中考英语专题复习：主谓一致.pdf

中考英语专项复习-主谓一致【主谓一致命题】1、主谓一致的语法一致原则2、主谓一致的整体一致原则3、主谓一致的就近一致原则4、主谓一致的意义一致原则5、主谓一致的附加原则【考点】一、由o r,e it he r.o r.,n e it he r.n o r.,n o t o n ly.b u t a ls o.,w he t he r.o r.等连接并列主语时,常采用就近原则,动词与最靠近的主语保持一致。【考例】No t o n ly J im b u t a ls o his s is t e r a fe w c it ie s in t he s o u t h s in c e t he y c a me t oChin a .临沂市A.w ill v is itB.ha s v is it e dC.ha v e v is it e dD,v is it e dNe it he r J im n o r his c o u s in s t o Ame r ic a,b u t潍坊市A.ha v e b e e n；a ll B.ha v e b e e n;b o t ho f t he m kn o w t he c o u n t r y v e r y w e ll.0C ha s b e e n;a ll D.ha s b e e n;b o t h二、t he n u mb e r o f+复数名词,主语是t he n u mb e r （数量），谓语动词用单数;a n u mb e r o f+复数名词,主语是复数名词,a n u mb e r o f作定语，相当于ma n y,谓语动词用复数。【考例】Lo o k!The r e p la y in g w it h t he t o u r is t s o n Y in he Sq u a r e.（包头）A.a r e a n u mb e r o f d e e r B.a r e a n u mb e r o f d e e r sC.is a n u mb e r o f d e e r D.is a n u mb e r o f d e e r sThe n u mb e r o f in o u r c la s s fift y.（烟台）A.s t u d e n t,is B.t he s t u d e n t s,a r e C.t he s t u d e n t s,is D.s t u d e n t s,a r e三、动词不定式、动名词以及名词性从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数形式。【考例】As t he s a y in g Whe r e t he r e is a w ill;t he r e is a w a y.”昆明市A.go B.go e s C.go in g D.w e n t但 w ha t 从句作主语而表语是复数时,谓语动词常用复数。Wha t w e b a d ly n e e d he r e a r e e x p e r ie n c e d t e a c he r s.我们这里急需的是有经验的教师。四、a n d 连接的两个单数名词作主语。【考例】Tr e e s a n d flo w e r s e v e r y y e a r t o ma ke o u r c o u n t r y mo r e b e a u t ifu l.陕西A.is p la n t e d B.w a s p la n t e d C.a r e p la n t e d D.w e r e p la n t e d五、表示时间、距离、金钱、体积或数字等的词语作主语且表示总量时，谓语动词用单数。【考例】-H o w mu c h t he s ho e s?F iv e d o l l a r s e n o u gh.青岛市A.is；is B a r e；is C.a r e；a r e D.is；a r eH o w t ime flie s!Te n y e a r s p a s s e d.（天津）A.ha v e B.ha s C.is D.a r e六、就近原则一The r e n o milk in t he fr id ge.Co u ld y o u ge t s o me fo r me,Dic k?一All r ight,M u m.福州市A.isB.a r eC w a sD.w e r eNo t o n ly J im b u t a ls o his s is t e r a fe w c it ie s in t he s o u t h s in c e t he y c a me t o Chin a.临沂市A.w ill v is it B.ha s v is it e d C.ha v e v is it e d D v is it e dNe it he r J im n o r his c o u s in s t o Ame r ic a,b u t o f t he m kn o w t he c o u n t r y v e r y w e ll.潍坊市A.have been；all B.have been;both C has been;all D.has been;both【语法回顾】主谓一致1.语法一致的原则2.意义一致的原则3.邻近一致的原则谓语受主语支配，须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这叫做主谓一致。主谓一致一般遵循三条原则：语法一致原则，意义一致原则和就近一致原则。在英语中，谓语动词必须和主语在人称和数上同主语保持一致，叫做主谓一致。通常采用下列三个原则来处理，即：语法形式一致的原则、逻辑意义一致的原则、就 近（或毗邻）一致的原则。一、语法形式一致的原则，即在语法形式上取得一致。如：主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也采用复数形式。但须注意下列几种情况：1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Much land has been deserted in this area in the past few years.To start smoking is quite easy,but to give it up needs courage.Reading English newspapers is a good way of improving you English.W hat you need most is to have a good sleep.How you can get there is a problem.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式。但若表语是“复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构”时，主句的谓语动词用复数。例如：W hat I bought were three English booksW hat I say and do is（are）helpful for you.2、由a n d 或both.and来连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。例如：Swimming and walking are good exercises.He and I were classmates when we were at college.Both John and Ann have got pen-friends.。Both Zhou Lan and Yang Pei like sports 注意 1）但是，并列主语如果表示同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式（这时and后的名词前没有冠词）。