中考英语语法讲解资料及练习共18讲牛津英语、新目标-横排.pdf

中考英语语法讲解资料及练习(共18讲)第 1讲：名词名词当然是大家都很熟悉的了，我们吃的food,喝的drinks,穿的 clothes都是名词。It is easy,right?但是你可能被名词的单复数变化、名词作定语以及名词所有格等问题搞得糊里糊涂的，到底该怎么用呢？OK,follow me。First,名词复数的特殊变化。普通名词的复数我们知道是直接加-s或-es,可 是 偏 偏 有-些名词不听话，变化不规则。这些小调皮是：a.class,box,watch,brush 等词以 s,x,ch,s h,结尾,复数要加-es；b.story,factory等以“辅音字母+y结尾的词复数要先将-y变成-i再加-es；c.knife,wife,life等以-f 或-fe结尾的词一般先将-f或-fe变为-v,再加-es；d.以-o结尾的名词，一般来说，末尾是“元音字母+。”的词加-s,我们学过的有radio,zoo。末尾是 辅音字母+。”的词，变复数加-es。如：tomato,hero,potato.当然其中的 piano 和 photo,又是一个例外，他们的结尾只能加-s。e.child(children),foot(feet),tooth(teeth),mouse(mice),man(men),woman(women)等词的复数变化全不遵循规则。注意：与 m an和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。如：an Englishman,two Englishmen,但 German 不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；f.deer,sheep等词更是懒得可以，竟然单复数同形。好记好记。people,police,cattle等词,以单数形式出现，但实为复数,所以它们的谓语当然也是复数形式，这就是集体名词。the English,the French,the Chinese等名词表示国民总称时，也作复数用。注意：maths,politics,physics等学科名词,虽然以-s结尾，仍为不可数名词。还有 theUnited States(美国)，the United Nations(联合国)等应视为单数。别奇怪，名词有时也可以作定语的。它作定语时一般用单数，但也有以下例外。a.man,woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：men workers,women teachersb.数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。如：a ten-mile walk 十里路，two-hundred trees 两百棵树。哇！这些问题好复杂，我好想轻松一下。那我们就轻轻松松地面对名词所有格问题。这里面内容可谓少之又少，可也不能小视呦。名词所有格：表 示 .的 通常是在名词的后面加-s,如：Childrens day,fathers shoes但以-s结尾的名词因为已经有s 了，只 需 加 就0K 了。如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s,则表示“分别有。.如：Johns and Marys room(约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间)；两个名词并列,只有一个s,则表示 共有。如：John and Marysroom(约翰和玛丽共有一间)。还有些无生命名词的所属要用介词Of来帮助一卜 一，如:China,the end of this ternio好，名词部分我们已经学完,Its a piece of cake?了我们趁热打铁的时间了，Are you ready?练习：1.All the teachers and students are having；there.A.women,girlsB.women,girlC.woman,girlsD.womangirl2.Mr Black is a friend of.A.Jacks aunt*sB.Jacks auntC.Jack auntsD.aunts of Jack3.This toy was made by a boy.A.ten-year-oldB.ten-years-oldC.ten-year-olderD.ten-years-older4.The farmer raised ten.a map ofA.sheepsB.deers接下来到C.horseD.cows5.She looked at us sadly with her eyes as large as_A.her grandmotherB.her grandmothersa meetingC.her grandmothersD.that of her grandmother6.We have moved into a _.A.two-storey houseB.house of two storeyC.two-storeys houseD.two storeys house7.The_was too much for the child to carry.A.boxs steelB.box of a steelC.steel boxD.box of the steel8.Well give our English teacher a card for_A.the Teachers DayB.Teachers DayC.a Teachers DayD.Teachers1 Day9.Li Ping met an old friend of on a train yesterday.A.heB.himC.hisD.her10.are big and bright.A.The classroom windowB.The window of the classroomC.The windows of the classroomD.The classrooms windows实战：1.Dont worry.Your son will come back in hour.A.aB.anC.theD./2.This nice blouse isnt mine.It s.A.youB.yourC.LucyD.yours3.Whats potato1 in Chinese?_I t s.A.香蕉B.大白菜C.西红柿D.