考研长难句讲义.pdf

一、语 法 部 分句子结构简单句简单句的五种基本结构 Optimism is not a luxury;it is a necessity.Self-confidence matters.Real heroes can inspire the young generation.Hard work won him respect.The unchecked growth of the tourism may render the environment seriously polluted.并列句 两个或以上独立分句 并列连词 各分句主谓完整 各分句意思同等重要，互相独立 主要连词：and,or,but,yet2000 年 Text 1,A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap,but,if properlyhandled,it may become a driving force.复合句,一个主句和一个或多个从句主句表达主要意思从句表达次要意思三大从句名词性从句名词从句引导词对应的简单句类型引导词是否作成分引导词是否可以省略连 词that对应于陈述句不作成分，无实际含义在不影响句子意思的情况下，宾语从 句 的that可以省略连词 whetherif对应于一般疑问句不作成分，有“是否”的含义不能省去，因为有“是否”的含义连接副词when,where,why,how连接代词who,whom,what,which,whose对应于特殊疑问句When,where,why,how在从句中作状语；who,whom,what作主语、宾语、表语；which和whose作 定 语，后接名词不能省去，因为既作“成分”又有“实际含义”一、主语从句 that引导的主语从句 whether引导的主语从句特殊疑问词引导的主语从句that引导的主语从句That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.(1998 年 Text5)That the seas are being overfished has been known for years.(2006 年 Text3)常见的主语从句的类型 1.It is+形容词+that从句 It is obvious/necessary/likely/fortunate/true that.It is true that English is becoming an international language.2000年翻译Furthennore,it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound upwith the efficiency of its agriculture and industry.2.It is+过去分词+that从句 It is believed that（人们认为）It is generally thought that（人们普遍认为.）1995年考研完形 For example,it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is 100 percent fatal torats.1992年翻译 But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideasreadily,make distinctions,reason logically,and make use of verbal and mathematicalsymbols in solving problems.3.It is+名词短语+that It is a fact that.It is common knowledge that It is my belief that.It is common knowledge that whale is not a fish.It is a truth universally acknowledged,that a single man in possession of a good fortune,must be in want of a wife.（Pride and Prejudice）whether引导的主语从句Whether the eyes are“the windows of the soul is debatable;That they are intenselyimportant in interpersonal communication is a fact.2005 年 TextlHowever,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins andhumans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 millionyears ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.特殊疑问词引导的主语从句How a person masters his fate is more important than what his fate is.1995年翻译 72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon theamount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill andwisdom with which it is interpreted.二、宾语从句一一按位置划分 及物动词后的宾语从句 介词后的宾语从句及物动词后的宾语从句 I have learned that love,not time,heals all wounds.2005 年 Text2 Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us butthe doubters insisted that we didnt know for sure?介词后的宾语从句 There is disagreement among economists about what money is and how money ismeasured.1997 年 Text4The test of any democratic society,he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column,lies notin how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought andexpression the widest possible latitude,however disputable or irritating the results maysometimes be.三、表语从句The truth is that marriage,at the start,is an empty box.You must put something inbefore you can take anything out.There is no love in marriage,love is in people,andpeople put it into marriage.2002 年 Text3One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that,unlike the rises in the1970s,it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflationand global excess demand.1997 年 Text2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous,andhelpful most Americans were to them.四、同位语从句抽象名词+that+陈述句,There is a popular saying that family instability causes social instability.2005 年 Text3,A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguisedshadows of our unconscious desires and fears.定语从句1、形容词作定语与从句作定语的比较,I don5t like lazy people.,I dont like people who never keep their word.2、先行词和关系词先行词：被定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词。关系词：重复指代先行词、起连接主句和从句的作用，并且在定语从句中充当一定成分的连接词称为关系词。先行词一个词一个短语.一个句子2006年完形,Even when homeless individuals manage to find a that will give them threemeals a day and a place to sleep at night,a good number still spend the bulk of each daywandering the street.A lodgingB shelterC dwellingD house1995 年 Text3Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members,friends orcolleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.2004年翻译The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with theprocess of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverselanguages could be.