中考英语任务型阅读理解技巧点拨.pdf

任务型阅读理解技巧点拨任务型阅读是阅读理解题的一种衍生题型，考生既要通过阅读对所给文章的细节利主旨理解清楚，也要用文字表达出对文章的理解，是一种由阅读理解向书面表达过渡的题型，因此它属于读写结合题。任务型阅读的题目设置多样化，有填图表、回答问题、完成总结、填空、翻译等，考查多种能力，但侧重考查的是语篇分析应用能力，即把从阅读中获得的信息应用在回答题目中。在实际解题中，可以采取“四读”的方法：读题目、读大意、读细节、读答案。一、读题目认真仔细阅读题目，区分答题重点是主旨大意还是细节信息，再根据题目要求有目的地进行下一步的文本阅读，对题目类型和特点的关注也将出现在第四步的读答案中。二、读大意主要运用快速阅读（skimming）的能力，扫视文章大意，了解文章的基本信息及文体类型，弄清楚是记叙文、议论文还是说明文以及作者的写作目的与态度等，为下一步完成任务作铺垫。三、读细节根据题目寻找关键词，如动词或名词，并以这些关键词为线索，到原文中去寻找相关的句子和原始信息。试题结构与文本顺序大体一致，理清文章结构会更便于搜索细节信息。四、读答案依据查询到的原文相关信息，仔细对照题目进行比对，落实目标答案，再检查答案的语法形式是否准确，如时态、单复数、冠词等，确保答案准确。典 型 例 题 解 析（2014江苏南京）Mayme Clayton collected books,magazines and letters written by African Americans.Her son,Avery Clayton,thought her collection was important.Unlike most books,these were rare and hardto find.They were written by writers who helped shape African American culture.One book in the collection was written by Phillis Wheatley.Wheatley was a slave who wrotepoetry.She was the first African American to publish（出版）a book.Wheatley herself signed（签名）the book in the ClaytonsJ collection.No one else owns a copy signed by Phillis Wheatley.By the time she passed away at age 83,Mrs Clayton had more than 30,000 books by or aboutblack people.Her collection also includes papers about slaves,photographs,movies,sheet music,and personal letters by black leaders and artists.It is one of the biggest personal collectionsof African American history and culture in the United States.Avery Clayton,s dream was to create a museum for his mother?s treasures.Scholars say thatMrs Clayton s collection is very important.Without her work,part of African American heritage（遗产）would have been lost.We didn t know these things existed,”says Sara Hadron ofCalifornia s Huntington Library.The collection,s new home is likely to be in Culver City,California.Part of Avery ClaytonJ sdream is to share the cultural riches his mother collected with others.He especially wants kidsto have a chance to see the collection.At present African American culture is being explainedby pop culture,“he says.It s important to offer a more complete picture.”根据所读内容，在每个横线上填入一个最恰当的单词。M a y m e C l a y t o n a n d H e r C o l l e c t i o nA.Personal information,She liked 1._ books,magazines and letterswritten by African Americans.She 2._ when she was 83 years old.B.Her collection Compared with other books,the books she collected couldn,t befound 3._.,The only copy written and 4._ by Phillis Wheatleywas in her collection.,She had a large collection,5._ books,paper,photographs and other things by black leaders and artists.Her collection is of great 6._ to African Americanhistory and culture.C.Her 7._ dream,A 8._ for the treasure would be created.,He hopes to 9._ the cultural riches collected by hismother with more people,especially 10._.【解 题 指 导】表格类型题目的明显特点是表格内容一般都能展示出文章的架构，所以做此类题时，对文章的结构要有清醒的认识，同时也可以从表格的结构来理解文章的结构。答题技巧大致分为两类：一类为从原文直接找到原句，如 第1题可在原文中找到类似句：Mayme Clayton collected books,magazines and letterswritten by African Americans.w可 知 本 空 填collect,但 是 在 表 示 喜 好 的 句 子She liked _中动词应 使 用doing或to do的形式，对于长期的喜好应该使用doing,因此 本 空 应 填collecting。