跨文化交际3DeepCulture.ppt

Deep CultureDifferences in Deep CultureWhat is Wrong?A:Sir B:Yes,what is it?A:My mother is not very well sir.B:So?A:She has to go into hospital sir.B:Well,get on with it.What do you want?A:On Thursday sir.B:Bloody hell man,what do you want?(At this point,the police constable mumbled something like Nothing sir and left the office.)thought patternslinear logical thought (English)直线型circular,spiral thought pattern(Oriental)螺旋型conversational styles Am manager:“Why the production was stopped?”The manager would expect a direct answer such as“the parts are defective.”The Japanese/Chinese worker would answer nonlinearly with a very long detailed explanation including what the defects were and other related details.Different perceptions of beautyAd.1A tan is all you want.A tan is all youll get.Soltan-Fragrance FreeDifferent perceptions of beautyDeep culture is at the heart of the world ethnic conflicts.The how and why behind a cultures collective action can be traced to its(1)world view(religion),(2)family structure,and(3)history and government.Why?First,the three institutions of church,family,and community carry the messages that matter most to people.Second,these institutions are important because they endure.Third,the content generated by these institutions is deeply and emotionally felt.World ViewDefinition:the human beings inside view of the way things are colored,shaped,and arranged according to personal cultural preconceptions.World views start with questions about what we commonly call the meaning of life.Therefore,world view is a cultures orientation toward God,humanity,nature,questions of existence,the universe and cosmos,life,death,sickness,and other philosophical issues that influence how its members perceive their world.What predominant element of culture gives us our world view?Religion!Religion and culture are inextricably entwined.For some unexplained reason,the responsibility of generating and preserving the elements of world view has rested with either religious institutions(for example,the Catholic church)or spiritual leaders(for example,the Buddha.)ChristianityChristianity(from the Greek word X,Khristos,“Christ”,literally“anointed one”)is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth(拿撒勒）as presented in the New Testament.Christianity comprises three major branches:Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy(the two split from one another in 1054A.D.),and Protestantism(which came into existence during the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century).基督教发源于公元基督教发源于公元1世纪巴勒斯坦（旧称：世纪巴勒斯坦（旧称：迦南地）的耶路撒冷地区犹太人社会，并迦南地）的耶路撒冷地区犹太人社会，并继承了犹太教耶和华上帝和救主弥塞亚继承了犹太教耶和华上帝和救主弥塞亚（根据希腊文翻译为（根据希腊文翻译为“基督基督”）等概念，）等概念，以及希伯来圣经为基督教圣经旧约全书。以及希伯来圣经为基督教圣经旧约全书。Christians believe in a God who is manifest in the Trinity of the Father,the Son,and the Holy Spirit.There is one god who is almighty,whom Jesus called Father.The one God is the Creator of heaven and earth.Jesus is the divine and human,only son of this Father,and they call God Lord,they call Jesus Lord,for the Father is in him and he is in the Father.”Of the thousands of directives Jesus carried to the world,let us select a few of those that have most shaped the Christian tradition and as such demonstrate the link between religion,perception,and behavior.First,Christians believe strongly in organized worship as a means of proclaiming Gods message.Jesus believed,“The closer people drew to God,the closer they could draw to one another.”This notion of organized worship may contribute to the social dimension of Western cultures.Americans are social creatures and belong to numerous clubs,committees,and organizations.Americans have a large series of networks and associations that go well beyond their family unit.Perhaps this stimulus for such behavior can be found in Christianity.In the East,ones spiritual life is conducted in solitude;in the West,Gods“message”is shared with others.“The central ethic Jesus taught was love.”The following ethic regarding love may be the most repeated in history:“Love your neighbor as yourself.What you would like people to do to you do to them.”We see these ideas of love and compassion reflected in everything from the large amounts of charitable contributions Americans make to their willingness to go to foreign countries to improve the lives of strangers.Third,the Western concept of the importance of the individual can be linked partially to Christianity.The Christian tradition begins with the assumption that the world is real and meaningful because God created it.Human beings are significant because God created them in his image.God has a special relationship with each person in that God sees and hears,rewards,and punishes.Each person is important to him.Fourth,much of the Western“doing”orientation can be found in the life of Jesus.Peter,one of his disciples,once said,“He went about doing good.”Anyone who has studied Christianity and knows the lesson of Jesus is aware that he was an active man.The Bible is full of