关系代词who,whom先行词只能指“人”which先行词只能指“物”that,whose先行词可以指“人”或“物”2005年翻译47)In Europe,as elsewhere,multi-media groups have been increasingly successful:groups which bring together television,radio,newspapers,magazines and publishinghouses that work in relation to one another.1999 年 Text2Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only withestablished business partners who are given access to the companys private intranet.2000 年 TextlAmerica and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans andAsians whose economies the war had destroyed.关系副词whenwherewhy1999 年 TextlLuckily,if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster,a successful lawsuitmight compensate you for your troubles.Or so the thinking has gone since the early1980s,when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers9misfortunes.2005 年 Text3Of all the components of a good nights sleep,dreams seem to be least within ourcontrol.In dreams,a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and deadpeople speak.1999 年 TextlAs personal injury claims continue as before,some courts are beginning to side withdefendants,especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldnt have changedanything.why的用法why用来表原因，只引导限制性定语从句，先行词是reason等表示原因的名词。This is the reason why I didnt come here.此处的 why=for whichFrom my perspective,the reason why we hesitate and shrink from making a definitedecision when we are surrounded by multiple choices,is that we make too manycomparisons.介词+关系代词1994 年 TextlThe American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be producedby spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they wantmost.2003 年 Text3Its a theory to which many economists subscribe,but in practice it often leavesrailroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which willfail.限定性与非限定性定语从句一、限定性定语从句若去掉限定性定语从句，则主句部分的意思不明确，或意义不完整，所以不能用逗号来分隔先行词和定语从句。There are two factors which determine an individuaFs intelligence.He is a man who is of value to the people.二、非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步解释、补充和说明。若去掉此定语从句，整个主句的意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。The cab drivers,who knew about the traffic jam,took another road.The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.定语从句与同位语从句的区分The news that you heard is not true.The news that Lincoln was murdered at a theater is true.综合练习The fact that artisans,who were looked on as mechanics or skilled workers in theeighteenth century,are frequently considered artists today is directly attributable to theArts and Crafts Movement of the nineteenth century.状语从句状语从句种类常用连接词特殊连接词时间状语从句When,while,as,before,since,till,until,as soon as1.一些时间名词：the moment,the instant,theminute,the day,next time,every time2.一副词：instantly,immediately,directly3.固 定 搭 配 的 连 词：no sooner-than,hardlywhen,scarcely-when.地点状语从句WhereWherever,anywhere,everywhere原因状语从句Because,as,for,sinceSeeing that,considering that,now that,given that,in that,inasmuch as,insomuch as目的状语从句So that,in orderthat,thatLest,for fear that,in case,in the hope that,onpurpose that,for the purpose that,to the end that结果状语从句So-that,so that,such-thatSuch that,to the degree that,to the extent that,tosuch a degree that,to such an extent that条件状语从句If,unlessSuppose,supposing,providing,provided（特别关注：supposed,provide不用作条件从句的连词）on condition that,so long as,as long as让步状语从句Although,though,even though,evenifWhile（一 般 用 在 句 首），as（用 于 倒 装 结构）,whatever,whoever,whichever,however,whenever,wherever,whether -or,as adj.as+主谓结构用在句首比较状语从句As,thanThe more-,the more一;just as一,so-;A is to B what/as C is to D;no more-than;not A so much as B/not so much A as B方式状语从句as,as if7as though,the way结果状语从句常用引导结果状语从句的连词有：so.that,such.that以及so that和 such that.so.that的用法 接形容词2001年考研翻译 75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating themwill result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.接副词 1999 年阅读 Text5 He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes themhimself,but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true.such.that 的用法2006年完形 Indeed,homelessness has reached such proportions that local governments cantpossibly cope.1998 年 Text5 As the dome grows,it develops deep fissures(cracks);in at least a few cases thecontinent may break entirely along some of these fissures,so that the hot spot initiates theformation of a new ocean.其他短语连接的结果状语从句 这些结构有：to the degree(that),to the extent(that),to such a degree(that),to such anextent(that).2002 岸 Text4*Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients areneedlessly and predictably suffering,to the extent that it constitutes systematic patientabuse.”目的状语从句2003 年 Text4Former Colorado governor Richard Lamm has been quoted as saying that the old andinfirm“have a duty to die and get out of the way,“so that younger,healthier people canrealize their potential.2003年完形 In these activities,it is important to remember that the young teens have short attentionspans.A variety of activities should be organized participants can remain active aslong as they want and then go on to something else without feeling guilty and withoutletting the other participants down.A if only B now that C so that D even if2003 年 Text2 They should be quick to respond to letters to the editor,lest animal rightsmisinformation go unchallenged and acquire a deceptive appearance of truth.2000 年 Text5 What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams,as easily andopenly as once they could,lest they be thought pushing,acquisitive and vulgar.