2023届全国新高考英语复习备考非谓语动词.pdf
2023届全国新高考英语复习备考非谓语动词非谓语动词是指由动词变化而成,仍具有动词的性质与意义,但不能作为动词使用单独作谓语的词。非谓语动词有动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)三种形式。非谓语动词是我们学习英语的重点,因为它在句子中出现的频率相当高;非谓语动词也是我们学习英语的难点,因为汉语一点痕迹也没有,另外,它所涉及的语言点繁杂,很容易被用错。非谓语动词的形式、时态和语态、语法功能是我们关注的焦点。准确并灵活地运用非谓语动词,可以使我们的英语表达地道、上档次。一、动词不定式(一)动词不定式的概念和形1.动词不定式的概念和基本形式动词不定式由“to+动词原形”构成。它可以带有自己的宾语和状语,这种带有自己的宾语和状语的不定式结构称为不定式短语。动词不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。当to需要被省略时,否定词则位于不定式的原形动词前。2.动词不定式的其他形式(1)动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构由“for/of+名词(宾格代词)+(not)动词不定式”构成。for/of短语是不定式的逻辑主语。例如:The elevator button is too high for the little girl topress.电梯按钮太高了,这个小女孩够不着。It wasnt wise of you not to attend that symposium.(=You werent wisenot to attend that symposium.)你不去参加那个研讨会是不明智的。(2)who、which what when where、how等连接词后加动词不定式构成不定式短语在 who、whichwhat、when、where、how等连接词后加动词不定式构成不定式短语,在句中可作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。例如:When to pay a visit to the Great Barrier Reef of Australia has not beendecided yet.何时参观澳大利亚大堡礁还没有决定。The question was where to find the rare Chinese medicine for thewounded soldier.问题是去哪儿找至lj医治这名受伤战士的稀有中药。I have no idea whether to revise the textbook ornot.我不知道要不要修订这本教材。(3)“with/without+名词/代词+动词不定式”结构“with/without+名词/代词+动词不定式”结构在句子中通常作独立主格结构(一说为状语)。例如:With her husband to stay in the house,Catherine feels quite safe.有丈夫在家里,凯瑟琳感到十分安全。Without anything to eat,all the mice in the hole died of hunger.由于没有东西吃,洞里的所有老鼠都饿死了。(二)动词不定式的时态和语动词不定式有三种时态形式:一般式、进行式和完成式。其语态又分为主动语态和被动语态两种。以动词do为例,一般式的主动形式为to d o,被动形式为to be done;进行式的主动形式为to be doing,无被动形式;完成式的主动形式为to have done,被动形式为to have beendoneo1.动词不定式的时态动词不定式的一般式动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时或几乎同时发生,或之后发生。例如:I opened the window to air the room.我打开窗户给房间通通风。Professor Nathan is going to attend the meeting to be held the day aftertomorrow.内森教授要参加后天举行的会议。(2)动词不定式的进行式动词不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词的动作同时进行。例如:Its my pleasure to be working with you.和你一起工作是我的荣幸。He is said to be doing business abroad.据说他正在国外经商。动词不定式的完成式动词不定式的完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如:Im sorry to have kept you waiting so long.对不起,让你等这么久。He was said to have been living in the outskirts of Melbourne for 20 years.据说他在墨尔本郊区已经住了 20年了。2.动词不定式的语态当动词不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时,不定式用主动式;当动词不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式用被动式。例如:Cindy,who is going to Tokyo as a visiting scholar next year,intends tolearn Japanese right now.辛迪明年要去东京做访问学者,她准备马上学习日语。The chairman announced the meeting to be started.主席宣布会议开始。We didnt expect you to be waiting for us.我们没想让你等我们。My nephew from the countryside living with me in Shijiazhuang wishedto have been reading as much as his peers.我外甥从乡下来,现在和我住在石家庄,他多想和同学一样读了这么多书啊!Another primary school is reported to have been established for childrenin the earthquake-hit area.据报道,又一所为地震灾区孩子们而设的小学建起来了。(三)动词不定式的用法动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,在句中可作主语、宾语、定语、状语和补足语。1.用作主语动词不定式作主语,谓语动词用单三形式例如:To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get.爱与被爱是一个人最大的幸福。It is almost impossible to catch the 19:30 train at such a speed.