例如：The manager and secretary was absent at the meeting.The manager and the secretary are busy now.。Their teacher and friend is Mr.Li.2）由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别被no,each,every或many a,more than one修饰时，其谓语动词用单数形式。例如：In our country every boy and every girl has the right to receive education,在我们国家里，每个男孩和女孩都有权利受教育。Each man and each woman is asked to help.每个男士和妇女都被请来帮忙。Many a student is having practice in that factory.许多学生正在那家工厂实习。More than one student is interested in the book.不止一个学生对这本书感兴趣。注意在“more than one+单数名词”作主语时，若在There be句型中，亦可用复数。如：There is/are more than one man here.这儿不止一个人。3、如果主语是单数,尽管后面跟有（together）with,as well as,like,but,except,besides,including,no less than,rather than,as much as,more than,along with in addition to等介词短语，其谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，则谓语动词也用复数。例如：An English teacher together with some students has climbed to the top of the mountain.一位英语老师和几个学生已经爬到了山顶。Mary as well as her friends likes this painting.玛丽和她的朋友都喜欢这幅画。No one except my close friends knows anything about this matter.除了我的亲密朋友谁也不知道这件事。She,like you and Tom,is very tall.像你和汤姆那样她很高。4、不定代词each,either,neither和 由 some,any,no,every构成的复合代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例如：Each（of us）takes a cup of coffee.（我们）每人喝一杯咖啡。Everyone knows smoking cigarettes is bad for health.大家都知道吸烟不利于身体健康。Nothing is to be done没有什么要干的事。Everybody obeys the school rules;anybody who breaks the rules is punished每个人必须遵守学校规则，任何人违反了规则将受到惩罚。2）若后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。例如：None of the sugar was left.没有剩下什么糖了。None of us has（have）been to America.我们中没有人去过美国。5.不定代词none以及由none/either/neither+of+复数合词（或代词）构成的短语作主语时，谓语用单复数均可，这取决于说话人的意思。当说话人着眼于“每一个都不.”或“两个中的任何一个都不.”时，谓语动词用单数；当说话者着眼于“所有的都不.”或“两个中的全部都不.”时，谓语动词用复数。例如：None know when that w a s.（强调所有的人）没人知道这是什么时候的事。None is so good as he.（强调每一个人）没有人像他那么好。None of them have/has a car.他们都没有小汽车。（他们没有一个人有小汽车。）Neither of them know/knows the answer.他们两个全都不知道答案。（他们两个人谁也不知道答案。）Neither of the article is（are）interesting.其中没有哪篇文章有趣。Neither of them have replied.他们两个谁也没有答复。Neither of them has replied.他们两个谁也没有答复。5、在定语从句中，关系代词that,who,which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数，应与句中先行词的数一致。例如：It sounded like a train which/that was going under my house.那声音听起来就像有一列火车从我的房子底下开过似的。People who study the think that there will be another big one soon.研究地震的人认为不久将还有一次大的地震。The horse which is tied to the tree belongs to John.Those who want to go on a journey please sign your name here.Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.注意 在 以“one of the+复数名词”为先行词的定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数；但如 果 one of the+复数名词”这个结构前有the 0nly之类的修饰语时，其从句的谓语动词用单数。例如：This is one of the questions that have been asked by the studentsBob is one of my friends who are helping me with English.。He is the only one of the officers who was invited to the ball here.The head master is the only one of the teachers who knows Esperanton.6、“a lot of（lots of,plenty of,a head of,heaps of,the rest（majority）of,some（many,anymore,most,all等）of+名词”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与of后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：Some of us do not know much about the theatre.。Some（of the sugar）is wet.Most of the students in our class are league.Most of the food tastes delicious.Half of the work is left unfinished.。Half of the apples are given to the children.。