土豆4.The ninth month of a year is.A.DecemberB.NovemberC.SeptemberD.October5.A:Must I leave now?B:No,youA.needntB.mustntC.dontD.wont6.We have a history lesson Wednesday afternoon.A.onB.ofC.atD.to7.Suan has made quite friends since she came to China.A.fewB.a fewC.littleD.a little8.A:Have you ever to the West Lake?B:Yes,I there last winter.A.gone,wentB.been,wentC.gone,have beenD.been,have9.Do you English?A.tellB.sayC.talkD.speak10.A:May I your ruler?B:OK,Im glad to it to you.A.lend,bonowB.lend,lendC.borrow,lendD.borrow,borrow11.Well go to the museum if it tomonow.A.cant rainB.wont rainC.don*t rainD.doesnt rian12.Do you know?A.where does he studyB.he studies whereC.where he studiesD.he where studies13.A:do you go to see your grandparents?B:Once a monthA.How oftenB.How longC.how muchD.how many14.A:Would you like another cup of orange?B:I m full.A.No,thanksB.Yes,please.C.Here it is.D.I dont like.15.You must be tired.Why not a rest?A.to stop to haveB.stop havingC.stop to haveD.to stop having第 2 讲：代词我们刚刚讲完了名词，现在再来看看名词的brother-代词。它与名词的作用其实很相似，所担当的句中成分也相差不多。但也别小看代词呀！它还有很多的“小个性”呢！只要抓住它的几 个“小脾气”，那么你就可以牢牢地掌握它了。代词中第一个“小个性”就是物主代词。像 m y和 mine这两个小冤家总是让人分不清谁是谁。但你只要记住它们最重要的区别一m y的后面一定要接名词，不可以单独出现，只能做定语，如：my father；而 mine则是名词性，只能单独出现，在句中做主语和表语。如：Mine is green.Its m ine.记住这两个句子，凡是名词性物主代词（yours,hers,his,its,ours,theirs）就都可以放在mine的位置上了。这样，通过它们出现的位置不同，我们就可以把它们区别开了。代词的第 二 个“罗嗦”就是它有一个小跟班一self（selves）一反身代词，也就是表示“自己、亲自”的意思。关于反身代词，需要注意的是她不能单独做主语，但可以放在人称代词后面，做同位语。如：Many herself said so.玛丽她自己这么说的。（不能说Herself said so.）下面我给你开点小灶，单独讲一 讲 须“特特”注意的地方。0f+名词性物主代词：of+物主代词构成双重所有格。公式为：a（an,this,that）+名词+of+名词性物主代词。牢记公式，举一反三。因为物主代词不可与a,an,this,that,these,those,some,any,no,each,every,such,another 等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。如：a friend of mine（我的一个朋友），each brother of his（他的每一个兄弟）.some,any的用法：我们都知道some用于肯定句中，而 any则用于否定句和疑问句中。所以somebody,someone也用于肯定句中，而 anybody、anyone则用于否定和疑问句中。注意：在 Would youlike some coffee?（要来点咖啡吗？）这样的肯定疑问句中，说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用 some而不用any。every和 each的用法：every强调全体的概念，指三个以k的人或物（含三个），不可单独使用；each强调个体概念。指两个以上的人或物（含两个），可 单 独 使 用 Every student in ourschool works hard.（我们学校的学生都很用功。）Each studentmay have one b o o k.（每个学生都可有一本书。）both,either,neither 的用法：both意 为“两者全都”，与复数连用。either意 为“两者中间的任何一个，neither表示 两者之间一个也不是，与单数连用。如：Both of the them come from London。他们两人都是伦敦人。You may take either with you。两个中间你随便带哪个都行。Neither is correcto 两个都不对。Few,a few 和 little,a little 的用法:Few,a few用来代替和修饰可数名词，little,a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词;a few和 a little着重肯定意思，相当于汉语“有几个”，“有一点儿”；few和 little着重否定意思,相当于汉 语“没有几个”，“没有多少”O K,代词部分我们已经学完，Ifsapiece of cake?接下来到了我们趁热打铁的时间了，Are you ready?练习：1.We had plenty of paper but ink.A.a fewB.fewC.not manyD.not much2.Learning a foreign language is especially difficult for thosewho have have never learned before.A.oneB.itC.themD.that3.Were very busy because weve so books to read and sohomework to do every day.A.much.manyB.many.muchC.many.a lotD.a lot.much4.I thought of the matter but still couldnt find out thereason.A.everyB.bothC.nothingD.everything5.My car is not so expensive as.A.himB.hesC.heD.his6.Lily and Lucy have arrived,but students arent hereyet.A.otherB.othersC.the otherD.the others7.There are high buildings on side of the street.A.bothB.everyC.anyD.either8.