新视野大学英语视听说第4册答案全.pdf
UintlV.L e fs TalkScriptHello,everyone.Today I invite you to join me in an exploration off the causes ofdepression.There ate many factors involved,but I believe some deserve specialattention.Heredity certainly plays a role.The tendency to develop depression may be inherited;there is evidence that this disorder may run in families.Physiology is another factor related to depression.There may be changes orimbalances in chemicals which transmit information in the brain calledneurotransmitters.Many modem antidepressant drugs attempt to increase levels ofcertain neurotransmitters so as to increase brain communication.While the causalrelationship is unclear;it is known that antidepressant medications do reliever certainsymptoms of depression.Researchers also study psychological factors.They include the complex developmentof ones personality and how one has learned to cope with external environmentalfactors,such as stress.It is freeqently observed that low self-esteem and self-defeatingthinking are connected with depression.While it is not clear which is the cause andwhich is the effect,it is known that sufferers who are able to make corrections to theirthinking patterns can show improved mood and self-esteem.Another factor causing depression is ones early experiences.Events such as the deathof a parent,the divorce of the parents,neglect,chronic illness,and severe physicalabuse can also increase the likelihood of depression later in life.Some present experiences may also lead to depression.Job loss,financial difficulties,long periods of unemployment,the loss of a spouse or other family member,or otherpainful events may trigger depression.Long-term stress at home,work,or school canalso be involved.It is worth nothing that those living with someone suffering from depressionexperience increased anxiety which adds to the possibility of their also becomingdepressed.Depression-causingFactorsProblem Description SolutionHeredity It is inherited and run in families.Physiology changes or imbalances inchemicals calledneurotransmitters,which transmitinformation in the brainAntidepressant drugsrelieve certain symptomsof depression.Psychological Factors Low self-esteem andself-defeating thinking areconnected with depression.Sufferers who makecorr6ctic)o to theirthinking patterns canshow improved moodand self-esteem.Early Experiences Event like the death of a parent,the divorce of parents,neglect,chronic illness,and severephysical abuse can increase thelikelihood of depression.Present Experiences Job loss,financial difficulties,long periods of unemployment,the loss of a spouse or otherfamily member,or long-termstress may trigger depression.Living with somebodywith depressionThis causes increased anxiety,which adds to the possibility oftheir also becoming depressed.Uint2V.L efs TalkScriptGreetings,ladies and gentlemen.I hope youll find it interesting how to befashionable without spending too much money.Sure,some famous stars always look stylish.They have unlimited clothing budgetsthat put the latest looks at their fingertips!But you can also look amazing withoutspending lots of money on your wardrobes.Simple try the following suggestions onfor size.First,you should make seasonal purchases;that is,you should buy winter coats,leather jackets,bathing suits,ad summer dress at the end of the season.Youll getmajor discounts as you stock up for the next year.If you want clothes to wear right now,you can go to discount stores.They may not bethe place to buy an expensive evening dress,but they9re perfect for buying things likeT-shirtsThere is yet another cheap way of you to buy stylish clothes.Many department storeshave a store brand.It means they offer current styles but are much cheaper thanbig-name brands.To save money,an important principle for you to follow is to not buy“outfits”.Withthe exception of suits,interchangeable piece are more affordable-buying clothing inseparate.Wear-with-anything pieces are always a good buy.For example,you can almostalways wear a pair of black trousers and a white dress skirt;you can wear themseveral times a week,paired with different accessories.If you cant afford expensive clothes,you can spend money on accessories such asnice shoes and fashionable bags.Such extras make even the simplest outfit lookpolished.Finally,a great haircut always helps.When you hair looks fabulous,you look morestylish and fashionable.Money-saving Methods Detailed Descriptionseasonal purchases You should buy things at the end of theseason.Youll get major discounts,andyoull be stocked up for the next year.discount stores They9re perfect for buying hings like shirts.A store brand Stores offer current styles that are muchcheaper than big-name brands.Dont buy outfits Buying separates is much moreaffordable.Wear-with-anything pieces You can almost always wear a pair ofblack trousers and a white dress skirt;youcan wear them several times a week,paired with different