第二类为题目 是 对 原 文 中 信 息 的 转 述 或 语 言 再 现:如 第3题Compared with other books,the books she collectedcouldn,t be found 3.是 对 文 中 句 子“Unlike most books,these were rare and hard to find.”的 另 种 说 法，rare and hard就 是not easy的意思，再根据句子表达需要使用副词，所 以 本 空 填easily。典型例题 解 析（2014江苏淮安）Now there is a family problem.Nearly every parent says that we never grow up.In fact weare probably 16 or 17 years old.In their eyes,we are always little ones and often do wrongthings.For example,when I need to stay at home alone,they always worry about me and my lifewithout them.Most parents always think that they have offered the best things they can to make theirchildren live in a comfortable world.They buy their children pretty clothes,cool shoes,everything that they can for their dear children.In return,they only want their children toget good results in the exams.But why still can,t their children understand them?Does it mean that we still want morematerial things?No.As a matter of fact,what we want is a true family.What does a true familymean?I think it means a place where we can hide ourselves from the cold world outside.Fromhere,we can get warmth,we can get consolation（安慰），and we can get happiness.And one important2th i ng i s th a t we sh oul d b e strong e r a nd m ore c onf i d e nt i n th e outsi d e worl d b e c a use we k now th a twe h a ve a true f a m i l y.S o I th i nk th a t pa re nts sh oul d si t d own to ta l k wi th th e i r c h i l d re n to l e t k now th a t th e yh a ve a true f a m i l y,so th e c h i l d re n a nd th e i r pa re nts c oul d und e rsta nd e a c h oth e r m ore a nd m ore.Th e n,pa re nts wi l l not tre a t th e i r c h i l d re n a s l i ttl e one s.1.I n th e e ye s of m ost pa re nts,c h i l d re n ne ve r a nd se l d om d o.2.M ost pa re nts a l wa ys th i nk th e y th e b e st th i ng s f or th e i r c h i l d re n to l i ve i nth e worl d .3.C h i l d re n sti l l th e i r pa re nts b e c a use wh a t c h i l d re n ne e d m ost i s not m a te ri a lth i ng s b ut.4.M ost pa re nts wa nt th e i r c h i l d re n to get i n th e e xa m s wh i l e th e i r c h i l d re n wa ntto g e t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.5.Th e wa y to b e twe e n pa re nts a nd c h i l d re n i s th a t th e y sh oul d h a ve m orec om m uni c a ti on wi th e a c h oth e r.Th e n,no c h i l d re n wi l l a s l i ttl e one s.【解题指导】此类型题的设置顺序通常遵循文章的顺序。题目的句子源于文章但并不相同，需要填空的词并非直接从文章摘录，而是通过理解做出对应题目要求的答案，比如第1 题中的se l d om d o就是文章中使用的of te n d o wrong th i ng s的对立面，所以作答时就不能直接摘抄d o wrong th i ng s,而是这一结构的同意转换，所以填se l d om d o ri g h t th i ng so有些还需要根据词汇的使用规则进行选择，以满足语法的需要，比如第2题，虽然文中使用的是of f e r,但是题目中使用的是sth f or sb 结构，所以填provi d e。