照这样的速度走,不可能赶上19点30分的火车。To respect others is to be respected.尊重别人就是尊重自己。(当主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用形式主语it代替动词不定式,不能说It isto be respected to respect others.)(2)“it is+形容词+of+sb.+动词不定式”结构在“it is+形容词+of+sb.+动词不定式”结构中,形容词往往表示人物(即不定式逻辑主语)的性格和特征,如kind、nice、clear foolish sillywise rude、selfish right、wrong、careless、impolite bold、thoughtfulhonest good、bad、sensible naughty 等。例如:It is very kind of you to meet me at the airport and drive me to your home.感谢你到机场接我并开车把我拉到你们家。It is really nice of you to spend so much time showing us around yourcompany.非常感谢你花这么长时间领我们参观你们的公司。(3)“it+is+形容词+for+sb.+动词不定式”结构在“it+is+形容词+for+sb.+动词不定式”结构中,形容词通常表示事物(即不定式逻辑主语)的性质和特征,如hard、difficult、easy、important、necessary possible reasonable 等。例如:It is hard for him to give up smoking.对他来讲,戒烟太难 了。It is reasonable for the governments of the two big countries to resort todiplomatic measures to settle down the disputes.这两个大国政府寻求外交手段解决分歧是理智的。2.用作表语动词不定式作表语,说明主语的内容。例如:The important thing in life is to have a great aim,and the determination toattain it.人生重要的事情是拥有远大目标,并有决心实现这一目标。His wish is to become an astronaut when he grows u p.他希望长大后成为一名宇航员。需要注意的是:动 词 b e 后面的不定式与主语有逻辑上的主谓关系时,表示“要做的事”,也可以看作将来时的一种构成形式。例如:The local government is to take action to boost theeconomy.地方政府要采取行动以促进经济发展。如果主语部分有动词d o,作表语的不定式既可带t o,也可省略too例如:In class,the teacher asked the naughty boy to stand in the comer.All hecould do was(to)listen.课上,老师让那个调皮的男生站到角落里,他所能做的就是听了。有些作表语的不定式,如 to let(出租)、toblame(责备)、to seek(寻找)等,用主动形式表被动意义。例如:These cars are to let.这些汽车要出租。The girls are to blame.这些女孩们应该受到责备。Highly-paid jobs are not far to seek for those experienced returnedstudents from top American universities.对于那些从美国名牌大学留学归国的有工作经验的学生们来说,高薪工作不难找到。3.用作宾语(1)作及物动词的宾语动词不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语,这些动词包括afford(负担得起)、aim(以.为目标)、ask(要求)、attempt(尝试)、agree(同意)、begin(开始)、care(喜 欢)、choose(选 择)、continue(继续)、decide(决定)、desire(要求)、determine(决心)、expect(期待)、fail(没有能)、forget(忘记)、hate(不 愿)、hope(希望)、love(乐意/想要)、manage(设 法)、mean(打算)、offer(想要)、plan(计戈ij)、prefer(宁愿)、pretend(假装)、promise(答 应)、refuse(拒绝)、remember(记起)、try(努力)、want(想要)、wish(希望)、would like(乐意/想要)等。例如:Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte said that his country hopes to expandbilateral trade and two way investment.荷兰首相马克 鲁特说荷兰希望扩大双边贸易和双向投资。She determined to bring up the three children herself after the death ofher husband.丈夫去世后,她决定自己把三个孩子抚养成人。(2)it作形式宾语在 feel、find、make think consider 等动词后,如当宾语带有补足语时,人们常用it作形式宾语,而把作真实宾语的动词不定式放在宾语补足语之后。例如:More and more students in my class found it very important to listenattentively and take necessary notes in class.我们班越来越多的学生发现课堂上认真听讲并作必要的笔记是非常重要的。We consider it a great honour to be able to host such an importantinternational symposium.我们认为能够主办这么重要的国际研讨会是莫大的荣幸。(3)作表示“除外”之意的介词的宾语动词不定式可以作表示 除外 之意的介词but、expect besides than等的宾语,其前面如有实义动词do时,不定式的符号to需省略。例如:The patient had no choice but to queue outside the dentists clinic.那位病人除了在牙医诊所外等待,没有别的选择。The passengers family did nothing else than wait for the information ofthe missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370.马来西亚航空公司 370 号失联客机的乘客家属除了等待消息,没有别的事情可做。