2023年英语语法之动词时态与语态.pdf

学习必备 欢迎下载 英语语法专题讲解动词的时态与语态 动词的时态 英语中不同时间或方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间或方式的动词形式称作动词时态。时间主要有四个主要部分，即现在、过去、将来和过去将来。动作方式也有四种，即一般、完成、进行和完成进行。中学课本中需掌握的时态主要有九种：时态的构成形式列表：按时间分 按方式分 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 I do I did I shall do I should do 进行 I am doing I was doing I shall be doing I should be doing 完成 I have done I had done I shall have done I should have done 完成进行 I have been doing I had been doing I shall have been doing I should have been doing 一、一般现在时(do/does)主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有 often,always,from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律、永恒真理、名言警句等。He usually goes to work at 7 oclock every morning.She has a brother who lives in New York.The earth goes around the sun.Practice makes perfect.注意事项：1.表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.2.在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。如：If he accepts the job,he will get more money soon.When I have enough money,I shall travel around the world.3.在 make sure(certain),mind,care,matter 宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。So long as he works hard,I don t mind when he finishes the experiment.Please make sure that you turn off the light after you leave the house.4.在 the+比较级，the+比较级 的句型中,若主句是一般将来时,从句通常用一般现在时。The harder you study,the better results you will get.学习必备 欢迎下载 二、一般过去时(did)表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或表示过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday;just now;last week;in 1945,at that time;once;a few days ago 等等。如：Where did you go just now?When I was a child,I often played football in the street.注意事项：1.used to+do 表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作，to 为不定式，后接动词原形。be/become/get used to+doing，表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot.He has got used to getting up early.2.在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。He said he would buy me a computer if he got a raise.三、一般将来时 表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况，常和 tomorrow,next year,in 2046 等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达 6 种。1）用 shall/will do 表示(shall 用于第一人称，will 用于各人称)如：The rain will stop soon.Shall we go there at five?2）用 be going to do 表示。a.主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?b.计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。c.有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds,it is going to rain.3）用 be to do 表示，指按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.4）用 be about to do 表示，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing.注意：be about to do 不能与 tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。5)用现在进行时表示。常见动词为表示位置转移的动词如：go,come,leave,start,arrive 等，可用现在进行时表示将来时。如：Uncle Wang is coming.Theyre leaving for Beijing.6)用一般现在时表示。根据规定或时间表预计要发生的动作，在时间和条件状语从句中，都可用一般现在时表示将来时。如：The new term starts(begins)on August 29th.If it doesnt rain tomorrow,we will go out for a picnic.注意事项：在“祈使句+and/or+句子”结构中，and/or 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。如：Use your head and you will find a way.Run faster or you will not have any other chance to catch up with him.四、现在完成时(have/has done)表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在；也可表示从过去某时间开始，一直持续到现在的动作或状态。I have been to shanghai.He hasn t given me any more trouble since then.即现在过去将来和过去将来动作方式也有四种即一般完成进行和完成进的现在状况和特点表示经常或习惯性的动作句子中常有等时间状语表示用一般现在时代替一般将来时在比较级比较级的句型中若主句是一般将学习必备 欢迎下载 现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语：1.for+时间段；since+时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years.They have lived in Beijing since 1995.2.常见的不确定的时间状语：lately;recently,already,yet,up to now;till now;so far,these days.Has it stopped raining yet?So far I have learned over 3000 English words.3.在一些表示最近几世纪/年/月以来的时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over the past few years;during the last three months;for the last few centuries,through centuries;throughout history等。如：China has developed a lot over the past few years.4.在句型 It/This/That is the/my first/second time that和 It/This/That is+形容词最高级(the best,worst,only,most interesting )+名词that中，that 从句中要用现在完成时。如：This is my first time that I have visited China.This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.That is the only book that he has written.