任务型阅读理解模拟训练P a ssa g e 1B rb （b e ri g h t b a c k）,g r8 （g re a t）,c ya （se e you）-i t s a l ot e a si e r to use a b b re vi a ti ons（缩写）wh e n we te xt,i sn,t i t?Th e a ve ra g e A m e ri c a n te e n se nd s 6 0 te xt m e ssa g e s a d a y,a nd youc a n i m a g i ne h ow e a sy i t c a n b e.B ut wh i l e we m i g h t th i nk noth i ng of i t,th e re s a n ong oi ngd i sc ussi on th a t te xt m e ssa g i ng c a n h a ve a b a d e f f e c t（影响）on pe opl e s g ra m m a r.M a ny b e l i e veth e a b b re vi a ti ons a re g i vi ng stud e nts b a d h a b i ts wh e n i t c om e s to spe l l i ng a nd punc tua ti on（标点）.S om e te a c h e rs sa y th a t te xti ng a nd soc i a l ne twork i ng c a use stud e nts to b e l a zy wh e n wri ti ngc orre c tl y.Th e re wa s a stud y i n A ug ust i n th e N e w M e d i a&S oc i e ty j ourna l.I t sh owe d th a t younga d ul ts wh o of te n use te xt spe a k f i nd i t ra th e r d i f f i c ul t to turn b a c k to c orre c t g ra m m a r wh e nne e d e d.B ut a noth e r vi e w i s th a t te xt m e ssa g i ng h a s no e f f e c t a t a l l.M a ny pe opl e c onsi d e r i t tob e a l a ng ua g e of i ts own.I t c oul d b e c om pa re d to stud e nts l e a rni ng a f ore i g n l a ng ua g e.Th i sd oe sn,t h a ve a n e f f e c t on th e i r na ti ve l a ng ua g e.Wh e th e r i t s b a d or not,i t se e m s th a t te xt l a ng ua g e i s b e c om i ng ve ry popul a r.Th e P e wI nte rne t a nd A m e ri c a n L i f e P roj e c t d i d a stud y na m e d Wri ti ng,Te c h nol og y a nd Te e ns i n 2 0 1 2.A c c ord i ng to th i s stud y,6 4 pe rc e nt of te e ns sa i d th e y use d i nf orm a l （非正式的）u te xt l a ng ua g e”3wh e n th e y we re d oi ng th e i r wri ti ng h om e work.B ut i t s not j ust a m a tte r of l a ng ua g e.S tud e nts wh o te xt a l ot d uri ng c l a ss m a y h a ved i f f i c ul ty pa yi ng a tte nti on.S c i e nti sts a t th e Uni ve rsi ty of P i ttsb urg h,US,d i d a noth e r stud y.S tud e nts we re a sk e d to c om pl e te a que sti onna i re on h ow m a ny te xts th e y se nt a nd re c e i ve d d uri ngc l a ss.O n a ve ra g e,stud e nts se nt m ore th a n two te xt m e ssa g e s d uri ng l e c ture s l a sti ng 5 0 to 7 5m i nute s.Th e re se a rc h sh owe d th a t stud e nts wh o of te n te xt d uri ng c l a ss c a n t e a si l y k e e p th e i ra tte nti on on th e l e sson.A nd th i s h a s a n e f f e c t on th e i r l e a rni ng.Usi ng 1._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ wh e n te xti ng A b b re vi a ti ons a re b a d f or stud e nts 2._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a nd punc tua ti onuse.S tud e nts b e c om e 3.b e c a use of te xti ng a nd soc i a lne twork i ng.A.P e opl e,s opi ni ons Y oung 4.f i nd i t h a rd to re turn to c orre c t g ra m m a r onc eth e y h a ve g ot use d to a b b re vi a ti ng.I t i s c onsi d e re d to b e a 5.I t h a s no e f f e c t on th e i r 6._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l a ng ua g e.8._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ pe rc e nt of te e ns sa i d th e y use d te xt l a ng ua g e i nh om e work.O n a ve ra g e,stud e nts se nt m ore th a n 9.te xt m e ssa g e sB.7.on te xti ngd uri ng l e c ture s th a t l a st a round a n h our.I t i s 1 0.f or th ose wh o te xt a l ot to pa y a tte nti on i nc l a ss.P a ssa g e 2C a n you i m a g i ne wh a t i t woul d b e l i k e to l i ve a nd stud y i n a n a nc i e nt c a stl e （城堡）？