(4)作形容词的宾语动词不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型,一种是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,另一种是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语,这类形容词有able、afraid angry、anxious、careful clever content、cruel、determined disappointed eagerfoolish fortunate frightened、free、glad、happy impatient likely、lucky naughtyprepared proud ready slow、shocked、sorry sure surprisedwilling等。句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语,这类形容词有cheap、dangerous、difficult、easy、expensive funny fit、hard、impossible interesting、nice、pleasant simple strangeuseful等o例如:The Johnsons were not content to live in a quiet life in a small town.约翰逊一家不满足于在小镇子里过安静的生活。I am honored to invite Professor Hench to deliver a speech.我非常荣幸地邀请亨奇教授讲话。The fog and haze problem in North China is not easy to solve.华北地区的雾霾问题不容易解决。The wood bed is uncomfortable to sleep on.木床睡起来不舒服。4.用作补足语动词不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。跟动词不定式作宾语补足语的常见动词有advise(劝告)、allow(允许)、ask(请/叫)、beg(恳 求)、cause(促使/使)、command(命令)、encourage(鼓励)、expect(期望)、force(强迫)、get(让/使得)、invite(邀请)、order(命令)、permit(允许)、persuade(劝说)、remind(提醒)、require(要求)、teach(教)、want(想要)、warn(警告)、wish(愿望)、love(喜爱)、like(喜欢)、prefer(希望)、hate(不愿/恨)等。需要注意的是,在感官动词或使役动词后,作宾补的不定式省略to o常见的感官动词有look at(看 卜see(看见)、watch(观看)、notice(注意到)、observe(观察)、listen to(听)、hear(听见)、feel(感觉到);常见的使役动词有make(迫使)、have(使/让)、let(让)。help(帮助)既可用于help sb.to do sth.,也可用于help sb.do sth.。主动结构中的宾语补足语在被动结构中称为主语补足语,动词不定式作宾语补足语转为主语补足语时,一定带t。例如:As I have no relatives in Kyoto,Ill have the agent arrange my daughterslodging and boarding there.由于在京都我没有亲戚,我请中介安排我女儿在当地的食宿。A large number of young and middle-aged men were made to workabroad in this village.这个村子的大量青壮年劳力不得不出国务工。5.用作定语动词不定式作定语需要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后,和被修饰的词语逻辑上有主谓关系、动宾关系或同位关系。例如:The victims father was the last to know his sons death.受害者的父亲是最后一个知道儿子去世消息的人。(逻辑主谓关系)On Mondays,I always have a lot of business emails to reply to.每逢星期一,我总是有许多电子邮件要回复。(逻辑动宾关系)He broke his promise to chat online with his wife regularly when heworked in Malaysia.他没有履行以下诺言:在马来西亚工作时和妻子定期上网聊天。(逻辑同位关系)值得一提的是,动词不定式与它所修饰的名词或代词是逻辑上的动宾关系,有时需用主动的形式表示被动的含义。这样的场合是指:主语是不定式中的动词所表示动作的逻辑主语或在句中能找到其逻辑主语;有些句子中,尽管行文上没有不定式的逻辑主语,但是从句意角度可以体会出不定式中隐含着“for sb.to do”结构。例如:Do you have any other questions to propose?您还有其他问题要问吗?Her father,died two years ago,left her many mysteries to solve.她父亲两年前去世,留给她许多谜团要破解。(her是to solve的逻辑主语)Waiting will be the only thing(for them)to donow.等待恐怕是他们目前唯一能做的事情。There is nothing(for him)to show off rightnow.他现在没什么可炫耀的了。6.用作状语动词不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。例如:Theyre saving up to buy a big house in thecountry.他们存钱在乡下买大房子。(目的)Mother didnt tell Lane the truth of her injury so as not to disturb himwhile he was preparing for the college-entrance examination.母亲没有告诉莱恩她受伤的真相,不想让他高考分心。(目的)In order to bar Mubaraks former prime minister from the presidentialrun-off,powerful political groups in Egypt are racking their brains.为了阻挠穆巴拉克时期的前总理竞选,埃及强权集团绞尽脑汁。(目的)Kirk was so kind as to help me settle down in the town.柯克特别耐心,帮我在镇子上安顿下来。(结果)She is such a diplomat as to help solve many disputes between the twocountries.她是一名真正的外交家,帮助解决了两国间存在的许多分歧。