Lots of damage was caused by smoking.Plenty of English books are on the shelfo注意：1）all单独作主语表示“人”时，谓语用复数；表 示“整个事件或事情”时，谓语用单数。如：A l l a r e p r e s e n t.所有的人都出席了。（表人）A l l i s w e ll.一切都好。（表示整个事情或情况）2）“a n u mb e r o f+复 数 名 词”作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式；T h e n u mb e r o f+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。例如：A la r g e n u mb e r o f b u i ldi n g s we r e b u r n t do wn.A n u mb e r o f s t u de n t s i n o u r c la s s a r e o u t b y t h e la k e.。T h e n u mb e r o f s t u de n t s i n o u r s c h o o l i s 2 500.。7、由“分数或百分数+o f +名 词（或代词）”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要与o f 后面的名词（短语）保持一致。例如：T wo t h i r ds o f t h e c o u n t r y i s dr y o r de s e r t.这个国家的三分之二的地方气候干燥或者是沙漠地区。T wo t h i r ds o f t h e p e o p le p r e s e n t a r e a g a i n s t t h e p la n.在场的三分之二的人反对这个计划。M o r e t h a n 70 p e r c e n t o f t h e s u r f a c e o f o u r e a r t h i s c o v e r e d b y wa t e r.我们地球的70%的表面被水所覆盖。3 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e s t u de n t s i n o u r c la s s a r e g i r ls.我们班的3 0%是女生。8、如果主语是由“a k i n d o f,或t h i s/t h a t k i n d o f,a s e r i e s （a s p e c i e s）o f ,a p a i r o f 等+名词”构成谓语动词通常用单数形式。例如：T h i s k i n d o f me n i s da n g e r o u s.。I s t h i s k i n d o f c a r ma de i n S h a n g h a i?T h e r e i s a k i n d o f r o s e i n h i s g a r de n.。T h i s k i n d o f a p p le/a p p le s i s r a t h e r e x p e n s i v e.。T h a t k i n d o f s n a k e/s n a k e s i s da n g e r o u s.。注意 但t h e r e/t h o s e k i n ds o f+复数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。如：T h e r e k i n ds o f t e s t s a r e g o o d.T h o s e k i n ds o f a p p le t r e e s h a v e n o t y e t g r o wn u p.。如果种类不是一种而是多种，谓语动词应为复数。例 如：T h e r e a r e ma n y k i n ds o f p e a r s.二、逻辑意义一致原则，即谓语动词的单复数取决于主语所表达的内在涵义。常见的有以下几种情况：1、表示总称意义形单意复的名词，如p e o p le,p o li c e,c a t t le 等作主语时，只当作复数看待，谓语在任何情况下都用复数。如：C a t t le a r e o n e c a u s e o f t h e p r o b le m.造成戈壁滩的原因之一是牲畜问题。T h e p o li c e a r e s e a r c h i n g f o r a mu r de r e r i n t h a t mo u n t a i n,警察正在山中搜寻一名杀人犯。2、以集体名词a r my,c la s s,e n e my,f a mi ly,g o v e r n me n t,g r o u p,t e a m,c r e w,c r o wd,p u b li c 等集体名词作主语时，谓语应视其情况而用不同形式：当作主语被看作一个整体时，谓语用单数，如果被看成是其中的个体成员时，谓语就用复数。如：O u r c la s s i s b e t t e r t h a n a n y o t h e r c la s s e s a t p la y i n g b a s k e t b a ll i n o u r s c h o o l.在打篮球方面，我们班胜过我们学校的任何一个班。O u r c la s s a r e p la y i n g a b a s k e t b a ll ma t c h t o mo r r o w.我们班同学明天要举行一场篮球赛。O u r f a mi ly i s n o t p o o r a n y mo r e.我们家已经不再贫困了。M y f a mi ly a ll s p e a k t h e I n t u i t la n g u a g e.我一家人都讲因努伊特语。注意 p o p u la t i o n 单独使用作主语时，谓语动词用单数；而前面有s o me,mo s t 或与分数、百分数连用作主语时，则谓语动词用复数形式。例如：M o s t o f t h e p o p u la t i o n o f t h e c i t y a r e wo r k e r s.O n e t h i r d o f t h e p o p u la t i o n n o w s mo k e.。T h e p o p u la t i o n i n o u r c o u n t r y i s v e r y la r g e,a n d e i g h t y p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u la t i o n a r e f a r me r s.3、当一些有两部分构成的表示衣物或工具的名词作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数形式，如g la s s e s,t r o u s e r s （裤子）,s h o e s ,c h o p s t i c k s （筷子）,g o o ds （货物）,s c i s s o r s （剪刀）,s o c k s,c o mp a s s e s（圆规）,但如果这些名词前有a p a i r o f,等量词修饰时，（c lo t h e s 被修饰a s u i t o f）,谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如：Y o u r t r o u s e r s n e e d wa s h i n g.。M y g la s s e s a r e n e w.A pair of compass is an instrument for drawing circles.