-W hat do you usually have for breakfast?一 eggs and milk.A Little.a fewB.A little.a littleC.A few.a littleD.A few.a few9.is difficult in the world if you put your heart into it.A.SomethingB.AnythingC.NothingD.Everything10.Is this story the same as in that book?A.the oneB.whatC.thatD.it实战：1.There is old woman in the car.A.不填B.theC.aD.an2.We often go to the park Sundays.A.onB.inC.atD.from3.My book on the desk.A.isB.amC.areD.be4.Which language is,English,French or Chinese?A.difficultB.the difficultC.more difficultD.the most difficult5._book is this?Its Kates.A.whenB.WhyC.WhereD.whose6.Can you write a letter in English?-N o,I.A.may notB.mustntC.cantD.neednt7.1 my homework when Mike came last night.A.doB.was doingC.am doingD.have done8.He began to English three years ago.A.learnB.learnsC.learnedD.learning9.Jim is a d r i v e r,h e?A.doesB.doesntC.isD.isnt10.Whats wrong you?the doctor asked.A.fromB.withC.forD.at11.He is r i c h,he isnt happy.A.orB.soC.andD.but12.Where is Alice?-S h e to the library.A.goesB.will goC.has goneD.had gone13.“Help to some fish,Mary.My aunt said to me.A.themselvesB.ourselvesC.yourselfD.himself14.Well stay at home if it tomorrow.A.rainB.rainsC.is rainingD.will rain15.The students on a farm for ten days.Thenthey to a factory.Though they back school,they still remember thosefarmers and workers.A.have stayed,went,wasB.had stayed,go,areC.have stayed,go,have beenD.have stayed,went,were第 3 讲：形容词Spring is coming.The trees are green,and the flowers arebeautiful.多么美的季节啊！我们要去郊游，去感受、去描绘我们周围美好的事物。形容词会帮你忙。可是形容词怎么使用起来老出错呀？不是放错了位置，搞错了级别，就是在使用多个形容词作定语时排错了顺序。当然了，形容词使用时需要遵循一些规则的。想知道吗？接着往下看。a beautiful little new white wooden house 从这个长长的词中可以看出多个形容词作定语时排列有一定的先后顺序。它们往往遵循以下规律：冠词或人称代词所有格+数词+性质+大小+形状+表示老少、新旧+颜色+事物质地、人的国籍、用途。其实,你大可不必这样费神记,只要记住我给你的句子就可以了。There is something wrong with my b汰 e。这句话可能让你挠挠头皮，为什么wrong放在something的后面呢？原来虽然大部分形容词做定语时的位置是放在名词之前的，但当形容词所修饰的词为something,anything,nothing,everything 等以-thing 为字尾的词语时，形容词要后置。形容词级别问题：a.Our classroom is twice larger than theirs。（我们的教室是他们的两倍。）这种表示倍数的句子用-tim es+形容词比较级+than 这样的格式。你记住了吗？b.Im three years older than you.（我比你大三岁。）表示 大三岁，高二厘米”等时用”表示数量词的词+比较级”。c.越来越.用 比较级+and+比较级 来表示。如：Theearth is gelling warmer and w arm er,（地球变得越来越暖和。）d.越就越fflthe+比较级，the+比较级 来表示。如：The busier he is,the happier he feels （他越忙,越觉得高兴。）最高级用法的用法就很简单了，提醒你一点，最高级要用于三者以上。还有几点是不得不提的：alone 和 lonely：I feel lonely,because I am alone at hom e.你独自一人在家用alone表示 单独的、独自一人的，它表示一个客观事实，在句中只能做表语。你在家感到寂寞，用lonely”，表示主观上感到”孤独 寂寞，指一种悲伤忧郁的情绪，可作定语和表语。older 和 elder:Jack is older than me,he is my elder brother.杰克比我大要用“older”，表示“年纪大的，年老的，常用做表语；他是我的长兄用elder,表示“年老的，年长的，用做定语，只用于比较两个人的长幼，只能作表语。接卜来又到了我们趁热打铁的时间了，你准备好了吗？练习：1.Tony is going camping with_ boys.A.little two otherB.two little otherC.two other littleD.little other two2.Which is the country,Japan or Australia?A.more developedB.more developingC.most developedD.most developing3.How was your recent visit to Qingdao?It was great.We visited some friends,and spent the_days at the seaside.A.few last sunnyB.last few sunnyC.last sunny fewD.few sunny last4.The books are not to be published.A.enough interstingB.interesting enoughC.so interestingD.too interesting5.Whats your sports?A.the most favoriteB.most favoriteC.favoriteD.the favorite6.There*s with the recorderA.anything wrongB.wrong anythingC.something wrongD.wrong something7.His sister is than he.A.younger five yearsB.five years youngerC.five year youngeD.five younger years8.We should speak English in and after class.