accessories.spend money on accessories Examples are nice shoes and fashionablebags.Such extras make even the simplestoutfit look polisheda great haircut You look more stylish and fashionablewith a nice haircut.Uint3V.L e fs TalkScriptA natural disaster is the consequence of a hazardous event,occurring when humanactivities are affected by adverse natural phenomena such as flood,drought,hailstorm,heat wave,forest fore,hurricanes or typhoons,tornado,tsunami,landsides andmudslides,or volcanic eruption.The resulting deaths or property damages depend onthe human ability to resist the disasters.Sometimes two seemingly different disasters may be related to each other.Forexample,an undersea earthquake may result in a tsunami.While there is a long dryspell in one area,there may be a great flood in another.It is necessary for humanbeings to understand and combat natural disasters.A drought is a long-lasting weather pattern consisting of dry conditions with verylittle or no precipitation.During this period,food and water supplies can run low,andother condition,such as famine,can result.Drought can last for several years and areparticularly damaging in areas in which the residents depend on agriculture forsurvival.A flood follows too much rain or water in a location,and could be the result of manydifferent conditions.Floods can be caused by heavy rainfall from a storm,includingthunderstorms,rapid melting of a large amounts of snow,or rivers which swell fromtoo much precipitation upstream,causing widespread damage to areas downstream.Another possible cause of a flood is the bursting of man-made dams.DescriptionNatural disasterAdverse natural phenomena such asflood,drought,hailstorm,heat wave,forest fore,hurricanes or typhoons,tornado,tsunami,landsides andmudslides,and volcanic eruption.Relationship Between Two DisastersThey are related to each other.Anundersea earthquake may result in atsunami.While there is a long dry spell in one area,there may bn a great flood inanother.DroughtDuring a drought,food and watersupplies can run low,and other condition,such as famine,can result.Drought areparticularly damaging in areas in whichthe residents depend on agriculture forsurvival.FloodFloods can be caused by long rainfallfrom a storm,including thunderstorms,rapid melting of a large amounts of snow,or rivers which swell from too muchprecipitation upstream,causingwidespread damage to areas downstream.Another cause of a flood is thebursting of marnmade dams.Uint4V.L e fs TalkScriptLillian:Mr.Baxter,you have worked in the company for five years,and you manageeverything here smoothly,like a clock.Could you tell us the secret of your successfulcareer?Baxter:Just as the golden rule of real estate is location,location,location,the goldenrule of work is relationships,relationships,relationships.Unfortunately,manyworkers focus so hard on the job at hand that they never develop useful relationshipswith people in other parts of their organization.Worse,when they do interact withcolleagues in other departments,they may not treat then with respect.Lillian:Could you give more details?Baxter:Lets take Wendy as an example.She switched jobs several months ago in thecompany.In her first position,as a marketing manager,she frequently found herself inconflict with the financial department over her staffs expenses.Her argument formore funds usually ended in vain.Then in her new job as training administrator,she wanted to launch an on-the-jobtraining project.She needed the financial department to support her request for abudget.How did she convince them this time?Although the financial departments offices were located in another city,Wendydecided to visit them in their offices and try to establish closer relationships.Shebelieved she must first of all understand their mission and their own training needs.Then she found an ally in the companys chief financial officer,who saw how hergroup could help develop his staff.So the two forged a long-tern=m alliance,whichled to a training program so successful that it has since been picked up by thecompanys offices in Germany and Japan.Winning allies throughout your organization has an additional benefit.These days,itsfar too risky to expect your work to speak for itself.Having allies who speak well ofyou increases your reputation with the top management.Positive Statements Negative StatementsThe golden rule of work is relationships.Many workers never develop usefulrelationships with people in other parts oftheir organization.Worse,they may nottreat then with respect.Wendy frequently found herself inconflict with the financial departmentover her staffs expenses.Her argumentfor more funds usually ended in vain.She and the companys chief financialofficer forged a long-term alliance,whichled to a training program so successfulthat it has since been picked up by thecompanys offices in Germany and Japan.Having allies who speak well ef youincreases your reputation with the topmanagement.
