2015考研助手《英语阅读理解150篇》.pdf

目录Unit One-1Part A 1Text 1 儿童教育和沟通结合-1Text 2 克隆人和动物-6Text 3 太阳系内速度限制-11Text 4 互联网和电脑等新型通讯技术的应用-15Part B-盗窃 20Part C-撒谎 25翻译技巧补充：英译汉概述（一）-29Unit Two-32Part A-32Te xtl加拿大社会的劣质服务-32Text 2 未来汽车-36Text 3 广告业是美国经济的晴雨表-41Text 4 英国学业间断期-46Part B 生命进化历史-51Part C 情感商机-56翻译技巧补充：英译汉概述（二）-60Unit Three-63Part A-63T e xtl美、加之间贸易摩擦-63Text 2 现代人对维多利亚时代英国人的看法-68Text 3 探讨时尚-72Text 4 基因检测法用于侦破案件-76Part B 立法机构在制定法律过程中的作用-81PartC美国黑人文学-86翻译技巧补充：词义的选择-89Unit Four-91Part A-91Text 1 五大湖环境状况-91Text 2 欧洲铁路-95Text 3 教师资格认证体系-99Text 4 美国食品药品管理局面临的困难-105Part B 网上商务-110PartC物种灭绝-116翻译技巧补充：词义的抽象与具体-119Unit Five-121Part A-121Te xtl鸡蛋中培养流感疫苗-121Text 2 国际数学评估反映美国教育问题-126Text 3 美国经济不景气-131Text 4 全国防止虐待儿童协会-137Part B 经济学角度解决垃圾收集问题-142Part C 个人发明和大企业组织的研究-147翻译技巧补充：词性的转换-151Unit Six-153Part A153Text 1 童工、教育和贫困-153Text 2 加州能源管制-158Text 3 美国社会保障的私有化-163Text 4 现代美容手术的普及-167Part B-演讲 172Part C-幻听 177翻译技巧补充：词汇的增译和减译-180Unit Seven-183Part A-183T e xtl全球经济滞胀-183Text 2 印度妇女受到性别歧视-189Text 3 梦成现实-193Text 4 新的教育体制观念-198Part B 优秀的领导者-202Part C 英国人是政治动物-208翻译技巧补充：重复译-211Unit Eight-213Part A-213T e xtl外表的美与内在的美-213Text 2 生态环境与恐怖主义-218Text 3 网络信息安全性-223Text 4 北美印第安音乐-228Part BB为青春期的变化做准备-232PartC地球日-237翻译技巧补充：正义反译和反义正译-240Unit Nine-242Part A-242Te xtl美国解除飞机上使用手机的禁令-242Text 2 环境预防原则-247Text 3 索尼公司的管理-253Text 4 音乐与政治-258Part B 人类艺术与动物类似行为的区别-263Part C 社会保障-270翻译技巧补充：分译与合译-273Unit Ten-276Part A276T e xtl戏剧包含的要素-276Text 2 节省更多时间来工作的观念-280Text 3 巴西足球运动事业现状-286Text 4 游戏领域女性工作人员很少-292Part B面试297Part C 甘地的和平主义-303翻译技巧补充：倒置法-306Unit Eleven-308Part A-308Text 1 企业绿色外衣现象-308Text 2 音乐物质文化-313Text 3 肥胖问题-317Text 4 美国在联合国欠费问题-323Part B 个人着装-327Part C 年轻的作家模仿莎士比亚-333翻译技巧补充：插入法-336Unit Twelve-338Part A-338Text 1 新闻如何吸引读者-338Text 2 星际网络-343Text 3 荷兰艺术家及其作品-347Text 4 艾滋病最新治疗思路-352Part B 成为成功的老板-357Part C 经济学史-363翻译技巧补充：重组法-365全书答案汇总-3682007年 6 月 2 6 日张 剑 曾 鸣 编 著 英语阅读理解150篇Unit OnePart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.M ark your answers onANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Not long after the telephone was invented,I assume,a call was placed.The caller was a parent saying,“your child is bullyingmy child,and I want it stopped!”The bullys parent replied,/zyou must have the wrong number.M y child is a little angel/A trillion phone calls later,the conversation is the same.When children are teased or tyrannized,the parental impulse is tograb the phone and rant.But these days,as studies in the U.S.show bullying on the rise and parental supervision on thedecline,researchers who study bullying say that calling moms and dads is more futile than ever.Such calls often lead toplayground recriminations and dont really teach our kids any lessons about how to navigate the world and resolveconflicts.When you call parents,you want them to uextract the crueltyn from their bullying children,says Laura Kavesh,a childpsychologist in Evanston,Illinois,But many parents are blown away by the idea of their child being cruel.They won tbelieve it.In a recent police department survey in Oak