement.4.省略1)在 以as,than,when,if,unless等引导的从句中的省略：在有些状语从句中，如果谓语包含有动词be,主语又和主句的主语一致a),或者主 语 是it b),就常常可以把从句中的主语和谓语的一部分(特别是动词be)省略掉.a)Look out for cars when crossing the street.When taken according to the directions,the drughas no side effects.While there he joined in voluntary labour on aproject.Although not yet six months old,she was able towalk without support.If not well managed,irrigation can be harmful.Though reduced in numbers,they gained in fightingcapacity.This viewpoint,however understandable,is wrong.Enemies,once discovered,were tightly encircledand completely wiped out.She hurriedly left the room as though/if angry.She worked extremely hard though still rather poorin health.Fill in the application as instructed.Whenever known,such facts should be reported.The documents will be returned as soon as signed.He said that no acrobat could ever perform thosedaring feats unless trained very young.Once having made a promise,you should keep it.b)If necessary Fil have the letter duplicated.Fill in the blanks with articles where(ver)necessary.If possible,I should like to have two copies ofit.As scheduled,they met on January 20 at the ChineseEmbassy.2)在以than a)或as b)引起的从句中，常会有一些成分省略.a)He told me not to use more material than(it is)necessary.We should think more of the collective than ofourselves.b)They worked with as much enthusiasm as youngpeople(did).He is now a vice-manager,but still often works inthe kitchen as before.Their training is free,as is all education.We will,as always,stand on your side.3)错误的省略His life is as fully committed to books as anyone Iknow.While standing there in her nightgown,two bulletsstruck the wall beside her.5.一致1)如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有with,together with,as well as,as much as,no less than,more than等引导的短语，谓语动词仍旧用单数形式.Terry,along with her friend,goes skating everySaturday.An expert,together with some assistants,was sentto help in this work.The captain,as well as the coaches,disappointed in the team.was2)代词作主语时的一致a)each,either,neither 和由 some,any,no,every构成的复合代词,都作单数看待.Each of us has something to say.Is everybody ready?Somebody is using the phone.Neither of us has gone through regular training.Has either of them told you?b)some,few,both,many 等作复数c)some可后接复数,也可接单数,表示某一.none作复数看待时较多，但也有时作单数看待,主要看说话人脑中联系想到的是复数还是单数概念，但none在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数：None of the books are easy enough for usNone of us seem to have thought of it.None(二 not a single one)of us has got a camera.N o n e (=n o b o d y)h a s f e l t i t m o r e k e e n l y t h a n s h ed i d.N o n e o f t h i s w o r r i e s m e.a ll和 m ost可后接复数，也可接不可数名词(all ofthe.,most of the.),动词用单数.3)由and或 both.and连接名词词组时，后用复数；由not only.but(also),either.or,neither.nor 或 or 连接的并列主语，谓语通常和最邻近的主语一致.Not only the switches but also the old writing has beenchanged.My sister or my brother is likely to be at home.Either you or Mr Yang is to do the work.Neither my wife nor I myself am able to persuade mydaughter to change her mind.如果一个句子是由there或 here引导，而主语又不止一个，谓语通常也和最邻近的那个主语一致.There was carved in the board a dragon and a phoenix.Here is a pen,a few envelopes and some paper for you.4）people,police,cattle,poultry（家禽）,militia（民兵）等通常都用作复数.Cattle are grazing on the pasture.The police are looking for him.有些集体名词有时作单数看待，有时作复数看待，主要根据意思来决定.His family isnt very large.His family are all music lovers.The committee meets twice a month.The committee are divided in opinion.The audience was enormous.The audience were greatly moved at the words.有些名词单复数同形，可根据意思决定谓语动词的数：This new series is beginning next month.These new series are beginning next month.This species is now extinct.These species are now extinct.5）表示时间，重量，长度，价值等的名词，尽管仍是复数形式，如果作整体看待，动词也可用单数形式（当然用复数动词也是可以的）：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessarypreparations.One hundred li was covered in a single night.6）其他问题a）书名，国家名用单数：Tales from Shakespeare is a book by Charles Lamb.b）学科名，如 mathematics,economics 用单数.c）many a或more than one所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词多用单数形式：Many a person has had that kind of experience.More than one person has involved in the case.a number o f后接复数，the number of后接单数:A number of books have been published on the subject.The number of books published on the subject is simplyamazing.d)one of those后用单数.在“one of+复数名词+关系分句”结构中，关系分句中谓语动词的单复数形式在一般情况下有两形式，一是根据先行词采用复数形式：Joan is one of those people who go out of their way to behelpful.