圆规是画圆的工具。A pair of new shoes is in your suitcase.。Two pairs of socks are enough for me.。4、由“pair,piece of+名 词/代 词”作主语时，谓语动词与pair,piece等词保持一致与后的代词、名词无关。例如：There is a pair of shoes leftoThe pieces of stone were then carried to the new place for the temple.所有的石块被运到新建寺庙的地方。5、当表示时间、金钱、距离、重量、长度、价值等数词短语作主语，根据意义一致原则，通常被看作一个整体，其谓语用单数。如：Twenty years is a long time to us.One thousand pounds is a lot of money.6.某些形复意单的名词（如表示人名、地名、国名及组织、书籍、报刊等名称的专有名词和学科名词等）作主语，谓语用单数。如：Zhangjiajie is really a good place which is famous for its beautiful mountains.张家界的确是个好地方，它是以美丽的山而闻名的Physics is a difficult subject to learn,I think.The United States is in North America.News is travelling fast nowadays.The American film True Lies was directed by a world-famous director.美国影片 真实的谎言是由一位世界著名的导演导演的。7、如果主语由“the+形 容 词（分词）”担任时，往往根据意义一致原则，来决定谓语动词的单、复数形式。如果表示一类人时，谓语动用复数形式；如果指个人或抽象概念时，则谓语动词用单数形式。例如：The old is taken good care of in our country.The sick is one of the students in our class.8、名词所有格之后的名词被省略的情况，一般只指商店、公共建筑物、住宅等，作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。例如：The bakers is on the side of the street.理发馆在街道的另一边。My uncle，s is not very far from here.我叔叔的家离这儿不太远。9、数词作主语时，谓语用单数，但有四则运算中，谓语单、复数均可。如：Ten is a round number.十是个整数。Ten times five is/are fifty.十乘五等于五十。Three hundred and forty plus six hundred and sixty is/are one thousand.340 加660等于 1000。10.疑问代词who,what,which作主语时，谓语动词的形式取决于它产本身的含义。如：W ho teaches you English?W ho have gone there?W hich is your room?W hich are your rooms?11、表示数量的短语one and a half+名词复数”及“a+单数名词+and+a half”作主语时，谓语用单数。如：One and a half oranges has been left on the table.A month and a half has passed.12.某些单数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语动词用单数；反之谓语动词则用复数形式。这类名词有：sheep,deer,fish,means（方法、手段）species（种类）-ance及以-ese/-ss结尾的表示民族的名词等）。例如：One day this white sheep was lost.There are many fish in the Jia Ling River.A Japanese iscoming to visit our school tomorrow.W e C hinese are realizing the four modernizations.三、就近一致原则，即谓语动词的数随最近的主语而定，又称为毗邻一致原则。例如：1、当or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also.,not.but.,whether.or.等连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词单复数取决于最靠近于它的名词或代词。例如：Either you or Lily is to do the cleaning after supper.N o t o n l y t he m o t he r b u t a l s o t he c hi l d r e n w e r e t he r e.2、在倒装句中如一个句子由t he r e 或he r e 引起，而主语又不止一个，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。例如：W he r e i s y o u r m o t he r a n d y o u n g e r s i s t e r s?T he r e i s a d e s k a t a b l e a n d t hr e e c ha i r s i n t he r o o m.【中考训练】()1.A.f i n d()2.-I m i s sa r e n t(河 匕)E v e r y o n e I c o m e f r o m S i c h u a n.A c t u a l l y,I c o m e f r o mB.t h i n k C.f i n d s D.t h i n k s(湖北黄冈)-Da v i d h a s b e e n a wa y f o r m o r e t h a n 2 5 d a y s.h i m v e r y m u c h.Y o u k n o w,2 5 d a y ss h o r t.A.i s B.i s n tA.)3.wa s)4.(湖北十堰)Cl i m b i n g h i l l so f g r e a t h e l p t o o u r h e a l t h.B.we r e C.i s D.a r e(山东省莱芜)Y a o Mi n g wo r k s h a r d o n h i s E n g l i s h a n dA.s o Li u X i a n g d o e s)5.(北京市)T h e r e a d i n gB.s o i s Li u X i a n g C.s o d o e s Li u X i a n gD.A.A.a m)6.)7.i s)8.t h e mB.i sC.a r er o o m v e r y q u i e t.I e n j o y r e a d i n gD.b e(广 西)T h e r e s o m e m i l k i n t h e g l a s s.(山东滨州)H o w t i m e f l i e s!T h r e e y e a r sB.a r eC.wa s D.we r eA.i sB.S h a n d o n g.C.a r eD.s o Li u X i a n gb o o k s t h e r 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