2023年初中英语知识小结句子.pdf

学习文档 仅供参考 句 子 简单句 简单句通常只由一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语构成，一般分为以下4 种：陈述句 陈述句的否认形式：1）谓语动词如果是 be(am,is,are,was,were)、情态动词时，在它们的后面加”not”2）谓语动词如没有上述词语而是其它动词时，须在它的前面加 do not(dont);does not(doesnt);did not(didnt)3）如果 have/has+过去分词的现在完成时结构，have/has是助动词，否认形式是 havent/hasnt 特别注意：句子中含有little,few,hardly,never,neither,nor,seldom等词时，视为否认句。如：Few people live there because life there is very hard.疑问句 一、一般疑问句：用 yes 或 no 来答复的疑问句 陈述句变一般疑问句：1）谓语动词如果是 be(am,is,are,was,were)、情态动词时，直接把 be 动词或情态动词提到句首 2）谓语动词如没有上述词而是其它动词时，则在主语前面加助动词do/does/did，原来动词改为原形 二、特殊疑问句：要求具体答复的问句结构：疑问词+一般疑问句+？常用疑问代词：who,whom,whose,which,what 常用疑问副词：when,where,why,how 三、反义疑问句：含义：表示对陈述句所说的事实提出相反的疑问，要求对方用yes 或 no 来答复 由两部分构成：前一部分是陈述句，后一部分是疑问句be,have，助动词或情态动词+主语 注意：1陈述句是肯定句，反义疑问句必须用否认结构；陈述句是否认句，反义疑问句必须用肯定结构 2反义疑问句的两部分，必须保持人称和时态的一致 三、反义疑问句的答复 无论哪种形式的反义疑问句，答复时都要遵循:“Yes+肯定形式”或者“No+否认形式”例句：1-The man went away,didn t he?那个人走了，不是吗？-Yes,he did.是的他走了。/No,he didn t 不，他没走。2-He isn t old,is he?他不老，是吗？-Yes,he is.不，他很老/No,he isn t.是的，他不老。感慨句 含义：用来表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情。结构：1）对含有形容词或副词的名词短语感慨的结构通常是“what+(a/an)+形容词+名词+主语+谓语 用来强调句子中的名词。如：What a beautiful girl(she is)!学习文档 仅供参考 2）对形容词或副词进行感慨的结构通常是“How+形容词/副词+主语+谓语!”，用来强调句子中的形容词、副词。如：How beautiful the girl is!祈使句 含义：用来表示请求、命令等。它的主语you 往往不说出。肯定形式：动词原形+其他。如：Please open the door.请开门。否认形式：Dont+动词原形+其他。如：Dont look back.不要回头看 特别注意：以“Lets”引出的祈使句的否认结构，”not”应该放在”lets”的后面。如：Lets not trouble him.主谓一致 含义：谓语受主语的支配，必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。一般遵循以下几条原则：一、语法一致原则：1）以单数名词或代词，动词不定是作主语时，谓语动词要用单数；主语为复数时，谓语用复数。如：To work hard is necessary for a student.2）由 and 或 bothand连接的并列成分作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：Both he and I are right.注：并列主语如是同一人、物或概念时，谓语动词用单数，如：His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl.连结的两个或多个主语前如果有 each,every,no等修饰语时后面的一个有时也可省略，后面的谓语动词用单数形式。如：Every man and every woman is busy at working.3)由 some,any every,no构成的复合词somebody，nobody，everything，anything 等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。例句：Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate.有人在学校门口等你。4成双成对出现的复数名词glasses,scissors,shoes,trousers,pants,gloves,stockings等作主语时，通常谓语动词用复数，如：Where is my shoes?；但如果前面有 a/the pair of；a/the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要用单数，如：My new pair of socks is on the bed.5)以“-s”结尾的“复数”名词 例如；一些学科名词 mathematics,physics,politics等，或以“-s”结尾的地点名词、人名等词后面的谓语动词通常用单数。如：Mathematics is my favorite subject.6the+形容词表示一类人时，谓语动词用复数形式，表示抽象概念时，用单数形式。例如：The poor are very happy,but the rich are sad.穷人很快乐，富人却过得不快乐。7“the+姓氏复数形式”表示一家人时，谓语一般用复数。如：The Smiths are having dinner.8 a number of+复数名词表示“很多，大量“，谓语动词用复数；the number of+复数名词表示“的数目“时，谓语动词用单数。如：A number of famous people were invited to party.许多名人都被邀请参加这个聚会 The number of the students is over eight hundred.我们学校的学生数超过 800 人。二、意义一致原则：1单、复数同型的词people，means，sheep，deer，fish 等，其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。例句：All of the people in the country have been prepared for the great reformation.这个国家的人都已经为大变革做好了准备。2多数情况下，由“what”引导的名词性从句作主语时，其后的谓语动词通常用单数形式。例句：What I want to say is just“Take care!”.我只想说：“多保重！”3 英语的集体名词committee,crowd,family,public,group,party,team,class,club,company,union等词，指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。例句：My family was very poor when I was a little girl.当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。学习文档 仅供参考 My family are all looking forward for your coming.我的家人都在期待着你的到来。4从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。例句：When to leave has not been decided.什么时候离开还没有定下来。Go shopping on Sunday is one of his habits.周日购物是他的一个习惯。Note：如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。例句：What he said and what he did were always different.他所说的和他所做的总是不一样。5专用名词，如：书名、剧名、报刊名、国家组织名等，通常作单数用。例句：The United States was found it 1776.美国成立于 1776年。6表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。例句：10 minutes is enough.十分钟足够了。7加减乘除等数学运算谓语动词通常用单数。例句：2 and 3 is 5.二加三于五。8“分数或百分数+of+名词“构成的词组作主语是，其谓语动词要以 of 后面的名词而定。名词是复数，谓语动词用复数；名词是单数，谓语动词用单数。如：It is said that 35 percent of the doctors are women.Three quarters of the surface of the earth is sea.三、就近原则：1当 there be 句型的主语是一系列事物时，谓语应与最邻近的主语保持一致。There is a pen,a knife and several books on the desk.There are two apples and one egg in it.2当 or,either or,neither nor,not only but also等连接的并列主语时，谓语动词与最 近的主语保持一致。