当one之前友the only等限定词和修饰语时，关系分句谓语动词根据one而定，即采用单数形式：He is the only one of those boys who is willing to take onanother assignment.I I非谓语动词L不定式1）形式主动形式被动形式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have beendone进行式to be doing完成进行式to have beendoinga）完成式：不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与主要谓语表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生.假如不定式所表示的动作，在谓语所表示的动作（状态）之前发生，就要用不定式的完成式.I am glad to have seen your mother（二 I am glad I haveseen your mother）.（比较:I am glad to see you.）He is said to have written a new book about workers.He pretended not to have seen me.b）进行式：如果主要谓语表示的动作（状态）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时要用不定式的进行式.You are not supposed to be working.You havent quiterecovered yet.We didnt expect you to be waiting for us here.He pretended to be listening attentively.c）完成进行式：在谓语所表示的时间之前一直进行的动作，就要用不定式的完成进行式.The struggle was known to have been going for twentyyears.We are happy to have been working with you.d）被动式：当不定式的逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式.It is an honour for me to be asked to speak here.She hated to be flattered.He wanted the letter to be typed at once.This is bound to be found out.There are a lot of things to be done.She was too young to be assigned such work.2)功用：不定式可以作主语(a),宾 语(b),表 语(c),定语(d)或是状语(e).a.To scold her would not be just.b.We are planning to build a reservoir here.c.One of our main tasks now is to mechanize agriculture.d.Do you have anything to declare?e.We have come to learn from you.3)不带t o 的不定式：a)在“动词+宾语+不定式”结构中，如果动词是表示感觉意义的 see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice 等，或是表示“致使”意义的have,make,let等，其后的不定式结构不带to.John made her tell him everything.这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带t o 的不定式一般还原为带t o 的不定式.She was made to tell him everything.b)在 had better,had best,would rather,would sooner,would just as soon,might(just)as well,cannot but 等搭配之后，动词不定式也不带to.rd rather not have eggs and bacon for breakfast.They cannot but accept his term.c）在 make do,make believe,let drop,let fall,let fly,let slip,let drive,let go of,let there be,hear say,hear tell,leavego of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me.Ive heard tell of him.d）在动词help（或help+宾语）之后可用不带to的不定式,也可用带to的不定式.Can I help（to）lift this heavy box?e）在介词except,b u t之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，不定式一般不带to,反之带to.There is nothing to do except wait till it stops raining.Smith will do anything but work on a farm.Theres no choice but to wait till it stops raining.f）连 词rather than,sooner than置于句首时，其后的不定式不带to.Rather than push the book back as he wanted to do,heforced himself to pick it up.出现在句中其他位置时，其后的不定式有时带to,有时不带to.He decided to write rather than telephone.The manager believes it is important to invest in newmachinery rather than to increase wages.g)用作补语的动词不定式，如果主语是由“a ll+关系分句，thing+关系分句，what分 句 或 thing+不定式结构”等构成，并带有do的某种形式，这时，作为主语补语的不定式可以省t。，也可以不省.What he will do is(to)spoil the whole thing.All you do now is complete the formThe only thing I can do now is go on by myself.The thing to do now is clear up this mess.The least I can do is drive everybody else closer to theissue.4)不定式的其他用法a)too.to结构通常表示否定意义：She was too young to understand all that.enough.to结构则表示肯定意义：She was not old enough to understand all that.not too,but too,all too,only too等和不定式连用时，不定式一般不表示否定意义：Hes only too pleased to help her.He is too young to go to school.so.as(to)这种结构也可用不定式作状语：Be so kind as to drop in some time when you are free.b)如果要说明不定是表示的动作是谁做的，可以在不定式前加一个for引起的短语：It is not hard for one to do a bit of good.It is a great honour for us to be present at this rally.在以某些形容词(如 kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等）作表语时，不定式前可加一个o f引起的短语，来说明不定式指的是谁的情况：Its kind of you to think so much of us.（It is）Awfully good of you to come and meet us.Its very nice of you to be so considerate.Its unwise of them to turn down the proposal.2.V+ing形式（现在分词及动名词）1）形式a）完成式：如果要表示动名词代表的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，通常用动名词的完成形式.He didnt mention having met me.I regret not having taken her advice.在某些动词后（或成语中），常用（或可以用）动名词的一般形式，尽管动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生的.Excuse me for coming late.I dont remember ever seeing him anywhere.现在分词的完成式主要用在状语中，表示这动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生.Having been there many times,he offered to be our guide.Having found the cause,they were able to propose aremedy.