Harbor;Washington,89%of local high school students said theyhad engaged in bullying behavior.Yet only 18%of parents thought their children would act as bullies.In a new U.S.PIA survey,5%of parents support contacting other parents to deal with bullying.But many educators warnthat those conversations can be misinterpreted,causing tempers to flare.Instead,they say,parents should get objectiveoutsiders,like principals,to mediate.M eanwhile,if you get a call from a parent who is angry about your childs bullying,listen without getting defensive.Thatswhat Laura M cHugh of Castro Valley,California,did when a caller told her that her then 13-year-old son had spit in anotherboys food.Her son had confessed,but the victims mom wanted to make sure my son hadnt given her son a nastydisease/says M cHugh,who apologized and promised to get her son tested for AIDS and other diseases.She knew thechance of contracting any disease this way was remote,but her promise calmed the mother and showed M cHughs son thathis bad behaviour was being taken seriously.M cHugh,founder of Parents Coach Kids,a group that teaches parenting skills,sent the mom the test results.All were negative.Remember:once you make a call,you might not like what you hear.If you have an itchy dialing finger;resist temptation.Putit in your pocket.419 wordsl.The word“bullying probably me a n s.A frightening and hurting B teasingC behaving like a tyrant D laughing at2.Calling to a bullys p a r e n t.A has long existed but changed its contentC often leads to blaming and misunderstandingB is often done with careful thinkingD is used to warn the child not to do it again3.According to the surveys in the U.S.,.A bullying among adults is also risingB parents are not supervising their children wellC parents seldom believe bulliesD most parents resort to calling to deal with bullying4.When bullying occurs,parents s h o u l d.A help the bulling child get rid of crueltyC avoid getting too protective B resort to the mediator D resist the temptation of calling5.Laura M cHugh promised to get the bullied boy tested for diseases b e c a u s e.A her son confessed to being wrong B she was afraid to annoy the boys parentc he was likely to be affected by these diseases D she wanted to teach her own son a lesson核心词汇blow away*to completely surprise sb.,to affect intensely;overwhelm 使大为惊讶；强烈影响，征服 例：That concertblew me away.音乐会震撼了我。to defeat pletely,esp.in a game（尤指在比赛中）彻底战胜 例：Nancy blewaway the rest of the skaters.南希战胜了其他的滑冰运动员。bully n.E C 恃强凌弱者；流氓，暴徒v t.to threaten to hurt or frighten sb.weaker 欺侮例：He was bullied by the older boys at school.他在学校里受到大孩子的欺负。to use your strength or power to make sb.do sht.恐吓，胁迫 J：The manager tried to bully his meninto working harder by threatening them with dismissal.经理企图以解雇相威胁，迫使职工更卖力气。Contract n.C 契约；合同vi.to become smaller or narrower 缩小；收缩 例：M etal contracts as it becomes cool.金属冷却时收缩。*vt.to begin to have an illness 患（病）例：He contracted pneumonia.他得了肺炎。