I mta l k i ng a b out B ri ti sh b oa rd i ng （寄宿）sc h ool s,wh e re som e c h i l d re n a c tua l l y l i ve l i k e H a rry P otte r（a l th oug h sa d l y wi th out th e m a g i c）.B oa rd i ng sc h ool s i n B ri ta i n a re not c h e a p.Th e a ve ra g e c ost i s 2 5,1 5 2 （2 5 4,0 1 1 yua n）f orj ust one ye a r.Th e sc h ool s a re usua l l y ve ry ol d a nd ri c h i n h i story.Th e y pl a ye d a b i g rol e i nB ri ti sh h i story,a nd h a ve c l ose c onne c ti ons（联系）to O xf ord a nd C a m b ri d g e uni ve rsi ti e s.S tud e ntsa re usua l l y ve ry we a l th y（有钱）;P ri nc e Wi l l i a m a nd H a rry b oth we nt to E ton,a sc h ool wh i c h h a sprod uc e d 1 9 B ri ti sh pri m e m i ni ste rs（首相）.O ne of th e m ost i m porta nt th i ng s f or th e se sc h ool s i s sport.C ri c k e t（板球），rug b y（英式橄榄球）a nd rowi ng （赛艇运动）a re pl a ye d ne a rl y e ve ry d a y.Th e se g a m e s b ui l d te a m work a ndd i sc i pl i ne （纪律）.Th e re i s a f a m ous sa yi ng i n E ng l i sh:Th e B ri ti sh E m pi re （帝国）wa s b ui l t on th e pl a yi ngf i e l d s of E ton.”B oa rd i ng sc h ool s of te n a ppe a r i n E ng l i sh b ook s a nd f i l m s.Th e young c h i l d wi th out pa re ntsg rowi ng up i n a b oa rd i ng sc h ool i s f ound i n h und re d s of stori e s,a l th oug h th e m ost f a m ous nowi s H a rry P otte r.B oa rd i ng sc h ool s a re b e c om i ng l e ss tra d i ti ona l,th oug h,a nd m ore i nte rna ti ona l.4N e a rl y 9,0 0 0 f ore i g n k i d s j oi ne d a B ri ti sh b oa rd i ng sc h ool l a st ye a r,a nd a th i rd of th e se c a m ef rom C h i na.1.A re b oa rd i ng sc h ool s e xpe nsi ve i n B ri ta i n?2.Wh a t i s th e sc h ool E ton f a m ous f or?3.Wh a t c a n stud e nts l e a rn f rom th ose d a i l y sports?4.H ow m a ny C h i ne se stud e nts we nt to B ri ti sh b oa rd i ng sc h ool s l a st ye a r?5.Wh a t i s th e story m a i nl y a b out?P a ssa g e 3H um a ns tod a y l ook ve ry d i f f e re nt to h ow th e y we re h und re d s of th ousa nd s of ye a rs a g o.H um a ne vol uti on（进化）h a s ch a n g e d o ur b o d ie s in ma n y wa ys.B ut th e re s a q ue stio n th a t stil l b o th e rsth e scie n tists.W il l h uma n s k e e p e vo l vin g o r h a ve we re a ch e d th e e n d o f th e l in e?T h e scie n tif ic n a me f o r h uma n s is Ho mo sa p ie n s（智人）Sin ce mo d e rn Ho mo sa p ie n s a p p e a re da ro un d 5 0,000 ye a rs a g o,th e re h a ve b e e n f e w p h ysica l ch a n g e s in o ur e vo l utio n.On e a rg ume n tis th a t te ch n o l o g y a n d me d icin e h a ve sl o we d d o wn e vo l utio n.B e ca use we a re sma rt e n o ug h to b uil dth in g s th a t so l ve p ro b l e ms,we d o n t n e e d o ur b o d ie s to a d a p t.B ut ma n y o th e rs d isa g re e,a n d th e re is a l o t o f e vid e n ce th a t we h a ve co n tin ue d to ch a n g eo ve r time.F o r e xa mp l e,o ur b ra in s h a ve b e co me a l ittl e b it