大学英语四级考试写作讲座下.ppt

大学英语四级考试写作策略与方法Li YouOutlinew总 述w真题回顾w应 用 文w议 论 文w高分策略议论文一、真题分析二、万能框架Exercise常见的写作类型w 观点对比w 现状说明 原因列举 归纳结论w 图表描述 利弊分析 建议措施w 举例论证注：对于某一个段落，我们可以单独运用某一种写作方法，也可以将以上方法相互融合第一段 第二段 第三段万能框架第一段w 现状说明1.Nowpeopleingrowingnumbersarebeginningtorealizethat描述现状.Astowhetherornot,thereisnoconsensusofopinions/therearesomecontroversies/thereisnoagreement.(Somepeopleclaimthat,whileothersbelievethat.)2.Thereisanationwide/extensive/generaldiscussiontodayabouttheissueof现象.Peoplesopinionsdiffergreatlyconcerning/regardingthisphenomenon.万能框架第一段现状说明3.Thesedays现象oftenhitstheheadlinesofnewspapersandhasbeenbroughtintofocusofthepublic.Indeed,itiswidelyaccepted/acknowledgedthatithasgainedincreasingpopularityamongpeopleinallwalksoflife/collegestudents.4.Alongwiththeadvanceofthesociety,moreandmoreproblemsarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhichisthat描述现状.万能框架第一段w 现状说明whenaskedabout5.whenitcomesto现象,facedwithpeoplesideas/viewsvaryfrompersontoperson.Thevastmajorityof/Mostpeoplebelievethat描述观点一,butotherpeopleregard现象as描述观点二/considerdifferently.6.Recently,thereisatendencythat描述现状.Forinstance,举例说明现状,especially现状出现的范围.万能框架第一段w 图表描述(注意时态)w 1.Ascanbeseenfromthetable,greatchangeshavebeentakingplacein2005.w 2.Fromtheabovetableitcanbeseenthat描述图表中的趋势.w 3.Asitisshowninthetable,描述图表中的趋势.万能框架第一段w 图表描述(注意时态)w 4.In2001,itincreased/decreased/rose/fellfromtow 5.Bycomparisonwith1999,itincreased/decreasedbyw 6.Thefigurehasnearlydoubled,comparedwiththatoflastyear.w 7.Itaccountsfor/takesuppercentofthetotal.万能框架第一段图表描述(注意时态)twice8.Thenumberis4timesasmuchasthatof2003.halfhalf9.Thenumberwas,lessthanathirdofmorethanquarterthe1997total.万能框架第二段w 观点对比1.Thosewhoareinfavorof现象maintainthat描述观点1.Intheirview,阐释观点1.Onthecontrary,thosewhoareagainst现象hold/pointoutthat描述观点2.Besides,阐释证实观点2.2.Somepeopleadvocatethat描述观点1.Fromtheirpointofview,阐释观点1.Othersholdtheoppositeopinion/adoptatotallydifferentview/takeanoppositeside.Theybelieve描述观点2.万能框架第二段w 观点对比w 3.Thosewhocriticize现象arguethat描述观点1Theybelievethat阐释观点1Butpeopleadvocate现象,ontheotherhand,claimthat描述观点2.Intheireyes,阐释观点2.w 4.Althoughalotofpeoplebelievethat描述观点1,othersdoubt/wonderwhethertheargumentbearsmuchanalysis.经得起分析holdwater.经得住考验Theyconsider/insistthat描述观点2.万能框架第二段w 原因列举w 1.Thereareplentyof/anumberof/numerousreasonsexplainingthisphenomenon.Firstandforemost,解释原因1.Secondly,解释原因2.Lastbutnottheleast,解释原因3.w 2.Therearemanyreasonsthatmayaccountfor/contributeto/beresponsiblefor现象.Tobeginwith,解释原因1.Then,解释原因2.Moreover,解释原因3.w 3.Threemajorelements/factorswouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhenanalyzing现象.Firstofall,万能框架第二段w 原因列举w 4.Thereasonsof现象briefly/roughlylieintwoaspects.Foronething,解释原因1.Foranother,解释原因2.w 5.Thereasonsthatcausedchangesarediverse.Ontheonehand,解释原因1.Ontheotherhand,解释原因2.w 6.Thephenomenon/changein某方面mainlyresultsfrom/arisesfromthefactthat解释原因.万能框架第二段w 利弊分析1.某物/某现象undoubtedlyplaysanessential/significantroleinmodernlife.2.Themeritsof某物/某现象areobvious.Asweallknow,itbringsusbenefitsandconvenienceDespitetheseadvantages,somepeopleclaim,weshouldnotlosesightofitsadverseeffectsonpeople/environment,etc.