五、过去完成时(had done)表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在过去的过去，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。By the end of last term we had finished the book.They finished the task earlier than we had expected.注意事项：1.在 hardly/scarcely.when;no sooner.than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.2.表示某人第几次做某事，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.3.动词 hope,expect,think,intend,mean,want,suppose,plan 等用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。I had hoped that I could do the job.I had intended to see you but I was too busy.六、将来完成时(will have done)表示在将来某时刻之前已完成的动作或到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then.You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.注意事项：1.常用的时间状语一般是 by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year,by 8 o clock this evening,by March next year 以及由 by the time,before 或 when 等引导的副词从句。By the end of next month,he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot.By the time you reach the station,the train will have left.By next Tuesday,I will have got ready for the exams.2.在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.即现在过去将来和过去将来动作方式也有四种即一般完成进行和完成进的现在状况和特点表示经常或习惯性的动作句子中常有等时间状语表示用一般现在时代替一般将来时在比较级比较级的句型中若主句是一般将学习必备 欢迎下载 七、现在进行时(am/is/are doing)a.表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。例如：We are waiting for you.b.表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Green is writing another novel.c.表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：The leaves are turning red.Its getting warmer and warmer.d.与 always,constantly,forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changing your mind.注意事项：1.在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。Look out when you are crossing the street.2.表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。Marry is leaving on Friday.八、过去进行时(was/were doing)表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。常用的时间状语有 this morning,the whole morning,all day yesterday,from nine to ten last evening,when,while等。例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.It was raining when they left the station.When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.注意：过去进行时也可以表示过去将来的含义。九、将来进行时(will be doing)表将来某个时间正在发生的动作或状态，或按预测将来会发生的事情。例如：Shell be coming soon.Ill be meeting him sometime in the future.注意：将来进行时不用于表示意志，不能说 Ill be having a talk with her.动词的语态 动词的语态有两种：一种是主动语态（主语是动作的执行者），另一种是被动语态（主语是动作的承受者）。被动语态的构成：助动词 be+（not）+（及物动词的）过去分词 此时，由助动词 be 来反映时态的变化，常见有以下八种形式：一般现在时 am+过去分词 现在进行时 am+being+过去分词 is is are are 一般过去时 was+过去分词 过去进行时 was+过去分词 were were 一般将来时 will+be+过去分词 过去将来时 would+be+过去分词 shall should 现在完成时 have+been+过去分词 过去完成时 had+been+过去分词 has 即现在过去将来和过去将来动作方式也有四种即一般完成进行和完成进的现在状况和特点表示经常或习惯性的动作句子中常有等时间状语表示用一般现在时代替一般将来时在比较级比较级的句型中若主句是一般将学习必备 欢迎下载 情态动词+（not）+be+（及物动词的）过去分词 can+be+过去分词 may must 主动语态变为被动语态的方法：主动语态：主语+谓语动词+宾语 （执行者）（承受者）被动语态：主语+be+过去分词（+by+执行者）（承受者）一般省略 被动语态的用法：1.当不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时（如例句 1）。2.当需要强调动作的承受者而不是执行者时（如例句 2）。1.自从 1988 年以来，工人们建造了三座大桥。The workers have built three bridges since 1988.（主动语态）Three bridges have been built(by the workers)since 1988.（被动语态）（推荐）2.那个学校教日语。Japanese is taught in that school.注意：感官动词主动语态的宾语补足语是不带 to 的不定式，变为被动语态时，该不定式前要加to。例如：The teacher made me go out of the classroom.-I was made to go out of the classroom(by the teacher).We saw him play football on the playground.-He was seen to play football on the playground(by us).被动语态中的特殊用法：1.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词是一个整体，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。例如：My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.Such a thing has never been heard of before.2.表示据说或相信 的词组，基本上由 believe,consider,declare,expect,feel,report,say,see,suppose,think,understand等组成。例如：It is said that 据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that 大家相信 It is hoped that 大家希望 It is well known that 众所周知 It is thought that 大家认为 It is suggested that 据建议 It has been decided that 大家决定 It must be remembered that 务必记住的是 3.主动形式表示被动意义 1）wash,clean,cook,iron,look,cut,sell,read,wear,feel,draw,write,sell等。例如：即现在过去将来和过去将来动作方式也有四种即一般完成进行和完成进的现在状况和特点表示经常或习惯性的动作句子中常有等时间状语表示用一般现在时代替一般将来时在比较级比较级的句型中若主句是一般将学习必备 欢迎下载 The book sells well.这本书销路好。This knife cuts easily.这刀子很好用。The carpet washed easily.这地毯很好洗。2）blame,let(出租)等。sb be to blame./sth be to let.例如：I was to blame for the accident.The house is to let.3）在 need,require,want,worth(形容词),deserve 后的动名词必须用主动形式。