accounts of how he traveled from place to place healing the sick and counseling misfits and ordinary people.In short,activity and Christianity are bound together.Finally,a strong message in Christianity is courage.Jesus was courageous.A careful reading of the life of Jesus reveals a man who would not be intimidated by his opponents.On occasion after occasion,we have accounts of Jesus strong personality emerging.His strength and courage are traits that all Christians are reminded of repeatedly.JudaismThe Jewish faith is unique in that it is both a culture and a religion.Judaism is the oldest of the religions being practiced today and is monotheistic,worshiping one supreme being.Abraham is thought to have founded it in approximately 1300 B.C.At the heart of the Jewish religion lies the existence of a covenant between God and his people.The Jewish world view is expressed through a number of concepts basic to the faith:(1)God is one;(2)no human ever will be divine;(3)humans are free;(4)humans are the pinnacle of creation;(5)Jews belong o a group or nation whose goal is to serve God;and(6)humans must be obedient to the God-given commandments in the Torah(犹太教律法)and assume personal responsibility.These six concepts compose a belief system stressing the secular(世俗的)notion that order must be maintained if Jews are to have a collective life.The Ten Commandments in the Torah therefore give structure to and make possible a social world.Ten Commandments Do not have any other gods before me.You shall not make for yourself an imagein the form of anything.You shall not misuse the name of theLordyour God.Remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy.Honor your father and mother.You shall not murder.You shall not commit adultery.You shall not steal.You shall not bear false witness.You shall not covet your neighbors house;you shall not covet your neighbors wife,or male or female slave,or ox,or donkey,or anything that belongs to your neighbor.Historically,oppression and persecution have been part of the Jewish view of the world.Suffering seems to be built into the Jewish faith.For thousands of years before the Holocaust,Jews were murdered,exiled,and discriminated against.This treatment still makes it very difficult for many of them to trust gentiles(non-Jews).Two additional characteristics of the Jewish religion are the importance that Jews place on learning and the Jewish sense of both of justice,both of which help determine how Jews perceive the world and function in it.As long ago as the first century,Jews had a system of compulsory education.”Even today there is Jewish proverb that states“Wisdom is better than jewel.”The Jewish faith also teaches a strong sense of justice.“The promotion of justice is a paramount concern for the Jew.”So strong is the precept that it is believed much of Western civilization owes a debt to the early Jewish prophets for establishing the notion of justice as a major principle for the maintenance of social order.IslamWhat is most unique about the Islamic faith is the manner in which it touches all aspects of the Arabs life.The two main forms of Islam-Sunni(逊尼派)and Shia(什叶派)-both accept that Muhammad was the heir to the mantle(衣钵)When Allah spoke to Muhammad around A.D.610,the prophet wrote down the divine words in the Koran,the holy book of Islam.To a Muslim,this 114-chaper book represents the unique word of Allah and is without comparison and beyond question.It is a map,a manual on how to live.Unlike the Hebrew Bible and the Christian New Testament,the Koran has very little narrative;instead,it deals with themes regarding legal and social matters and the general conduct of life.Muslims say that in Koran,Allah has spoken completely and that he will not speak again.One of the keys to understanding the nature of the Islamic world view is the word Islam,which is the infinitive of the Arab verb meaning“to submit.”The word Muslim is the present participle of the same verb.A Muslim,then,is one who accepts and submits to the will of Allah.Like Christians,Muslims worship a personal god with a profound interest in moral behavior.Muslims believe that everything,good or evil,proceeds directly from the divine will.This orientation produces fatalism:whatever happens has been willed by Allah.The saying“in shaa Allah”(if God wills it)looms large in the thinking of the average Muslim.Another important aspect of Islam is that it is as much as a way of life as a relationship with Allah.Muhammad,who was Allahs messenger,was both a political and religious prophet.Hence,there is no clear separation of church and state.The wisdom of the Koran makes it clear that religion is not a compartment of life,but the whole of it.Islam is a codification of all values and ways to behave in every circumstance.For example,the Koran instructs women to“cover their adornment”and to“draw veils over their bosoms.”This attitude is expressed today with the following proverb:“A woman is like a jewel:You dont expose it to thieves.”Jews and Christians