万能框架第二段w 利弊分析3.Good/Convenient/Beneficial/UsefulasAis,ithasitsowndisadvantages.Foronething,解释原因1;foranother,解释原因2.4.Admittedly,they(it)mightbenefitusinashortterm.Unfortunately,theywilldousharminmorethanoneway/leadtoanumberofproblems.万能框架第二段利弊分析5.Thereisnodenyingthateverythinghasonemorefaceand某物/某现象isnoexception.Ontheonehand,.Ontheotherhand,6.Theadvantagesof某物/某现象faroutweighthepotentialdisadvantages.万能框架第二段w 举例论证1.Toillustratethispoint,Icanthinkofnobetterexamplethanthefollowingexample.2.Numerousexamplescanbegiven,butthis/thesewillsuffice.(v.足够)3.Thiscaseeffectivelyclarifythefactthat4.Thisstorytellsthat段 首段 末万能框架第三段w 归纳结论(段首)1.Frommyperspective,IapproveofInmyopinion,IstandonthesideofAsfarasIamconcerned,propermeasuresshouldbePersonallyspeaking,takento(dosth.)2.Fromwhathasbeendiscussedabove,wemaysafelyTakingintoaccountallthosefeatures,+drawtheJudgingfromallevidenceoffered,conclusionthat万能框架第三段w 归纳结论(结尾)3.Itishightimethatweplacedgreatemphasison(虚拟)我们早就该重视这个问题了。4.Itishightimeweputanendtotheundesirablephenomenonof(虚拟)5.Thereisnodoubt/nodenyingthatfurtherattentionmustbepaidtotheproblemof毫无疑问，对这个问题应给予进一步的关注。万能框架第三段w 建议措施w 1.Itisnecessarythateffectiveactionsshouldbetakentopreventthesituationfromgettingworse.w 2.Weshouldappealtotheauthoritiestomakestrictlawstocontrolthisproblem.w 3.Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblem.万能框架第三段w 建议措施w 4.Hence,itisimperativeforustoenhance/cultivate/raisetheawarenessof(e.g.environmentalprotection)w 5.Ibelievewehumanscanovercomethisdifficultyandwewillhaveabrighterfuture.观点对比型模板一w 1Nowadays,whereveryougo,youwillhearpeopletalkabout现象.2Whetheryoulikeitornot,ithasbecomeapartofourlife.w 3Somepeoplewhoareinfavorof现象maintainthat概述观点一.4Intheirview,详述观点一.5Onthecontrary,thosewhoareagainst现象arguethat概述观点二.6Besides,详述观点二.w 7Frommypointofview,Istandonthesideof观点一或二.8Foronething,解释原因一.9Foranother,解释原因二.10Therefore,总结.观点对比型模板二w 1Viewson(Attitudestowards)现象varyfrompersontoperson.2Somepeoplethinkthat概述观点一.3Theyholdthisopinionbecause(theythink)详述观点一.w 4Others,however,takeanegative/positiveattitudeto现象.5Fromtheirpointofview,概述观点二.6Moreover,详述观点二.w 7AsfarasIamconcerned,/Ifaskedmyattitude,Iaminclinedtoagreewiththeformer/thelatterpointofview.8Iholdthisattitude/opinion/viewbecause原因.9Itstruethat描述观点一或二的优点,butitdoesntmeanthat描述观点一或二的缺点.10Therefore/Inaword/Inshort,总结.w 1Atpresent/Inrecentyears/Nowadays,greatimportancehasbeenattachedto现象.2Itmaysomedaybecomethemaintrendwhen详述现状.w 3Threemajorelements/factorswouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhenanalyzingthisphenomenon.4Firstofall,解释原因一.5Moreover,解释原因二.6Last,解释原因三.7Forinstance,举例说明.w 8Everythinghasbothpositiveandnegativeaspects,and此现象isofnoexception.9Ontheonehand,描述此现象的优点.10However,描述此现象的缺点.