flare vi.flare up）to suddenly begin to burn,or to burn more brightly for a short time 突然燃烧起来;（短暂地）烧旺 例：The match flared in the darkness.火柴在黑暗中突然着了一小会儿。（感情等）突然爆发 例：Violencehas flared up again in the M iddle East.中东又突然爆发了暴力事件。（疾病）突然加剧 例：M y asthma tends to flare upon smoggy days.在烟雾天我的气喘往往会加剧。n.C 闪 光，瞬时的明亮火焰信号灯（弹）resolve vt.*to find a satisfactory way of dealing with a problem or difficulty 0：There weren t enough beds,but the matter was resolved by George sleeping on the sofa.床不够用，但乔治睡到沙发上问题就解决了。to make adefinite decision to do sth.（某人）决心，决定 例：After the divorce she resolved never to marry again.离婚以后,她下决心永不再嫁。（委员会、会议等通过投票）作出决议，表决 例：The Senate resolved to accept the Presidents budgetproposals by 70 votes to 30.参议院以70票对30票通过决议，同意总统的预算草案。v i.下决心，决定 例：He resolved on/against（making）an early start.他 决 定（不）早出发.超纲词汇itchy a.使人发痒的mediate*v.斡旋，调 停 a.居中的，间接的rant n./v.怒吼，咆哮，大声抱怨recrimination n.*反诘，互相指责反控告tyrannize v t.对.施行暴政*专横地对待长难句分析1.Thats what Laura M cHugh of Castro Valley,California,did when a caller told her that her then 13 year-old son had spit inanother boys food.该句主干是Thats what.o在 what引导的表语从句中，其主干成分为Laura M cHugh did,of Castro Valley,California是一个介词短语，做后置定语，修饰主语Laura M cHugh;when引导的时间状语从句修饰谓语did。2.She knew the chance of contracting any disease this way was remote,but her promise calmed the mother and showedM cHugh s son that his bad behavior was being taken seriously.该句是由but引导的并列句。前一分句的主干是She knew（that），宾语从句中的主干为the chance was remote,介词短语 of.this way 做后置定语修饰主语 chance；后一句的主句是 her promise calmed the mother and showed M cHughs son that.,that引导的宾语从句做动词show的宾语，构成show sb.sth.的结构，sb.为间接宾语，sth.为直接宾语，这里的直接宾语为that从句。语篇分析本文题材涉及儿童教育，作者试图教导家长如何正确处理孩子被欺负这一问题。它是一篇现象解释型文章，按照“指出现象一解释现象一提出解决方案”的脉络展开论述，可以分成三大部分。第一段为第一部分，指出现象：受欺负的孩子的家长打电话投诉，希望对方家长能管教好自己的孩子，但对方家长不以为然。句子You must have the wrong number.M y child is a little angel体现了欺负人的孩子的家长对此问题的态度。b 第二、三段为第二部分，解释现象：打电话投诉的方式对解决孩子之间的冲突起不了作用。第二段：引用了两类研究结果。一类研究结果表明：仗势欺人现象在增多而家长管教却在减少(bullying on the rise andparental supervision on the decline)o 另一类研究结果表明：家长的投诉电话毫无用处(more futile than ever)；这种电话常导致相互.指责(lead to recriminations)；达不到教育孩子的目的(not teach our kids any lessons)。第三段：引用心理学家Laura Kavesh的观点指出，一方面，受欺负的孩子的家长打电话的目的是希望对方家长帮助其孩子改掉坏毛病(extract the cruelty)；另一方面，接到电话的家长却很少相信(blow aw a y)自己的孩子会欺负别人。作者进而用警察局调查结果的数据(89%students engaged in bullying,18%parents thought children bully)支持Laura的观点。第四、五、六段为第三部分，解决问题：建议家长双方正确对待这 问题。第四段：提出了第一种解决方法，即希望通过客观的局外人(objective outsider)来 调 解(m ediate),而不是当事人双方直接联系。第五段：提出了第二种解决方法，即家长学会耐心倾听(listen without getting defensive),列举了“父母教导孩子组织”的创始人Laura M cHugh处理问题的实例进而教育家长该怎么做：认真倾听；积极处理；通过严肃处理事情借以教育孩子，这与第二段末句中don t really teach our kids any lessons),对应起来了。第六段：呼应开始部分，用警句的形式，告诫家长不要采取打电话投诉这种解决方式。试题命制分析通过对文章的整体分析，我们可以从以下儿个方面命题，考查考生的阅读理解能力。1.事实细节题(1)可以考查“打电话投诉”这种行为的结果，参见试题2。(2)在文中，作者列举了两类研究结果(第二段)、两个专家的观点(第三段和第五段)以及两个调查结果(第三段和第四段)，可以综合考查，参见试题3。(3)针对文中提出的解决方案，可以综合考查，参见考题4 止 匕 外，也可以采用判断正误的形式进行考查，如：以下哪项是错误的？A 想打电话的家长要克制自己的行为；B 受欺负的孩子的家长应该直接联系当事人；C 接听电话的家长需要耐心倾听；D 需通过客观的局外人来调解。(答案：B)(4)可以考查Laura M cHugh的身份，如：A 儿童心理学家；B 研究父母如何教育孩子的专家；C 一个欺负人的孩子的母亲；D 某个社区组织的创始人。(答案：C)(5)还可以考查最后一段中所举实例的具体细节，参见试题5。