[精选]数字地球的关键技术-语义网和OWL简介31037.pptx
数字地球与数字城市的关键技术语义网和OWL 简介数字地球与数字城市讲义之九张雪虎北京大学遥感与GIS 研究所2005 年11 月09 日概述 语义网简介 OWL 简介 实例演示(Protg OWL)小结语义网(Semantic Web)Tim Berners-Lee 推动的互联网2.0 版 全面应用元数据技术(标识所有的东西)而且是机器可以理解的“元数据”本体技术是实现语义网的核心 注意:不要和语义网络(Semantic Network)混淆译自Alan Rector et.al.的 Ontology Design Patterns and ProblemsTim Berners-Lee 讲故事 The entertainment system was belting out the Beatles We Can Work It Out when the phone rang.When Pete answered,his phone turned the sound down by sending a message to all the other local devices that had a volume control.His sister,Lucy,was on the line from the doctors office:Mom needs to see a specialist and then has to have a series of physical therapy sessions.Biweekly or something.Im going to have my agent set up the appointments.Pete immediately agreed to share the chauffeuring.From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee 讲故事 At the doctors office,Lucy instructed her Semantic Web agent through her handheld Web browser.The agent promptly retrieved information about Moms prescribed treatment from the doctors agent,looked up several lists of providers,and checked for the ones in-plan for Moms insurance within a 20-mile radius of her home and with a rating of excellent or very good on trusted rating services.It then began trying to find a match between available appointment times(supplied by the agents of individual providers through their Web sites)and Petes and Lucys busy schedules.(The emphasized keywords indicate terms whose semantics,or meaning,were defined for the agent through the Semantic Web.)From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee 讲故事 In a few minutes the agent presented them with a plan.Pete didnt like itUniversity Hospital was all the way across town from Moms place,and hed be driving back in the middle of rush hour.He set his own agent to redo the search with stricter preferences about location and time.Lucys agent,having complete trust in Petes agent in the context of the present task,automatically assisted by supplying access certificates and shortcuts to the data it had already sorted through.From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 Tim Berners-Lee 讲故事 Almost instantly the new plan was presented:a much closer clinic and earlier timesbut there were two warning notes.First,Pete would have to reschedule a couple of his less important appointments.He checked what they werenot a problem.The other was something about the insurance companys list failing to include this provider under physical therapists:Service type and insurance plan status securely verified by other means,the agent reassured him.(Details?)Lucy registered her assent at about the same moment Pete was muttering,Spare me the details,and it was all set.(Of course,Pete couldnt resist the details and later that night had his agent explain how it had found that provider even though it wasnt on the proper list.)From TBLs Scientific American Article:The Semantic Web,2001 语义网的协议 XML 标注的语法 XML Schema 标注结构和用词的限制 RDF 资源(对象)的数据模型(实体关系)RDF Schema 描述实体和关系的词汇定义 OWL 对RDF Schema 的扩展 描述逻辑(DL)的Web 化译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A 语义网与AI 的关系 语义网 采取“主语谓语宾语”的形式 一种表达元数据的简单方式 结构化和定义名词的方法 有限推理 与应用相关的规则 模糊逻辑 AI 还包括 联想 空间推理 图像,文字识别 复杂的决策流程译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A 所以SW 只是对AI的一小部分在Web 应用中的扩展语义网与AI 的关系 语义网避免了AI 中的难题,例如 目前的机器还不能很好的理解一副图像或是一篇文章 语义网采取的方法是对这些文章和图像进行标注 也就是说用元数据弥补AI 的不足译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A RDF(Resource Description Framework)RDF 是一组语句,数学上可以表达为:资源:元素,URI.