-Ye s,.A.more,betterB.the more,the betteC.much,betterD.the often,the better9.The old man lives alone,he feel s.A.aloneB.lonelyC.loneD.alonely10.1 think bananas are of all the fruits.A.deliciousB.much deliciousC.more deliciousD.the most delicious实战：1.-W hats this in English?Its apple.A.aB.anC.theD.不填2.1 was bom February 18,1981.A.onB.inC.atD.of3.There isnt water in the glass.A.someB.lotsC.manyD.any4.do you watch TV?”“Twice a week.A.How longB.How farC.How oftenD.How many5.1 have two pencils,one is l o n g,i s short.A.anotherB.otherC.the otherD.others6.They are p o o r,t h e y are always happy.A.andB.butC.orD.so7.beautiful the flowers are!A.HowB.WhatC.How aD.What a8.-uDo you English?-MOnly a little.1A.tellB.speakC.sayD.talk9.There are about students in our grade.A.two hundreds and twenty-fiveB.two hundreds and twenty fiveC.two hundred and twenty-fiveD.two hundred twenty-five10.His name is Robert Thomas Brown.The students callA.Mr RobertB.Mr ThomasC.Mr Thomas BrownD.Mr Brown11.Your books are here,where are?A.myB.mineC.I12.She will write to me sa soom as she in Paris.A.will arriveB.arriveC.anivingD arrives13.-nIts a fine day,TnYes,lets go out for a walk.A.is itB.it isC.isnt itD.it isnt14.Could you tell us?A.when will the meeting startB.when the meeting will startC.the meeting will start whenD.then meeting when will start15.My bike is broken,can you mend it?”-Sorry,A.I cantB.I wontC.I canD.I dontD.me第 4 讲：副词学完了形容词，副词讲解起来会更容易一些。一般认为形容词+ly就变成了副词，如形容词quick加上-ly变成副词quickly。但是象friendly,lovely虽 然 以 l y 结尾，但实则是形容词，She is friendly to me（她对我很友好。）可千万不要误认为是副词哟！副词可修饰动词、形容词和副词，这些用法相信大家已经掌握。那我们挑选一下易混、易用错的来详细讲解一下。already 和 yet：Where is Tom?He hasnt come yet.But Jack is already here.这句话中又是already,又 有 y e t,是怎么回事吗？原 来 already和 yet意思虽然相同，但用法有点小区别。表示事情早已发生或提前发生用already,一般放于句中，用于肯定句和疑问句。含有 already的肯定句，变为否定句时，要将already变为y e t,且放在句尾。yet表示预料要发生的事未发生，位于句尾，一般用于否定句和疑问句中。还迷糊吗？再迷糊，只好再看一看上面的例句喽。hard 和 hardly：hard,hardly两者虽然只有-ly之差，意义却大不相同。hard表示“辛苦，使劲，努力，表:Heworks very hard.（他学习非常努力。）而 hardly为否定副词,表示”几乎不。如：The box is so heavy that he could hardly carry it.（这箱子是那么沉，他几乎搬不动。）ago 和 before：ag o 不能单独使用，应与three days（months,weeks）等连用,而且和动词的过去时连用。如：I met my neighbour an hour ago.Before之前有“一段时间“时，指”距这段时间以前“，和过去完成时连用。如：He said he had finished the work two days before.（他说他两天前已完成了工作。）如 果 before单独使用，是泛指 以前，常常和完成时连用。tQ：I have seen the film before.（我以前没看过这部电影。）farther 和 further:fa r有两种比较级，farther,further.在英语中两者都可指距离。如:He runs farther than she does.（他比她跑得远。）在美语中，farther表示距离，further表示进一步。如：I have nothingfurther to say.（我没什么要说的了 ）至于副词的比较级和最高级问题，参照形容词的就0K 了。试试趁热打铁如何？