strive to observe the Ten Commandments,Muslims follow the Five Pillars(核心,支柱)of Islam.:Faith or belief in the Oneness of God and the finality of the prophethood of Muhammad;Establishment of the daily prayers;Concern for and almsgiving to the needy;Self-purification through fasting;andThe pilgrimage to Makkah for those who are able.Prayer is a central ritual.Muslims pray five times a day:on rising,at noon,in the midafternoon,after sunset,and before retiring.The prayer ritual is very structured:one must face Mecca,recite a prescribed prayer,and be prostrate,with the head to the ground.These prayers can be offered in a mosque,at home or work,or even in a public place.When observing someone in prayer,you should avoid staring at,walking in front of,or interrupting the person.Almsgiving,which began as voluntary activity and has become codified.Muslims are required to give about 2.5 percent of their incomes to the destitute.Fasting,a tradition observed during a holy month of Ramadan,which is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar.During this period,Muslims do not eat,drink,or smoke between sunrise and sunset.The act of fasting is believed to serve a number of purposes.First,it eliminates bodily impurities and initiates a new spiritual awakening.Second,Muslim can experience hunger and deprivation and perform an act of self-discipline,humility,and faith.Pilgrimage.Once in a lifetime every Muslim,if financially able,is to make a pilgrimage to Mecca as evidence of his or her devotion to Allah.The trip involves a series of highly symbolic rituals designed to bring each Muslim closer to Allah.HinduismWestern religions begin with a notion that One-One God,One Book,One Son,One Church,One Nation under God-is better than many.The Hindu,dazzled by the wondrous variety of the creation,could not see it that way.For so multiplex a world,the more gods the better!Hinduism(formed in the 7the centurey B.C.)is based on the fundamental assumption that the material word,the one we can touch and see,is not the only reality,they hold that there are other realities that reveal the true nature of life,the mind,and the spirit.梵天Hence,they are not satisfied with what they see or hear.Hindus are certain that there are mental and spiritual realm of unshakable reality that guarantee eternal satisfaction once one discovers them;therefore,Hindus spend much of their lives in search of these realms.Several Hindu concepts specially relate to world view and individual values and behavior.Hindu philosophy begins with the premise that the ultimate cause of suffering is peoples ignorance of their true nature,the Self(,which is omniscient,omnipotent,omnipresent,perfect,and eternal.Historical guidelines of Hinduism:First,intellect is subordinate to intuition.Truth does not come to the individual;it already resides within each of us.Second,dogma is subordinate to experience.One cannot be told about God;one must experience God.Third,outward expression is secondary to inward realization.Communication with God cannot take place through outward expression;it must occur through internal realization of the nature of God.Fourth,the world is in an unending cycle of birth,death,and reincarnation and experience an internal state of bliss call Nirvana（使生快意，使满足）.One achieves Nirvana by leading a good life and thus achieving higher spiritual status in the next life.BuddhismBuddha Shakyamuni,the founder of Buddhism in this world,was born as a prince in 624 BC in a place called Lumbini,which was originally in northern India but is now part of Nepal.Shakya is the name of the royal family into which he was born,and Muni means Able One.His parents gave him the name Siddhartha and there were many auspicious predictions about his future.佛教:由公元前6-前5世纪古印度的迦毗罗卫国（今尼泊尔境内）王子所创，他的名字是悉达多，他的姓是乔达摩。因为他属于释迦(Skya)族，人们又称他为释迦牟尼，意思是释迦族的圣人。BuddhismBuddhists believe that there is supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot reach or teach.The basic assumption behind this world view is that life,for a host of reasons,is suffering.Accepting this premise,the Buddha taught that each individual has the power to overcome suffering.The Buddha was not a god but a man,an extraordinary man who,sometime in the sixth century B.C.in India found enlightenment and then devoted his life to helping others achieve Nirvana,the state of spiritual and physical awakening and purity necessary to escape the continuing of cycle of suffering and rebirth.Modern Buddhism directs itself to purification of life and consciousness,not to worship of a godlike figure.Its followers are taught to realize truth through mediation and correct living.Buddhism is at once a faith,a philosophy,and a way of life attempting to help the individual come to the end of suffering by discovering the true nature of reality-its impermanence(非永久性),its inherent unsatisfactoriness,and its“emptiness.”From the Buddhist perspective,peace,enlightenment,and Nirvana do not come from God.Unhappiness,pain,and suffering are the result of believing in an