2.推理引申题(1)针对第一段末句You must have the wrong number.M y child is a little angel考查接到电话的家长的态度。可以考查第二段第一句的暗含信息，即，家长之间的投诉电话长久以来就存在，而且其内容没有改变。(3)针对两次调查结果的数据(89%of students and only 18%of parents；5%parents),可以推理家长的态度。3.词义句意题bully 一词在全文反复出现，可以就其语意进行考查。参见试题1。(2)可以考查考生根据上下文推测第二段末句中playground recrimination的具体含义。4.作者写作目的题可以考查末段中引用Laura M cHugh的实例的目的。试题精解1.单 词 bullying可 能 的 含 义 是。A 恐吓和伤害 B 取笑 C 表现得像暴君一样 D 嘲笑 精解 答案A 本题考查根据上下文猜测词义。文章首段双方家长的对话中出现的“bullying my child”与“M y childis a little angel”相互对照，说 明 bullying是坏孩子的行为。第三段中提到打电话的目的是“想让对方改掉他们孩子的残忍行为“，cruelty一词说明了 bullying的特点。此外第五段给出了 bullying的具体事例：把痰吐到另外一个孩子的饭里。因此可推知 A项“恐吓伤害”为正确答案。B项虽然出现在第二段中，D项与其近义，但却都只是其中一种形式，不足以概括所有的行为。C项含义不正确。2.打 电 话 给 恃 强 欺 弱 者 的 父 母。A（这种做法）长期存在但内容有了改变 B经常是通过仔细考虑后才做 C常常导致责备和误解 D被用来警告这个孩子不要再做 精解 答案C本题考查事实细节。第一段提到，打电话给恃强欺弱者的父母的做法自有电话以来就长期存在了。第二段首句提到，这样的电话不计其数，但谈话内容却一样。由此排除 A项。第二段第二句提到，冲动的父母抓起电话，大声抱怨。排 除 B项。第二段末句提到，这样的电话常常只导致责备；第四段第二句提到，专家指出它可能会被误解，使对方勃然大怒。由此可知 C项正确。D项未提。3.根据美国的调查表明，.A成人中的恃强欺弱现象也在增加 B父母没有很好地看管他们的孩子 C父母很少相信恃强欺弱者 D大部分父母打电话解决恃强欺弱问题 精解 答 案B本题考查事实细节。第二段第三句提到，研究表明恃强欺弱现象增加，父母看管减少，因 此 B项正确，A项无从得知。第三段最后用数据说明，父母很少相信自己的孩子会恃强欺弱。C项换成了不相信恃强欺弱者本身，错误。第四段首句提到，研究表明5%的父母支持找家长解决恃强欺弱问题。D项 错 在most（大部分），与事实不符。4.当恃强欺弱问题发生时，父母应该。A帮助恃强欺弱的孩子改掉残忍的行为 B求助调停者的帮助 C避免变得太过自我保护 D抵挡打电话的诱惑 精解 答 案B本题考查作者观点。第三段首句提到，受欺负的孩子的家长打电话是希望对方家长能改正其孩子恃强欺弱的毛病。可见，A项并不是作者的观点。第五段首句提到，接到电话的家长不要自我保护。第六段提到，如果你想拨电话，一定要忍住诱惑。显 然 C和 D项是分别针对“接到电话”和“打电话”的家长而言的。只有 B项在第四段提到，是教育者对双方家长给出的建议，因此也是作者同意的观点。5.劳 拉 麦 休 许 诺 让 受 到 欺 负 的 孩 子 做 疾 病 测 试 是 因 为。LA:她儿子承认他错了 B她害怕惹怒男孩的家长 C他可能会被这些疾病感染 D她想给儿子一个教训 精解 答案D本题考查第五段的细节。该段举例说明应如何正确对待一位愤怒的家长的电话。该段倒数第三句提到，麦休许诺让受欺负的孩子做疾病测试，不仅让其母亲平静下来，也让自己的儿子知道父母是非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。由此可知ED项正确。全文翻译我认为，电话发明后不久，就有人就打这样的电话。打电话的是一位家长，他（她）说：“你的孩子在欺负我的孩子,我希望这样的事情不要再发生！”而这位仗势欺人的孩子的家长却回答到：“你一定拨错号码了，我的孩子是个小天使。”自此以后，这样的电话不计其数，但电话内容却没有改变。当孩子遭到取笑或被蛮横对待时，父母的本能反应都是抓起电话，大声抱怨。但是最近，当美国的研究表明以强凌弱现象在增多而父母的管教在减少时，以强凌弱现象的研究者们却发现给父母打电话毫无用处。这样的电话常常只导致责备，并不能真正教育孩子如何在世界上生存和解决冲突。伊利诺斯州伊文斯顿市区的儿童心理学家劳拉 卡维许说，“当你打电话给仗势欺人的孩子的父母时，你是想让对方改正他们孩子的残忍行为。但是许多父母对自己孩子有这样的行为感到非常震惊，他们不愿意相信。最近警察部门在华盛顿橡木港口进行的调查显示，当 地89%的高中生承认有过仗势欺人的行为。但 只 有18%的家长认为他们的孩子会成为仗势欺人者。在美国家长与教师联合会新的调查中，5%的家长认为应当通过与其他家长联系来解决以强凌弱问题。但是很多专家警告说这样的对话可能会被误解，使对方勃然大怒。相反，他们认为家长应该找较客观的旁观者如学校校长等来进行调解。同时，如果接到了一位对你的孩子仗势欺人的行为感到愤怒的家长的电话，你应该倾听，而不是一心想自卫。当加里福尼亚卡斯楚谷市的劳拉 麦 休接到电话，被告知她13岁的儿子朝另外一个孩子的食物中吐吐沫时，她就这样做了。她儿子已经承认了。麦休说，“但受害者的母亲想确保我儿子没有传染给她儿子什么严重的疾病”。她道歉并许诺让这个男孩做艾滋和其他严重疾病的测试。她知道通过那种方式传染疾病的几率非常小，但她的许诺使对方母亲平静了下来，并且也让自己的儿子知道父母非常严肃地对待他的恶劣行为。麦休是教授父母技能的“父母教导孩子”组织的创始人。她将测试结果送给那位母亲，所有项目都显示阴性。记住：一旦打电话，你可能会听到不想听的话。如果你手指发痒，忍住。把手放在口袋里。Text 2Tve never met a human worth cloning/says cloning expert M ark Westhusin from the cramped confines of his lab at TexasA&M University.Its a stupid endeavor/Thats an interesting choice of adjective,coming from a man who has spentmillions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named M issy.So far,he and his team have not succeeded,though theyhave cloned two calves and expect to clone a cat soon.They just might succeed in cloning M issy later this