原因列举型模板(现状-原因-评价)原因列举型模板(现状-原因-措施)w 1Alongwiththeadvanceofthesociety,moreandmoreissuesarebroughttoourattention,oneofwhichisthat描述现象.2Tonameonlyafew,举例说明此现象.w 3Therearemanyreasonsthatmayaccountfor/contributeto/beresponsiblefortheabovephenomenon.4Tobeginwith,解释原因一.5Then,解释原因二.6Moreover,解释原因三.7Acaseinpointisthat举例说明原因.w 8Inviewoftheseriousnessofthisproblem,itishightimethat概述解决方法.9Ontheonehand,详述措施一.10Ontheotherhand,详述措施二.11Withthesemeasurestaken,itisreasonableforustobelievethattheproblemwillbesolvedinthenearfuture.利弊分析型模板一w 1Recentlytheissueofwhetherornot讨论现象hasbeeninthelimelightandhasarousedwideconcerninthepublic.w 2Therearetwomajorargumentsthatcanbemadeforthemeritsof现象.3Foronething,描述优点一.4Foranother,itiswidelyholdthat描述优点二.5Despitetheseadvantages,somepeopleclaim,weshouldnotlosesightofitsadverseeffectson缺点一.6Forinstance,举例说明缺点一.7Inaddition,描述缺点二.w 8Personallyspeaking,theadvantagesof此现象faroutweighthepotentialdisadvantages.9Aslongas提出措施,wecanmaximizethebenefitsandminimizetheharmfulinfluence.利弊分析型模板二w 1Nowadays,followingthehighspeedofthedevelopmentofinformationtechnology/economy,描述现状.2Takingalookaround,wecanfindexamplestoonumeroustolist,rangingfrom例一to例二.w 3Undoubtedly,此现象playsanessential/significantroleinmodernlife.4Firstly,描述优点一.5Andsecondly,描述优点二.6Justasapopularsayinggoes,“everycoinhastwosides”,此现象isnoexception.7Tobeginwith,描述缺点一.8Inaddition,描述缺点二.w 9Frommyperspective,此现象shouldbeviewedasatwo-edgedsword,whichpresentsuswithbothadvantagesandtroubles.10Whatevereffectsithas,onethingiscertain,此现象itselfisneithergoodnorbad.11Itistheusestowhichitisputthatdetermineitsvaluetooursociety.图表型模板w 1Itisobviousinthegraphic/tablethattherate/number/amountof纵轴hasundergonedramaticchanges.2Ithasgoneup/grown/fallen/droppedconsiderablyinrecentyears(asvaries).3Atthepointof横轴,纵轴reachesitspeakvalueof数字.w 4Anumberoffactorscouldaccountforthechangeinthechart,butthefollowingarethemostcriticalones.5Firstofall,列举原因一.6Moreimportantly,列举原因二.7Mostimportantofall,列举原因三.w 8Fromtheabovediscussions,wehaveenoughreasontopredictwhatwillhappeninthenearfuture.9Itisreasonableforustobelievethat描述趋势(ifnecessarymeasuresarenottaken).问题解决型模板w 1Atpresent,theproblemarousingwidestconcernis现象.2Actually,citizensinmountingnumbersareinclinedto描述现象.3Thispointcanbeillustratedbythefactthat举例说明.w 4Nevertheless,theprevalenceof此现象,directlyorindirectly,causesahostofdilemma.5Foronething,描述危害一.6Foranother,描述危害二.w 7Inmyperspective,theremedyforproblemsliesin措施一.8Also,governmentsandauthoritiesconcernedshould措施二.9Inaword,thoughthesesolutionsmaynotbeonce-for-allones,wehaveeveryreasontohopetheseobstaclescouldbeovercomeinthenearfuture.BackExercise 2w Directions:forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledOnTrainingClasses.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:w 1.社会上有各种各样的培训班w 2.该现象产生的原因w 3.我的看法w Allacrossthecountryagreatdiversityofcustom-madeclassesaremushrooming,inwhichspecialtrainingisprovidedconcerningcomputerskills,arts,sports,andotherextracurricularspecialtieslikemathsandwriting.Amongthemlanguagecrashcoursesforvarioustests,suchasCET,BEC,TOFEL,IELTS,GREandsoforth,areespeciallynoticeableforitswiderangeandhighattendancerate.w