sma l l e r o ve r th e l a st 30,000 ye a rs.Scie n tists sa y th is is n o t b e ca use we a re b e co min g mo re stup id b ut b e ca use o ur b ra in s h a ve b e co memo re e f f e ctive.B ut e vo l utio n isn,t just a b o ut o b vio us ch a n g e s.I t s a l so a b o ut sma l l g e n e tic（基因的）ch a n g e s h a p p e n in g in sid e o f us.T h e mo ve me n t o f p e o p l e a ro un d th e wo rl d h a s ca use d h uma n s toa d a p t e ve n f a ste r.I t h a s b e co me e a sie r f o r d ise a se s to sp re a d a n d th e h uma n b o d y h a s to a ctmo re q uick l y to p ro te ct itse l f.B ut it s imp o ssib l e to te l l wh a t mig h t h a p p e n n e xt.Ma n y b e l ie ve it is f o o l ish to try a n dp re d ict（预知）th e f uture o f h uma n e vo l utio n.F o r e xa mp l e,a n e xtre me ch a n g e in te mp e ra ture,l ik e th e I ce A g e （冰河时代），co ul d me a n h uma n s h a ve to sud d e n l y e vo l ve mo re q uick l y to a d a p t.Oth e rwise,it co ul d b e th o usa n d s o f ye a rs b e f o re we se e a n y b ig p h ysica l ch a n g e s h a p p e n.1.W h e n d id mo d e rn Ho mo sa p ie n s sta rt to l ive o n E a rth?Mo d e rn Ho mo sa p ie n s ca me in to b e in g .2.W h y d o so me p e o p l e th in k te ch n o l o g y a n d me d icin e h a ve sl o we d d o wn e vo l utio n?B e ca use th e y th in k te ch n o l o g y a n d me d icin e ca n h e l p u s e a sil y a n d o ur5b o d ie s d o n t n e e d to a d a p t.3.W h a t d o scie n tists th in k o f o ur b ra in s b e in g sma l l e r th a n 30,000 ye a rs a g o?T h e y th in k o ur b ra in s h a ve b e co me .4.W h a t p ro b l e ms h a s p e o p l e1 s mo ve me n t a ro un d th e wo rl d b ro ug h t?I t h a s ma d e to sp re a d e a sil y.5.W h a t h a p p e n e d d urin g th e I ce A g e?T h e re wa s a n .Pa ssa g e 4D in n e r isn,t co mp l e te with o ut f o o d,s b e st f rie n d:a d rin k.T h e wo rl d*s mo st f a mo us d rin k sa re a mix o f h isto ry a n d cul ture,a n d usua l l y sh o w up in th e b ig g e st f e stiva l s.So,l e t s turno ur ta ste b ud s（味蕾）to th e b e st d rin k s th e wo rl d h a s to o f f e r.W h a t s th e g l o b a l d rin k f o r victo ry（胜利）？I t s ch a mp a g n e （香槟），a typ e o f win e.I t wa sf irst ma d e in a p l a ce in F ra n ce ca l l e d C h a mp a g n e.I n th e p a st,o n l y rich p e o p l e co ul d a f f o rdit.B ut n o w,ch a mp a g n e is use d a t a n y b ig e ve n t o r f e stiva l.I n te re stin g l y,th e win n e r o f a sp o rtin ge ve n t is sp ra ye d （喷洒）with ch a mp a g n e,b ut d o e sn,t d rin k it.I f ch a mp a g n e is f o r e xcitin g mo me n ts,th e n te a is f o r mo re re l a xe d situa tio n s.Ma n y cul ture se n jo y a sip o f h o t te a in th e ir wa rm h o me s d urin g win te r.W h il e te a co me s f ro m C h in a,th e B ritishl o ve to d rin k it,to o.I t is B rita in,s f a vo rite d rin k a n d p a rt o f e ve ryd a y l if e f o r ma n y.A cco rd in gto th e U K T e a C o un cil,1 6 5 mil l io n cup s o f te a a re d run k e ve ry sin g l e d a y in