例如：The door needs/requires/wants repairing.门需要修了。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。Jack deserves praising.Jack 值得受到表扬 The library needs_,but itll have to wait until Sunday.A.cleaning B.be cleaned C.clean D.being cleaned 随堂练习：1.-Do you know our town at all?-No,this is the first time I _ here.A.was B.have been C.came D.am coming 2.They cant leave until they _ their work.A.did B.are doing C.have done D.has done 3.Has he seen this film?Yes.He _ it several days ago.A.saw B.has seen C.had seen D.was seeing 4.Now Mike isnt here.He _ Mr Greens.Perhaps he _ back in a few minutes.A.went to;is coming B.has gone to;will come C.has been to;will be D.is going to;has come 5.That day he _ his clothes before he came to see me.A.has washed B.washed C.had been washing D.was washed 6.I havent finished my composition.I _ for two hours and a half.A.have written it B.have been writing it C.wrote it D.am writting it 7.The bridge which _ last year looks really beautiful.A.was built B.built C.was set up D.had been built 8.I _ here since I moved here.A.will work B.worked C.work D.have been working 9.Where _ the recorder?I cant see it anywhere.I _ it right here.But now its gone.A.did you put/have put B.have you put/put C.had you put/was putting D.were you putting/have put 10.Dont come tonight.I would rather you _ tomorrow.A.come B.came C.will come D.coming 11.This cloth _well and _ long.Ok.Ill take it.A.washes/lasts B.is washed/lasted C.washes/is lasted D.is washing/lasting 12.I _ see you,but I didnt,for I had no time.A.had wanted to B.has wanted to C.wanted D.was wanted 13.I _ in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.A.have lived B.was living C.will be living D.shall have lived 14.By this time next year he _ from the college.即现在过去将来和过去将来动作方式也有四种即一般完成进行和完成进的现在状况和特点表示经常或习惯性的动作句子中常有等时间状语表示用一般现在时代替一般将来时在比较级比较级的句型中若主句是一般将学习必备 欢迎下载 A.will be graduating B.should be graduating C.will have graduated D.is graduating 15.I dont know when he _,but when he _,Ill let you know.A.will come/comes B.comes/will come C.comes/comes D.will come/will come 16.Jim_ a late night film at home when,right in the middle of a thrilling scene,the television went blank.(2013 陕西)A.watched B.had watched C.was watching D.would be watching 17.We are confident that the environment _ by our further efforts to reduce pollution.(2013 辽宁)A.had been improved B.will be improved C.is improved D.was improved 18.He was unhappy when he sold his guitar.After all,he _ it for a very long time.(2013 辽宁)A.has had B.had had C.has D.had 19.The girl has a great interest in sport and _ badminton classes twice a week over the last three years.(2013 福建)A.took B.is taking C.takes D.has been taking 20.I dont understand why you didnt go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.Im so sorry.But I _ my homework.(2013 湖南)A.had done B.was doing C.would do D.am doing 21.Could I use your car tomorrow morning?Sure.I _ a report at home.（2013 江苏）A.will be writing B.will have written C.have written D.have been writing 22.Close the door of fear behind you,and you _ the door of faith open before you.(2012湖南)A.Saw B.have seen C.will see D.are seeing 23.I feel so excited!At this time tomorrow morning I_to Shanghai.(2012辽宁)A.will be flying B.will fly C.have been flying D.have flown 24.They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house _.(2012四川)A.is being rebuilt B.has been rebuilt C.is rebuilt D.has rebuilt 25.Life is like walking in the snow,Granny used to say,because every step_.(2012全国)A.has shown B.is showing C.shows D.showed 26.When did the computer crash?一 This morning,while I _ the reading materials downloaded from some websites.(2012福建)A.have sorted B.was sorting C.am sorting D.had sorted 27.Have you heard about that fire in the market?Yes,fortunately no one _.(2012 北京)A.hurt B.was hurt C.has hurt D.had been hurt 28.The manager was concerned to hear that two of his trusted workers _.(2012山东)A.will leave B.are leaving C.have left D.were leaving 29.The moment _ soon,he thought to himself,waiting nervously.(2012湖南)A.came B.has come C.was coming D.is coming 30.Do you think Mom and Dad _ late?No,Swiss Air is usually on time.(2013北京)A.were B.will be C.would be D.have been 即现在过去将来和过去将来动作方式也有四种即一般完成进行和完成进的现在状况和特点表示经常或习惯性的动作句子中常有等时间状语表示用一般现在时代替一般将来时在比较级比较级的句型中若主句是一般将