Someconsideritadvisabletoattendsuchclasseswhileothersbelieveitunnecessary.Theformerarguesthatitsfarmoreeffectivetocommandthesespecialskillswiththehelpofanexperiencedtrainerthantoworkatthemontheirown.Theyareconvincedthatthesetrainingclassescanmakeupforwhatisnottaughtinschool,hence,morecompetitiveedgeovertheirpeers.Thelattergroupofpeople,nonetheless,criticizeitasasheerwasteofresources.Theywarnthatthequalityofmosttrainingcoursesisquestionable,astheyaremarketedtogetmoneyoutofourpocketratherthangetknowledgeintoourhead.w AsfarasIamconcerned,alittlebitofsuchspecialtrainingdoesusnoharm,buttoomuchofitcanonlyprovetobecounter-productive.Anyhow,thedeprivedfreetimecanbebetterinvestedinrecreationatweekends,talkingtoanoldfriend,orsimplyenjoyingalong-overduevacation.Exercise 3w Directions:forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledMyViewonAmericanTVDramas.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:w 1.在中国，美剧越来越受到年轻人的欢迎w 2.有人认为看美剧能够提高英语水平，有人认为美剧会给青少年带来不良影响w 3.我的观点w Nowadays,thereisatendencyfortheyouthtowatchAmericanTVdramas.Moreandmorepeople,especiallytheEnglishlearnersarekeenonthem.w SomepeopleholdtheopinionthatwatchingAmericanTVdramascanfostertheirlanguagesense.Whileenjoyingthefantasticstories,theycanlearnsomeEnglishexpressionsandpracticetheirlistening.OtherpeoplethinktheAmericanTVdramasmayplayanegativeroleinyoungpeopleslivesduetodifferentculturalbackground.w AsfarasIamconcerned,Iprefertheformeropinion.InsteadoflearningEnglishwithdifficulty,Iwouldrathermasteritthoughtaneasyway.Inaddition,AmericanTVdramaspresentuswithnotonlydifferentculturesbutalsonativeEnglishexpressionswhicharevitaltohaveagoodcommandofit.高分策略w一、5C法则w二、经典句型w三、遣词w四、连贯性的处理Next高分策略-5C法则1、字迹清楚，段落明朗(clear)：字体不要太大，也不要太小，以行间距的三分之一到二分之一为合适；另外，大小要一致，不要忽大忽小；字母的倾斜方向要一致，不要东倒西歪；要抵着给出的虚线写，不能上窜下跳；段落一般为三段，采用段首缩进式，即每段开头空4至8个字母的格，每段段首缩进的量要一致，要让阅卷人一目了然。2、内容完整，紧扣提纲(complete)：一般来说，四、六级写作都会给出三点汉语提纲，考生应严格按照三点写成三段。不要有遗漏，也不要随意改变提纲要点的顺序。3、首保正确，再求闪光(correct)：在写作时间和篇幅都比较短的情况下，考生写出的内容几乎是一样的，唯一的判断标准几乎就是语言的质量。要首先保证语法和拼写正确，有能力的话再追求闪光的词句。例如:ThereisnodenyingthefactthatthevitalofnamehasbeenahotlydebatedtopicinChina.注意：1）vital，是个形容词，而这里应该用名词。作者可能想用一个牛词来替换importance以显示用词多样，结果弄巧成拙。2）name之前应该有冠词a，缺乏基本的语法意识。其实作文中常犯的语法错误除了冠词错误，还包括时态错误、名词和动词单复数错误、代词不一致错误、词性错误以及句子主谓不完整错误。4、先总后分，连词用上(coherent)：这里说的是段落的结构和连贯性的问题。英语文章特别喜欢先总后分或开门见山的格局，另外，段落之间和句子之间的形式连接手段特别明显，即关联词用的很多。在写作的时候，几乎就是把给出的三点提纲作为每段的开头句，然后再加上两三个扩展句即理由或例证句就可以了。当然有时候为了论证自然或扩展字数也可以加上一点铺垫的句子。论证句或扩展句之间最好有连接词，如First,Second,Besides,Also,Similarly,Inthesameway,However等等。5、语言简练，论据得当(concise)：不要啰嗦，不要过于重复和堆砌。有些考生背诵了一些经典的句型，为了凑字就全用上了，给人低层次的感觉。如：AsfarasIamconcerned,weighingtheprosandconsofthearguments,Iaminclinedtoagreewiththelatterpointofview.考生应尽量平时多练，以期在考场上也能很快想到一些有力的理由和贴切的例证。另外，要敢于表达自己的思想，不要一味地为了保证语言正确而裹步不前，只说一些小学生的话。如有同学写道：Somepeoplethinkthatnamesareimportant.Theysaythat,ifapersonhasaname,wecanrememberhim.Ifhedoesnothaveaname,wecannotrememberhim.这样的作文即使没有语言错误，但肯定也得不了高分。Back高分策略经典句型w 1）主语从句 w It is common knowledge that It is self-evident/conceivable/obvious/apparent thatIt goes without saying that It is universally acknowledged thatIt is.that.高分策略经典句型w 2）宾（表）语从句 w Can you tell me what kind of show they are putting on?w The problem is not who will go,but who will stay.