属性:两个资源间的关系(单向)语句:主语(资源)属性(谓语)宾语(资源)RDF 是关于这样的语句的通用模型译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A OWL OWL 是对RDF 的扩展:定义应用中的术语(ontologies)对属性进行限定(e.g.,cardinality constraints)对属性的逻辑特点进行定义(e.g.,transitivity,functionality)定义不同本体之间的对等术语。译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A SW Tools(Graphical)Editors:IsaViz(Xerox Research/W3C),RDFAuthor(Univ.of Bristol),Protege 2000(Stanford Univ.),SWOOP(Univ.of Maryland),Orient(IBM)IsaViz(Xerox Research/W3C),RDFAuthor(Univ.of Bristol),Protege 2000(Stanford Univ.),SWOOP(Univ.of Maryland),Orient(IBM)Programming Environments:Jena(for Java,includes OWL reasoning and SPARQL queries),RDFLib(for Python),Redland(in C,with interfaces to Tcl,Java,PHP,Perl,Python,and with SPARQL queries),SWI-Prolog,IBMs Semantic Toolkit,Jena(for Java,includes OWL reasoning),RDFLib(for Python),Redland(in C,with interfaces to Tcl,Java,PHP,Perl,Python),SWI-Prolog,IBMs Semantic Toolkit,Databases(either based on an internal sql engine or fully triple based):Kowari,Gateway,Sesame,3Store,Jenas Joseki,Oracle Database 10g,RDF and OWL validators:W3Cs RDF Validator,BBN OWL Validator,Pellet OWL Reasoner You can always start looking at W3Cs RDF developer site 译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A 语义网和Web Service 的关系静态 500 million users and more than 3 billion pages语法SW and WS 解决的问题 information finding,information extraction,information representation,information interpretation and and information maintenance.Semantic WebRDF,RDF(S),OWL静态语法 语义SW and WS 让网站服务器变成可计算的Semantic WebRDF,RDF(S),OWL动态Web ServicesUDDI,WSDL,SOAP静态语法 语义SW and SW 互联网的真正潜力Semantic WebRDF,RDF(S),OWL动态Web ServicesUDDI,WSDL,SOAP静态Intelligent WebServices语法 语义还有许多理论问题待解 开世界 vs.闭世界假设,推理的单调性 概率方法和模糊逻辑 译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A 目前SW 的科研热点 改善推理算法和实现 改善可扩展性(OWL Full)时空推理,模糊逻辑 更好的组件化(部分本体的引用和导入)描述逻辑和其他逻辑的关系(Web 上的应用)网上本体的管理 译自Ivan Herman,W3C 的SW Q&A OWL The Web Ontology Language W3C 标准 源于 DAML(frames)和 Oil(DLs in Frame clothing)建立在RDF-Schema 的基础上 三种“风味”OWL-Lite 简单但是功能有限 OWL-DL 复杂但是可以支持自动推理 OWL-Full 高表达能力,但是有逻辑推理问题 Russel Paradox etc etc译自Alan Rector et.al.的 Ontology Design Patterns and Problems一个简单的例子:动物Living ThingGrassAnimalPlantTreeBody PartArmLegPersonCowCarnivoreHerbivoreeatseatseatshas part译自Alan Rector et.al.的 Ontology Design Patterns and ProblemsOntology 工程的工具Protg http:/protege.stanford.edu/index.htmlOWL 实例演示 Named Classes and Disjoint Classes OWL Properties Inverse Properties,Functional Properties,Inverse Functional Properties Transitive Properties,Symmetric Properties Property Domains and Ranges Describing And Defining Classes Property Restrictions.Existential Restrictions Using A Reasoner Determining the OWL Sub-Language Inconsistent Classes Necessary And Sufficient Conditions(Primitive and Defined Classes)Automatic Classification Universal Restrictions Automatic Classification and Open World Reasoning(Closure Axioms)Value Partitions(Covering Axioms)Cardinality Restrictions 小结 什么是本体技术?