让步状语从句2001 年 Text5 While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline-after themass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late 80s and is still linked to thepolitics of thrift,in Britain,at least among the middle-class downshifters of myacquaintance,we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.2006年翻译 48)I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to thesolution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any butthe factual aspects of those problems.2005 年 Text4While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paperbefore the 1960s,even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capturespoken English on the page.No matter wh-我们可以用 no matter+what,who,when,where,which,how 或者 whatever,whoever,whenever,wherever,whichever,however来引导让步状语从句，表示 无论请注意，这儿个连词除了 however外，一般都是单独使用，而 however后面通常要接形容词或副词，不单独使用。2000 年 Text2But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were,they willlook just like us.200()年阅读 Text3When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what itsadvocates are aiming at,for,however farfetched and unreasonable their principles mayseem today,it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal.非谓语动词非谓语动词分类：分词的作用：分词短语做定语分词短语做状语分词作定语2006 Text 1Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstarslike Arnold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks,yet“some Americans fear thatimmigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nationsassimilative power.”2006 TextlPeople are absorbed into“a culture of consumption launched by the 19th-centurydepartment stores that offered“vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere.2000年翻译75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion orproblems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easynowadays by modern means of transport.分词作状语2003 年 Text3In recent years,railroads have been combining with each other,merging intosupersystems,causing heightened concerns about monopoly.1999 年 TextlFeeling threatened,companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels,tryingto anticipate every possible accident.2007 年 Text3For much of the past year,President Bush campaigned to move Social Security to asaving-account model,with retirees trading much or all of their guaranteed payments forpayments depending on investment returns.综合练习：1999 年 TextlIn May,Julie Nimmons,president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought alawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutthelmet.二、长难句部分1.多重后置定语2.分隔结构3.并列结构4.代词指代5.强调句6.倒装句7.省略句8.比较结构9.as结构1、多重后置定语2004年完形Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect juvenile crime rates.For example,changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunities for youth and risingunemployment in general make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain.1994年完形The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listenerinterfere with his comprehension;hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.A who B as C which D what2、分隔结构动宾分割结构动词+介词短语+宾语1998年完形By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750,when Englandwas still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.2006年 7 选 5The casino issued to him,as a good customer,a Fun Card,which when used in thecasino earns points for meals and drinks,and enables the casino to track the usersgambling activities.2003 年 Text2Finally,because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research communityshould actively recruit to its cause not only well-known personalities such as StephenCooper,who has made courageous statements about the value of animal research,but allwho receive medical treatment.2008年考研翻译(48)On the other hand,he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some ofhis critics that,while he was a good observer,he had no power of reasoning.动词+宾补+宾语2003年考研翻译 65)Thus,the anthropological concept of culture,“like the concept of set”inmathematics,is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concreteresearch and understanding.动词+it+宾补+宾语2005年完形填空 The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it inefficient tokeep all smell receptors working all the time but can create new receptors if necessary.2005年完形填空The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergencysignals such as the smell of smoke,which might indicate th