高分策略经典句型w 3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）w As is shown/demonstrated/illustrated/depicted/describedin the cartoon/picture/graph/table,w Students can choose the teacher according to their interests,which will be helpful for their future careers.高分策略经典句型w 4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）w As long as we can arrange the time reasonably,they will definitely provide more benefits for us.w Whatever the reason is,there are still some problems with student use of computers.高分策略经典句型w 5）分词短语做定语或状语 w Those wishing to join this club should sign here.w Abundant recreational activities are available for people to release their strain and stress,ranging from sports to online activities.高分策略经典句型w 6）倒装句 w Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.w Not only should we enhance our awareness,(but)we should also appeal to the authorities to make strict laws.高分策略经典句型w 7）被动句 w Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.w Many instances could be found to support this type of opinion.w It is believed thatBack高分策略-遣词因为onaccountof;owingto;giventhat;seeingthat关于concerning;surrounding;regarding经常frequently;commonly;normally很;非常exceptionally;significantly;extremely越来越increasingly;anincreasingnumberof应该besupposed/expected/obliged/todo当前;现在currently;presently;atpresent许许多多agreatmany;manya;alargenumberof大部分Avast/Anoverwhelmingmajorityof一些Anumberof;quiteafew;高分策略-遣词巨大的immense;enormous;tremendous;giant;vast好的positive;useful;effective;outstanding;remarkable;excellent;splendid不好的negative;inefficient,harmful;fruitless;profitless重要的major;significant;vital;key;essential;predominant;著名的well-known;prominent;distinguished;renowned认为argue;consider;insist;harbortheideathat;holdthebelief/viewthat;taketheattitudethat造成giveriseto;resultin;contributeto得到obtain;acquire;attain增加；扩大add;enlarge;magnify;expand;extend高分策略-遣词w 利：strengthen（加强）enhance（夯实）promote（促进）improve（改善）playapivotalrolein/laythefoundationforw 弊：destroy（破坏）diminish（减少）deteriorate（恶化）weaken（削弱）poseathreattosth.（=threaten对构成威胁）Back高分策略-连贯性的处理举例asanillustration;namely;asaproof;incidentally;specifically;forinstance;forexample;suchas;toillustrate;agoodcaseinpointisthat高分策略-连贯性的处理次序1）First，Firstly，Inthefirstplace，Firstofall，Tobeginwith,Firstandforemost;2）Second，Secondly，IntheSecondplace，Next，Then，Also3）Third，Thirdly，Besides，Inaddition，Moreover,Furthermore，Whatsmore4）Last，Lastbutnottheleast，Inthelastplace高分策略-连贯性的处理原因for;as;since;nowthat;giventhat;inthat;consideringthat;seeingthat;because;owingto;dueto;thanksto;becauseof;onaccountof高分策略-连贯性的处理强调aboveall;undoubtedly;obviously;asamatteroffact;actually;practically;factually;virtually;truly;theoretically;particularly;inparticular;高分策略-连贯性的处理递进及补充besides;inaddition;furthermore;whatsmore;moreover;additionally;inotherwords;likewise;toputitanotherway;similarly;equallyimportant;高分策略-连贯性的处理对比或对照bycontrast;incontrast;bycomparison;onthecontrary;ontheotherhand;otherwise;instead;unlike;notonly,butalso;whereas;while;meanwhile;atthesa