(结果)He made a long speech before his subordinates only to show hisignorance.他对下属讲了一大通,结果只是显露了他的无知。(结果)He is too experienced a lecturer to mind what the audience say.他是个经验非常丰富的演讲家,不会介意听众说些什么。(结果)You were a fool not to enter for the mathematics competition.你当时没报名参加数学比赛,真是傻瓜。(原因)How can you get to the working place in time to start so late.这么晚才动身,你怎么能及时到达工作地点?(条件)需要说明的是,“too to”结构中带有表示某种心情或描绘性的形容词或副词,如 eager、kind pleased happy ready willing、easy、satisfied anxious pleased等,动词不定式没有否定意义。例如:The young singer was too eager to go to Italy for his further study.那位年轻的歌手太想去意大利进修了。(结果)7.用作独立成分有些动词不定式作为独立成分在句中作插入语(一说为状语),如to tellyou the truth(说老实话)、to be frank(坦率地说)、to begin with(首先)、to be brief(简言之)、to make a long story short(长话短说)、to be exact(精确地说)、to say nothing of(姑且不说)、to conclude(总而言之)、to besure(诚然/固然)、to do him justice(说句对他公道的话)、so to speak(可以这么说)、to make the matter worse(更糟糕的是)、to sum up(总之)等。二、动名词(一)动名词的概念和形式动名词由“动词原形+ing”构成,其否定形式是在其前面加note动名词可以起名词的作用,同时又保留动词的特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语。一般情况下,动名词的逻辑主语由句中主语充当,但出于句意表达的需要,动名词常常带有自己的逻辑主语,构成动名词的复合结构。动名词自己带的逻辑主语有两种形式:一是由形容词性物主代词或名词所有格充当,二是在口语中常用宾格代词或名词普通格充当。例如:I would appreciate your returning the books in time.你及时还书,我将非常感激。The managers attending their wedding ceremony himself made the newcouple extremely surprised and happy.经理亲自出席他们的婚礼令这对新婚夫妇既惊讶又高兴。I can hardly imagine him finishing his graduation thesis only in onemonth.我几乎想象不出他仅仅一个月就完成了毕业论文。I object to my colleagues making private calls on the office phone.我反对同事为私事使用办公电话。(二)动名词的时态和语态1.动名词的时态动名词有两种时态形式:一般式(doing)和完成式(having done)。一般式表示动名词的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生,或表示没有时间概念的一般性动作;完成式表示动名词的动作在谓语动词的动作之前发生。例如:The little girl loves dancing and singing.这个小女孩喜欢跳舞和唱歌。I am thinking of going to the Agricultural Exhibition tomorrow morning.我想明天上午去看农业展览。I regret having said some rude words to my students.我后悔对学生们说了些粗话。He apologized for not having spoken out his mind.他为没能说出自己的想法而表示歉意。2.动名词的语态如果动名词与句中的逻辑主语构成被动关系,即逻辑主语接受动名词的动作,需用其被动形式being done/having been done,其否定形式是not being done/not having been done。例如:I mind being interrupted while writing.写作时我介意被打搅。After having been trained in the special way,the students could listen tothe teacher attentively in class.这些学生接受了特殊化训练后,课堂上能专心听老师讲课了。值得注意的是,在want、need、require、deserve等动词后作宾语时,常用动名词的主动式表示被动意义,但用动词不定式则用被动式。另外,在be worth后面用动名词的主动语态表示被动意义。例如:The flowers andgrass in the garden want watering.(=The flowers andgrass in the garden want to be watered.)花园里的花草需要浇水了。His research results are not worth considering.(=His research results arenot worthy to be/of being considered.)他的研究成果不值得考虑。(三)动名词的用法动名词具有名词的语法功能,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语等。1.用作主语动名词用作主语,常表示概括性的或一般性的行为,谓语动词用单三形式。例如:Cheating on an exam ruins ones reputation.考试作弊毁坏人的名声。His being appointed their director made most of the staff complain a lot.他被任命为主任使大多数工作人员忿忿不平。I often say to my students that it is not a good habit reading withoutwriting in learning English.我经常跟学生们讲学习英语时光读不写不是好习惯。There is no denying the fact that China has made a rapid progress inevery respect since it was founded in 1949.不容置疑这个事实,中国自它1949年成立以来已在各个方面都取得了飞速发展。2.用作表语动名词用作表语,表示一般性、经常性的动作,是主语的内容。