考研长难句讲义终稿.pdf

考研长难句句子结构简单句简单句的五种基本结构eA girl comes.She is attractive.eI like her.eI make her happy.eI give her a diamond ring.并列句 两个或以上独立分句 并列连词 各分句主谓完整 各分句意思同等重要，互相独立 主要连词：and,or,but,neither.nor,yet2000 年 Textl A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properly handled,it maybecome a driving force.复合句,一个主句和一个或多个从句 主句表达主要意思 从句表达次要意思三大从句名词性从句名词从句引导词对应的简单句类型引导词是否作成分引导词是否可以省略连 词that对应于陈述句不作成分，无实际含义在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从句的that可以省略连词 whetherif对应于一般疑问句不作成分，有“是否”得含义不能省去，因为有“是否”的含义连接副词when,where,why,how连奏代词who,whom,what,which,whose对应与特殊疑问句When,where,why,how在从句中“作状语；who,whom,what 作主语、宾语、表语；which 和 whose 作定语，后接名词不能省去，因为既作“成分”又有“实际含义”一、主语从句 that引导的主语从句 whether引导的主语从句 特殊疑问词引导的主语从句 that引导的主语从句That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.(1998 年 Text5)That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006 年 Text3)常见的主语从句的类型1.1位+形容词+皿1 从句I t is obvious/necessary/likely/fortunate/true that.I t is true that English is becoming an international language.2000年翻译Furthermore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with theefficiency of its agriculture and industry.2.I t is+过去分词+lhat从句 I t is believed that（人们认为）I t is generally thought that（人们普遍认为）1995年考研完形 For example,it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal to rats.1992年翻译 But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,makedistinctions,reason logically,and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.3.I t is+名词短语+that I t is a fact that.I t is a common knowledge that I t is my belief that.I t is common knowledge that whale is not a fish.I t is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune,must be inwant of a wife.（Pride and Prejudice）4.I t+不及物动词+that从句 I t seems that.I t follows that因此 I t happens that.碰巧是 I t turns out that结果 I t seemed that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families thatoccurred through all the western world since the time of the industrial revolution.whether引导的主语从句Whether the eyes are“the windows of the soul“is debatable;That they are intensely important ininterpesonal communication is a fact.2005 年 lxtlHowever,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,orwhether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago,is,as yet,anunanswered question.特殊疑问词引导的主语从句 How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.72)How well the predictions will be validated by laler performance depends upon ihc amounl,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it isinterpreted.二、宾语从句按位置划分 及物动词后的宾语从句 介词后的宾语从句及物动词后的宾语从句 I have learned that love,not time,heals all wounds.2005 年 Text2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubtersinsisted that we didnt know for sure?介词后的宾语从句 There is disagreement among economist about what money is and how money is measured.1997 年 Text4 The test of any democratic society,“he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,4ilies not in how wellit can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possiblelatitude,however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.三、表语从句 The truth is that marriage,at the start,is an empty box.You must put something in before you cantake anything out.There is no love in marriage,love is in people,and people put it into marriage.2002 年 Text3 One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the 1970s,ithas not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excessdemand.1997 年论xt2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,and helpful mostAmericans were to them.四、同位语从句抽象名词+that+陈述句 There is a popular saying that family instablility causes social instablity.2005 年 Text3 A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows ofour unconscious desires and fears.定语从句1、形容词作定语与从句作定语的比较 I dont like lazy people.I donl like people who never keep their word.2、先行词和关系词 先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系闻。先行词-个词 一个短语 一个句子2006年完形,Even when homeless individuals manage to find a that will give them three meals a day anda place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each day wandering the street.A lodgingB shelterC dwellingD house1995 年 Text3Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues arebeyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.2004年翻译,The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.关系代词的用法 关系副词的用法 介词+关系代词 限定性和非限定性定语从句的区别 定语从句和同位语从句的区别关系代词2005年翻译47）I n Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful:groups whichbring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishing houses that work in relation toone another.1999 年 Text2,Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with establishedbusiness partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.2000 年 Textl,America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whoseeconomies the war had destroyed.关系副词whenwherewhy（考研涉及很少）1999 年 TextlLuckily,if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster,a successful lawsuit mightcompensate you for your troubles.Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s,when juriesbegan holding more companies liable for their customers,misfortunes.2005 年 Text3Of all the components of a good nights sleep,dreams seem to be least within our control.I n dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak.1999 年 TextlAs personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side with defendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changed anything.why的用法why用来表原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。This is the reason why I didnl come here.此处的 why=for which介词+关系代词1994 年 二xtlThe American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-orientedeconomy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money inthe marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.2003 年 Text3I ts a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leaves railroads in theposition of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail.限定性与非限定性定语从句一、限定性定语从句若去掉限定性定语从句，则主句部分的意思不明确，或意义不完整，所以不能用逗号来分隔先行词和定语从句。There are two factors which determine an individuafs intelligence.He is a man who is of value to the people.二、非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步解释、补充和说明。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。The cab drivers,who knew about the traffic jam,took another road.The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.定语从句与同位语从句的区分The news that you heard is not true.The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.综合练习The fact that artisans,who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in the eighteenth century,are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to the Arts and Crafts Movement of thenineteenth century.