什么是语义网技术?什么是OWL 语言?如何应用Protg OWL 进行本体建模 所有这些与信息智能处理的关系?作业 请下载到课程网站上下载Protg OWL 相关软件和练习文档。并根据练习文档的步骤在安装的软件中逐一实习。练习文档中说的Racer 已经无法下载了,请用网上提供的Pellet 引擎。你需要安装JVM,可以到网上下载。解压Pellet 包后直接运行Pellet-Dig 命令,即可在本机http:/localhost:8081 上开启DIG 推理引擎服务。GraphViz 是观看定义的Ontology 图所需软件。所有程序安装后,在Protg 菜单Project 下的Config 中开启OWLWiz Tab,即可。其他问题可以上网搜索或发邮件问我。关于课堂热烈讨论的后记 通过今天课堂上和大家的讨论让我明白了一个我课前不明白的东西,所以也是今天课上没有讲清楚的东西。在这里和大家分享:关于任何事物的分类往往都是基于对属性取值范围限定完成的。这些属性可以是它们的颜色,形状,结构,成分,味道,声音,以及其他一些更抽象的属性。(比如Pizza 可以根据成分分成奶酪Pizza 和素食Pizza,也可以根据形状分成厚Pizza 和薄Pizza)换句话说,如果我们把属性想像成为一个抽象空间的维度(即坐标方向),每一个事物(Pizza)就成为了这个空间中的一个点,可以通过其坐标(属性)来唯一标识。子类对应着这一空间中的不同范围,即属性值有一定限制的子空间。这些子类可以是有命名的,也可以是没有命名。这些子空间(子类)之间可以有交叉,包含,排斥等逻辑关系,从而可以进行推理。(如找出一些具有特定属性的Pizza 属于哪些子类?)在OWL 中,属性的限定是通过对映射关系的限定表达的,比如对从Pizza 空间向Topping 的成分空间的映射关系的限定。例如“所有包含ChessTopping 的Pizza”(hasTopping some ChessTopping)是一个对hasTopping 关系的值域的限定。它定义了一个没有命名的Pizza 子类。所以课上讲的Topping 和Base,以及没有来及讲的Spiciness 和CountryOfOrigini 都是对Pizza 的属性的值域的定义。对应Pizza 的分类(Ontology 建模)即是基于对这些属性的限定完成的。从线性代数中关于线性空间的知识我们知道,最精简的分类和表达,肯定是来源于那些相互独立(正交)的属性(维度/坐标)。如何找到这些精简的维度呢?不知道有没有说清楚,感兴趣的同学可以找我讨论。最后非常感谢今天参加讨论的同学们,希望大家继续这种精神。9、静夜四无邻,荒居旧业贫。5 月-235 月-23Sunday,May 21,2023 10、雨中黄叶树,灯下白头人。03:36:2203:36:2203:365/21/2023 3:36:22 AM 11、以我独沈久,愧君相见频。5 月-2303:36:2203:36May-2321-May-23 12、故人江海别,几度隔山川。03:36:2203:36:2203:36Sunday,May 21,2023 13、乍见翻疑梦,相悲各问年。5 月-235 月-2303:36:2203:36:22May 21,2023 14、他乡生白发,旧国见青山。21 五月 20233:36:22 上午03:36:225 月-23 15、比不了得就不比,得不到的就不要。五月 233:36 上午5 月-2303:36May 21,2023 16、行动出成果,工作出财富。2023/5/21 3:36:2203:36:2221 May 2023 17、做前,能够环视四周;做时,你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。3:36:22 上午3:36 上午03:36:225 月-23 9、没有失败,只有暂时停止成功!。5 月-235 月-23Sunday,May 21,2023 10、很多事情努力了未必有结果,但是不努力却什么改变也没有。03:36:2203:36:2203:365/21/2023 3:36:22 AM 11、成功就是日复一日那一点点小小努力的积累。5 月-2303:36:2203:36May-2321-May-23 12、世间成事,不求其绝对圆满,留一份不足,可得无限完美。03:36:2203:36:2203:36Sunday,May 21,2023 13、不知香积寺,数里入云峰。5 月-235 月-2303:36:2203:36:22May 21,2023 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。21 五月 20233:36:22 上午03:36:225 月-23 15、楚塞三湘接,荆门九派通。五月 233:36 上午5 月-2303:36May 21,2023 16、少年十五二十时,步行夺得胡马骑。2023/5/21 3:36:2203:36:2221 May 2023 17、空山新雨后,天气晚来秋。3:36:22 上午3:36 上午03:36:225 月-23 9、杨柳散和风,青山澹吾虑。5 月-235 月-23Sunday,May 21,2023 10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。03:36:2203:36:2203:365/21/2023 3:36:22 AM 11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。5 月-2303:36:2203:36May-2321-May-23 12、越是无能的人,越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。03:36:2203:36:2203:36Sunday,May 21,2023 13、知人者智,自知者明。胜人者有力,自胜者强。5 月-235 月-2303:36:2203:36:22May 21,2023 14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。21 五月 20233:36:22 上午03:36:225 月-23 15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。五月 233:36 上午5 月-2303:36May 21,2023 16、业余生活要有意义,不要越轨。2023/5/21 3:36:2203:36:2221 May 2023 17、一个人即使已登上顶峰,也仍要自强不息。3:36:22 上午3:36 上午03:36:225 月-23MOMODA POWERPOINTLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit.Fusce id urna blandit,eleifend nulla ac,fringilla purus.Nulla iaculis tempor felis ut cursus.感 谢 您 的 下 载 观 看专家告诉