如：Either you or I am right.要么是你对，要么是我对。3如果句子是由 here,there引导，而主语又不止一个时，谓语通常也和最邻近的主语一致。Here is a pen and some books for you.四、主语一致原则：当主语后面跟有 with,along with,together with,like,except,but,no less than,as well as 等词引起的短语时，谓语动词与前面的主语一致。如：He as well as I wants to go shopping.倒装句 一、so+助动词/be 动词+主语 意为：与前者情况一样 如：He likes playing football.So do I.二、so+主语+助动词/be 动词 意为：确实如此 如：He likes playing football.So he does.句 子 复合句 宾语从句 一、宾语从句的定义 置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句 二、宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分 学习文档 仅供参考 三、宾语从句中引导词的用法 一that 引导的宾语从句在非正式场合 that 可以省略 可跟 that 从句做宾语的动词有：say,think,insist,wish,hope,demand,imagine,wonder,know,suppose,see,believe,agree,admit,deny,expect,explain,order,command,feel,dream,suggest,hear,mean,notice,prefer,request,require,propose,declare,report等。例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think,believe,suppose,expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否认时，常把否认转移至主句表示。例句：I dont think it is right for him to treat you like that.二由 whether,if 引导的宾语从句 由 whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中 whether 与 if 可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下 if 与 whether 是不能互换的。例句：I wonder whether(if)they will come to our party.只能用 whether，不能用 if 引导的宾语从句 与 or not 连用时 例句：I don t know whether they will come or not.在带 to 的不定式前 例句：We decided whether to walk there.在介词的后面 例句：Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film.只能用 if 不能用 whether引导的宾语从句 if 引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”例句：If it rains tomorrow,I won t go to the library.if 引导否认概念的宾语从句时 例句：He asked if I didnt come to school yesterday.引导状语从句 even if 即使和 as if 好象时 例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.三连接代词(who,whose,what,which)和连接副词(when,where,how,why)引导的宾语从句 这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。例句：Do you know who he is?例句：Nobody knows where she comes from.四、宾语从句的时态 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。例句：He said that he did his homework.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.学习文档 仅供参考 定语从句 一、概念：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。二、定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括 that，which，who宾格 whom，所有格 whose 等，关系副词包括 where，when，why 等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。三、定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词，主句与从句不用逗号分开，从句不可省去，非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开，起补充说明作用，如省去，意思仍完整。四、关系代词的用法 1).that 既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。作主语 The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。作宾语 2)which 用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。例如：The building which stands near the library is a.位于图书馆附近的那座大楼是一家超市。The film(which)we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。作宾语 3).who,whom用于指人，who 用作主语，whom 用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用 who 代替 whom，也可省略。例如：The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。作主语 Who is the teacher whom Li Ming is talking to？正在与李明谈话的老师是谁？作宾语 注意：1当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which 可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如：This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。2含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。例如：This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。（3）that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如：The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。4关系词只能用 that 的情况：a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用 which.例如：He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。b.被修饰的先行词为 all，any，much，many，everything，anything，none，the one 等不定代词时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop？你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？c.先行词被 the only，the very，the same，the last，little，few 等词修饰时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。d.先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用 that，而不用 which.例如：I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。学习文档 仅供参考 e.以 who 或 which 引导的特殊疑问句，为防止重复，只能用 that.例如：Who is the girl that is crying？正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁？f.主句是 there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用 that，而不用 which.