yearor perhapsnot for another five years.It seems the reproductive system of mans best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science.Westhusins experience with cloning animals leaves him vexed by all this talk of human cloning.In three years of work onthe M issyplicity project,using hundreds upon hundreds of canine eggs,the A&M team has produced only a dozen or soembryos carrying M issys DNA.None have survived the transfer to a surrogate mother.The wastage of eggs and the manyspontaneously aborted fetuses may be acceptable when youre dealing with cats or bulls,he argues,but not with humans.Xloning is incredibly inefficient,and also dangerous/he says.Even so,dog cloning is a commercial opportunity,with a nice research payoff.Ever since Dolly the sheep was cloned in 1997,Westhusins phone at A&M College of Veterinary M edicine has been ringing busily.Cost is no obstacle for customers likeM issys mysterious owner,who wishes to remain unknown to protect his privacy.He*s plopped down$3.7 million so far tofund the research because he wants a twin to carry on M issy s fine qualities after she dies.But he knows her clone maynot have her temperament.In a statement of purpose,M issys owner and the A&M team say they are“both lookingforward to studying the ways that her clone differs from M issy.”The fate of the dog samples will depend on Westhusins work.He knows that even if he gets a dog viably pregnant,theoffspring,should they survive,will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals:abnormalities like immaturelungs and heart and weight problems.Why would you ever want to clone humans,Westhusin asks,“when we re noteven close to getting it worked out in animals yet?”397 words6.M r.Westhusin thinks cloning is dangerous b e c a u s e.A animals are tortured to death in the experimentsLB the public has expressed strong disapprovalC too many lives are wasted for laboratory useD cloning becomes a quest only for profit7.What is the problem confronting the M issyplicity project?A The client holds a suspicious view toward it.B There is a lack of funds to support the research.c The owner is unwilling to disclose the information.D Cloning dogs is a difficult biological problem.8.Which of the following is true about animal cloning?A Few private cloning companies could afford itB Few people have realized its significance.C An exact copy of a cat or bull can be made.D It is becoming a prosperous industry.9.From the passage we can infer t hat.A M r.Westhusin is going to clone a dog soonB scientists are pessimistic about human cloningC human reproductive system has not been understoodD rich people are only interested in cloning animals10.M r.Westhusin seems to believe that c l o n i n g.A is stupid and should be abandoned B has been close to successL c should be taken cautiously D is now in a dilemma核心词汇confines n.limits or borders 范围，界限；边界 例：the confines of human knowledge 人类的知识范围/the confines offamily life 家庭生活的范围超纲词汇aborted a.*流产的 出问题的，出故障的canine a.犬的，犬科的cra