另外，独立结构也可用现在分词的完成形式.The guests having left,they resumed their discussion.The children,having eating their fill,were allowed to leavethe table.b）被动式：当一个动名词逻辑上的主语所表示的是这动作的对象时，动名词一般要用被动形式.His being neglected by the host added to his uneasiness.He couldnt bear being made fun of like that.但要注意，在 want,need,deserve,require等动词后，尽管表示的是被动的意思，却用动名词的主动形式.My pen needs filling.The point deserves mentioning.This problem requires studying with great care.在worth这个形容词后情形也是这样.Her method is worth trying.现在分词的被动式可以用来作定语，宾语补足语，状语及用于独立结构中.This is one of the experiments being carried on in ourlaboratory.Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.Being asked to give a performance,she couldnt very wellrefuse.These are sold at reduced prices,the defects always beingpointed out to the customers.c）完成被动式：如果表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生，有时需要用动名词的完成被动式.I dont remember having ever been given a chance to trythis method.但在多数情况下都避免使用这一形式，而用一般被动形式代替，以免句子显得累赘.现在分词的完成被动式一般用来作状语或用于独立结构中.Having been given such a good chance,how could she let itslip away?The decision having been made,the next problem was howto make a good plan.All the compositions having been written and collected,theteacher sent the students home.2）句法功用a）作主语：Walking is good exercise.Its nice talking to you.There is no denying the fact that the new method hasgreatly raised labour productivity.b）作宾语：Your shoes need polishing.You mustnt delay sending the tractors over.He avoided giving us a definite answer.c)作介词宾语：动名词作介词宾语用的时候最多.它常可以用在某些成语后面，常见的有：insist on,persist in,think of,dream of,object to,suspect.of,accuse.of,charge.with,hear of,approve of,prevent.from,keep.from,stop.from,refrain from,be engaged in,look forward to,opposed to,depend on,thank.for,feellike,excuse.for,aim at,devote.to,set about,spend.in,get(be)used to,be fond of,be capable of,beafraid of,be tired of,be sick of,succeed in,be interestedin,feel(be)ashamed of,be proud of,be keen on,beresponsible for.d)作表语：The real problem is getting to know the needs of the people.动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语.一般说来，在表示抽象的一般的行为时多用动名词；在表示具体某词动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式.e）作宾语补足语：分词可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等动词后作宾语补足语.The words immediately set us all laughing.Once we caught him dozing off in class.His remark left me wondering what he was driving at.在 see,hear,feel,watch,notice等动词后，及可用现在分词，也可用不定式构成宾语补足语.用现在分词时，表示动作正在发生，用不定式时表示动作发生了.Do you hear someone knocking at the door?Yes,I did.I heard him knock three times.f）作状语：现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，来对谓语表示的主要动作加以修饰或作为陪衬.I ran out of the house shouting.I got home,feeling very tired.Driving to Chicago that night,I was struck by a suddenthought.现在分词短语有时可以用作状语表示原因，相当于一个表示原因的状语从句.Not knowing her address,we couldn,t get in touch with her.Seeing nobody at home,she decided to leave them a note.Having already seen the film twice,she didnt want to go tothe cinema.现在分词短语有时可用作时间状语，相 当 于w hen引起的从句：Seeing those pictures,he couldnt help thinking of thosememorable days they spent together.如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多 用when或while加分词这种结构.Be careful when crossing the street.When leaving the airport,they waved again and again to us.She got to know them while attending a conference inBeijing.3）前面带有代词或名词的动名词结构：一个动名词前面可以加一个物主代词（或名词的所有格结构），来表示这个动名词逻辑上的主语.Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.Do you mind my reading your paper?They insisted on my staying there for supper.如果不是在句子开头，这个结构常常可以用名词的普通格（或人称代词宾格），这比用所有格更自然一些.I dont mind him going.She hates people losing their temper.Short fuse blowones fuse4）只能用动名词作宾语的动词：suggest,finish,avoid,stop,cant help,mind,admit,enjoy,leave off,require,postpone,put off,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss5）既可用动名词，也可用不定式作宾语的动词：love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt,cantbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,cant afford 等.有时两种结构之间意义差别不大，有时却有不同的意思.在 remember,regret,want,try等词后差别是比较明显的.I remember seeing her once somewhere.I must remember to take my notebooks with me.I regret not having accepted your advice.I regret to say I havent given you enough help.She doesnt want（need）to come.The house wants（needs）cleaning.We must try to get everything done in time.Lets try doing the work some other way.6）悬垂修饰：分词作状语时，表示的必须是主语的一个动作或状态.Walking through the park,we saw a lot of flowers,（walking是 w e的动作，正确）Walking through the park,the flowers looked very beautiful.（错误）Standing on the tower,we could see the whole city.（正确）Standing on the tower,the whole villa