例如：There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。5关系词只能用 which，而不用 that 的情况：a.先行词为 that，those 时，用 which，而不用 that.例如：Whats that which is under the desk？在桌子底下的那些东西是什么？b.关系代词前有介词时，一般用 which，而不用 that.例如：This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句，用 which，而不用 that.例如：Tom came back，which made us happy.汤姆回来了，这使我们很高兴。五、关系副词的用法 1when 指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。例如：This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。2where 指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。例如：This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。3 why 指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。例如：Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。状语从句 用来修饰主句中的动词，副词和形容词的从句叫状语从句。根据其含义状语从句可分为时间状语从句，地点状语从句，条件状语从句，原因状语从句，结果状语从句，比较状语从句，目的状语从句，让步状语从句。1.时间状语从句(1)时间状语从句常用 when,as,while,before,after,since,till,until,as soon as等连词来引导。例如：It was raining hard when got to school yesterday.While he was doing his homework,the telephone rang.As he walked along the lake,he sang happily.He had learned a little Chinese before he came to China.After he finished middle school,he went to work in a factory.(2)在时间状语从句里，通常不用将来时态，用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.I will tell him everything when he comes back.He wont believe it until he sees it with his own eyes.(3)在带有 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到 时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否认式，其含义是“直到 才”,“在 以前不”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.We wont start until Bob comes.Dont get off until the bus stops.2.条件状语从句(1)条件状语从句通常由 if,unless引导。例如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont lea ve the building unless I tell you to.(2)在条件状语从句里，谓语动词通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。例如：学习文档 仅供参考 Ill help you with your English if am free tomorrow.He wont be late unless he is ill.(3)“祈使句+and(or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。例如：Hurry up,or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up,youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard,you will pass the exam.3.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由 because,since,as引导。例如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining,we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question,Ill ask someone else.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。Because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。答复由 why提出的问题，只能用 because。As 和 since 语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由 as 和 since 引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car,he cant get there easily.Since we have no money,we cant buy it.(3)because和 so 不能同用在一个句子里。4.结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由 sothat,suchthat,so that引导。例如：He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.My pencil fell under the desk,so that I couldnt see it.(2)sothat语 such.that可以互换。例如：在由 so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so 是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是:“.so+形容词副词+that+从句”。例如：He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.在由 suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such 是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词 a 或 an。例如：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.(3)如果名词前由 many,much,little,few等词修饰时，只能用 so,不用 such。例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.5.比较状语从句 比较状语从句通常由 asas,比较级+than 等连词引导。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.学习文档 仅供参考 This classroom is as big as that one.6.目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that,in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的方法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词 can,could,may,might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you.(目的状语从句)Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest.(结果状语从句)7.让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由 although,though等连词引导。例如：Though he is young,he knows a lot.Although I am tired,I must go on working.(2)although(though)不能用在同一个句子中。例如：我们不能说：Though it was raining hard,but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard,he still went out.或 It was raining hard,but he still went out.8.地点状语从句 地点状语从句常常由 where来引导。例如：Go where you like.Where there is a will,there is a way.