状语从句状语从句种类常用连接词特殊连接词时间状语从句 When,while,as,before,since,till,until,as soon as*1.一 些时间名词:the moment,the instant,the minute,the day,next time,every time 2.一些副词:instantly,immediately,directly 3.固定搭配的连词：no sooner-than,hardlywhen,scarcely-when.地点状语从句WhereWherever,anywhere,everywhere原因状语从句 Because,as,for,sinceSeeing that,considering that,now that,given that,in that,inasmuch as,insomuch as目的状语从句 So that,in orderthat,thatLest,for fear that,in case,in the hope that,on purposethat,for the purpose that,to the end that结果状语从句 Sothat,so that,such thatSuch that,to the degree that,to the extent that,to such adegree that,to such an extent that条件状语从句 I f,unlessSuppose,supposing,providing,provided（特别关注：supposed,provide不用作条件从句的连词）on conditionthat,so long as,as long as让步状语从句 Although,though,even though,even ifWhile（一般用在句首），as（用于倒装结构）,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether-or,as adj.as+主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句 As,thanT he more ,the more ;just as ,so-;A is to B what/as C is to D;no more-than;not A so much as B/not so much Aas B方式状语从句as,the way结果状语从句常用引导结果状语从句的连词有:so.that,such.that以及so that和 such that.so.that的用法 接形容词2001年考研翻译 75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result inthe breakout of a new psychological disorder kitchen rage.接副词1999 年阅读 Text5He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself,buthas convinced industrial and business management that they are true.such.that 的用法2006年完形I ndeed,homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cant possibly cope.1998 年 Text5As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases the continent may breakentirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean.其他短语连接的结果状语从句这些结构有：to the degree(that),to the extent(that),to such a degree(that),to such an extent(that).2002 年 Text4Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly andpredictably suffering,to the extent that it constitutes systematic patient abuse.”目的状语从句2003 年 Text4Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old and infirm“have aduty to die and get out of the way,“so that younger,healthier people can realize their potential.2003年完形 I n these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have short attention spans.Avariety of activities should be organized_participants can remain active as long as they want andthen go on to else without feeling guilty and without letting the other participants down.A if only B now that C so that D even if2003 年 Text2They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rights misinformation gounchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.2000 年 Text5What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily and openly as oncethey could,lest they be thought pushing,acquisitive and vulgar.让步状语从句2001 年 Text5While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after the massredundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s and is still linked to the politics of thrift,inBritain,at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance,we have different reasonsfor seeking to simplify our lives.2006年翻译 48)I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moralproblems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of thoseproblems.2005 年论xl4 While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on thepage.No matter wh-我们可以用 no matter+what,who,when,where,which,how 或者 whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however来引导让步状语从句，表示 无论请注意，这几个连词除了 however外，一般都是单独使用，而 however后面通常要接形容词或副词，不单独使用。2000 年 Text2But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they will look justlike us.2000年阅读Text3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what its advocatesare aiming at,for,however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today,it is possiblethat in years to come they may be regarded as normal.非谓语动词非谓语动词分类:分词的作用：分词短语做定语分词短语做状语分词作定语The researchers working on the thereapy have greatly improved the qulaity of life for aging cancerpatients.The researchers working on the thereapy have greatly improved the qulaity of life for agingcancer patients.2000年翻译75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arisingfrom mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means oftransport.分词作状语,2003 年 Text3I n recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging into supersystems,causingheightened concerns about monopoly.1999 年 TextlFeeling threatened,companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,trying to anticipateevery possible accident.2007 年 Text3For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to a saving-accountmodel,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments for payments depending oninvestment returns.综合练习：1999 年 TextlI n May,Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in I llinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involvinga football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.长难句解析1.分隔结构2.多重后置定语3.并列结构4.代词指代5.强调句6.倒装句7.省略句8.比较结构9.as结构1、分隔结构动词+介词短语+宾语1998年完形,By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when England was still acompletely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.2005年 7 选 5,Under it,a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should beincluded.2003年阅读第二篇,Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community shouldactively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as Stephen Cooper,who has madecourageous statements about the value of animal research,but all who receive medical treatment.2008年考研翻译(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that.while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.动词+宾补+宾语2003年考研翻译65)Thus,the anthropological concept of“culture,“like the concept of“set in mathematics,is anabstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.动词+it+宾补/介宾结构+宾语1999年阅读第四篇The panel has not yet reached agreement on a crucial question,however,whether to recommendlegislation that would make it a crime for private funding to be used for human cloning.2005年完形填空The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient to keep allsmell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.1993年考研翻译(73)You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法)anddeduction,I hal by ihc help of I hese operations,ihey,in a sori of sense,manage to extract from Naturecertain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up theirtheories.综合练习The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater partof the academic establishment merely silly.同位语后置2001年完形填空Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court toensure guilty verdicts.定语后置1997年考研翻译Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract,as part of an exchange ofduties and entitlements.2001年阅读第一篇As a logical conseq