例如:Their job is training trainers in the poverty-stricken areas.他们的工作是在贫困地区培训培训人员。The only thing that interests her is playing the piano.她唯一感兴趣的事是弹钢琴。What I hate most is being disturbed while I am reading.我最讨厌的是读书时被打搅。3.用作宾语(1)作及物动词和动词短语的宾语动名词可以充当部分及物动词和动词短语的宾语,用动名词而不用动词不定式作宾语的动词和动词短语包括admit(承认)、avoid(避免)、consider(考虑)、deny(否定)、enjoy(喜欢)、escape(逃脱)、finish(完成)、imagine(想象)、include(包括)、keep(保持)、stand/bear(忍受)、mind(介意)、miss(失 去)、practice(练 习)、suggest(建议)、risk(冒险)、prevent(防止)、appreciate(欣赏)、excuse(原谅)、persuade(劝告)、advise(建议)、allow/permit(允 许)、forbid(禁 止)、recommend(推荐/建议)、cant help(忍不住)、feel like(想要)、give up(放弃)、put off(推迟)、insiston(坚持)、be fond of(喜爱)、be proud of(以为自豪)、succeed in(成功)、depend on(依靠)、prevent sb.from(防止/阻止某人)等。例如:The suspect denied opening the safe in the office that night.犯罪嫌疑人否认他那晚开过办公室的保险箱。The silver-spoon boy often attempts to escape be in a fined whenever hebreaks traffic regulations.每当违反交通规则时,那个富家子弟常常企图逃避罚款的处分。Im looking forward to your replying anxiously.我急切盼望着你的回复。(2)作介词的宾语动名词还可以作介词的宾语。例如:Derek left the party without saying good-bye to anyone yesterday.昨天聚会上,德里克没有向任何人告别就离开了。The girl was scolded for not having come home before 11 oclock lastnight.昨天晚上,那个女孩因没有在11点以前回家而受责备。(3)某些动词后可接动名词和动词不定式作宾有些动词之后既可接动词不定式,又可接动名词作宾语。这类动词分为两种类型:一是两种形式所表达的含义相同或基本相同,可以互换,这类动词包括 continue intend、begin start、hate like、love 等;二是两种形式所表达的含义不同,不可以互换,这类动词包括stop、cease go on remember forget、regret 等。例如:Having broken the glass into pieces,the little girl began to cry/crying.打碎了玻璃杯,那个小女孩开始哭起来。(begin to do和 begin doing意思基本一致,可以互换)Would you like to go dancing with us tonight?你今晚想和我们去跳舞吗?一 I like dancing,but Im afraid I cant join you this time.Im busyworking on my new project these days.我喜欢跳舞,但是我恐怕这次去不了。这些天我正忙着新项目呢。(like doing表示泛指的动作,liketodo表示特指的动作,两者略有区别)I remembered to lock the door when I left the office.我记着离开办公室时要锁门。(remember发生时,to lock还未发生)I remembered locking the door when I left the office.我记得离开办公室时锁了门。(locking早于remember发生)He stopped to shake hands with the guests as soon as he saw them.一看到客人们来了,他就停下来和他们握手。(开始了 to shake hands withthe guests,动词不定式用作目的状语,不是宾语)He stopped shaking hands with the guests as soon as he saw them.看至lj他们来了,他就停止了和客人们握手。4.用作定语动名词用作定语,说明其所修饰的名词的用途,可以转换成for结 构,动名词要重读。例如:Mr.Judd couldnt sleep until he had taken some sleeping pills lastnight.(=Mr.Judd couldnt sleep until he had taken some pills for sleepinglast night.)昨天晚上,贾德先生服了几片安眠药才睡着。It is strange that farmers put grain in the washing machines in thatvillage.(=It is strange that fanners put grain in the machines for washingin that village.)奇怪的是,那个村子的农民把粮食放在洗衣机里。(四)动名词的特殊用法1.“No+动名词”用于表示“禁止”或“不准”的简短警示语例如:No littering about!(=Dont litter about!)不许乱扔杂物!No parking!(=Dont park!)不许泊车!2.“On+动名词”表示“一.就.”,相当于as soon as+从句”例如:On arriving at London Heathrow International Airport,we received awarm welcome from our home-stay family.(=As soon as we arrived atLondon Heathrow International Airport,we received a warm welcomefrom our home-stay family.)我们一到伦敦希思罗国际机场,就受到寄宿家庭的热烈欢迎。On hearing the information about MH370,the reporter will make thepassengers relatives informed.(=As soon as she hears the informationabout MH370,the reporter will make the passengers relatives informed.)一听到马航370