练习：1.The teacher was very angry and decided to send school,so he wasnt a student any longer.A.away him fromB.him away from theC.away him out ofD.him away from2.,he didnt fail in the English exam.A.LuckB.LuckyC.LuckilyD.Luckly3.Are you f e e l i n g?Yes,Im fine now.A.any wellB.any betterC.quite goodD.quite better4.The more we looked at the pi c t ur e,.A.the less we liked itB.we like it lessC.better we like itD.it looked better5.After the new machine was introduced,the factory produced_ shoes in 1988 as the year before.A.as twice manyB.as many twiceC.twice as manyD.twice many as6.Our English needs to be improved.A.fartherB.farthestC.furtherD.far7.What a pity!Lucy ran more slowly than Lily.A.a fewB.muchC.a littleD.little8.He is running now.A.more slowly and more slowlyB.slowlier and slowlierC.more and more slowlyD.slowly and slowly9.Last night my father went back later than before.A.quiteB.veryC.evenD.much morelO.The sick man was too thin to go any.A.farB.fartherC.furtherD.farthest实战：1.The answer is nice and soft.Shall I the shopkeeper if Ican try it on?A.askB.answerC.speakD.tell2.Tickets,please.May I your ticket please,madam?A.showB.watchC.findD.see3.Its not good to when you are waiting for a bus.A.stand in lineB.get on wellC.jump the queueD.wait for your turn4.Its hard to count the monkeys,they*re running andj umpi ng.A.at timesB.all the timeC.more or lessD.right away5.Im sorry,we*ve the shoes in your size.A.paid forB.put onC.sold outD.put away6.Weihuas pen was,so she needed a new one.A.brokenB.longC.cheapD.here7.You can often buy things from their shop home.A.of the wayB.by the wayC.another way ofD.on your way8.The teacher in the school library is very.You mustreturn your library book on time!A.kindB.lonelyC.strictD.polite9.Thanks to man-make satellite,the world itself is becoming amuch s m a l l e r.A.spaceB.placeC.roomD.universe10.1 like the sweater,but it too much.A.usesB.takesC.costsD.spends11.Father Christmas lands on top o f house and climbsdown the chimney into the fire-place.A.eachB.allC.eitherD.both12.The ice is very thin.It*s dangerous walk on it.A.so,thatB.as,asC.from,toD.too,to13.One day his mother was ill.She a doctor.A.sent forB.sent awayC.sent upD.fell behind14.He the radio and listened to the music.A.openedB.turned onC.turned offD.closed15.The doctor Mrs Brown very carefully and then said:Theres nothing much wrong with you.”A.watchedB.operatedC.looked overD.looked after第 5 讲：动词我们步步深入，开始接触到整个句子的heart-动词了。掌握了动词，你学起英语来就会感到驾轻就熟了。告诉你，一定要记牢动词的现在分词，过去式，过去分词，如果在这些小地方丢分，那才讨厌呢。比如：catch的过去式和过去分词（caught,caught）你可能就不知道吧?痛下决心，好好记一记吧。下面呢,我们就各个击破。先讲系动词。系动词：大概是最简单的动词了。你只需注意的是系动词除了 be 的形式之外，还有 become,get,grow,turn,sound,look,smell,taste等，它们不能单独作谓语，必须和作表语的词语（如形容词，名词等）连用，所以用的时候，可要小心为是呀！如：It smells delicious.（它闻起来味道很美）。delicious是形容词，不是副词。情态动词：首先要记住情态动词后必跟动词原形。m ust和need几乎是每年的必考题，这里我们重点讲一下。m ust的意思是 应当，必须”，侧重于说话者的主观看法，没有时态变化,其否定式是m ustnt,在Mustl（we）.的疑问句中,须注意的是其否定回答常用neednt,如：Must I go?（我一定要走吗?）No,you neednt.（不，不必。）need意为 需要”。既可作实义动词，又可作情态动词，因此在用法上需要注意。作实义动词时，need后跟名词，动名词，或不定式。如：I need to go.（我得走了。）作情态动词时，后跟动词原形。如：You neednt come tomorrow if you are busy.（如果你忙，明天就不必来了。）实意动词：实意动词可谓家族兴旺，人员众多。我们跑（run）,我们跳（jump）,我们