2023年英语语法精品讲义.pdf

学习必备 欢迎下载 星火教育一对一辅导教案 学生姓名 性别 年级 初三 学科 英 语 授课教师 上课时间 年 月 日 第（）次课 共（）次课 课时：6 课时 教学课题 八大时态综合讲解 教学目标 知识目标：掌握八大时态的用法，能在不同的语境下选择相应的时态 能力目标：能解决有关时态的习题，并在设定的情景下，能够运用合适的时态进行观点的表达 情感目标：通过师生在教学的双边活动中主动性和创造性的发挥，激发学生的学习兴趣。教学重点与难点 教学重点：各种时态的结构及对应的标志性词语，短语 教学难点：动词的时态呼应，一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 教学过程 Step One 导入 T:Do you know the name of the film?S:Fast and Furious(速度与激情)T:Have you seen the film already?S1:Yes,I saw it last night.S2:No,but I will see it tomorrow.S3:No,but I hear it is an exciting movie.S4:学习必备 欢迎下载 Step Two 知识讲解与操练 现代英语语法将传统语法所说的“时态（Tense）”分成了两部分：即“时（Tense）”和“体（Aspect）”。“时”是指谓语动词发生或存在于不同时间的变化形式，而“体”则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式。动词时态考查的题型多以选择题、完形填空以及书面表达的形式出现，在中考中的比值较重。英语当中一共有16 种时态，中考考纲明确要求考查的是8 种，他们分别是(1）一般现在时 （2）一般过去时 （3）一般将来时 （4）现在进行时(5）过去进行时 （6）现在完成时 （7）过去完成时 （8）过去将来时 一般现在时 构成：a.主语be 的某种形式 b.主语V 原 c.主语（第三人称单数）Vs/es 当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词需加-s或-es：规则 动词原形 第三人称单数形式 一般在词尾加-s，(清辅音后读s，在浊辅音后读z；在 t 后读ts,在 d 后读dz。)play leave swim plays leaves swims 以字母 s,x,ch,sh,o 结尾的词加-es，读iz,如果动词原形词尾已有 e,则只加-s。pass fix teach passes fixes teaches 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的词，先变y 为 i,再加-es,读z。study carry fly studies carries flies 注意：动词 have 的第三人称单数是 has.一般现在时的用法(1)表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的副词连用。常用的频度副词有：sometimes,always、often、usually、seldom、never、every week(day,year,month),once a week、on Sundays,频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。如:He often goes swimming in summer.他夏天经常游泳。I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning.每天早上我七点离开家。(2）表示现在的状态。如：My father is at work.He is very busy.我父亲在工作，他很忙。The boy is twelve.这男孩十二岁。择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 3）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。如：All my family love football.我全家人都喜欢足球。My sister is always ready to help others.我妹妹总是乐于助人。Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。4)表示客观真理，客观存在，自然现象。如：The earth moves around the sun.地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of China.上海位于中国东部。5）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。但只限于 start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.火车明天上午六点开。He comes back tonight.他今晚回来。6）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。如：Ill tell him the news when he comes back.他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job,they will talk with you in greater details.如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。巩固训练 用括号内动词的适当形式填空。1.He often _(have)dinner at home.2.Daniel and Tommy _(be)in Class One.3.We _(not watch)TV on Monday.4.Nick _(not go)to the zoo on Sunday.5._ they _(like)the World Cup?6.What _they often _(do)on Saturdays?7._ your parents _(read)newspapers every day?8.The girl _(teach)us English on Sundays.9.She and I _(take)a walk together every evening.10.There _(be)some water in the bottle.11.Mike _(like)cooking.12.They _(have)the same hobby.13.My aunt _(look)after her baby carefully.14.You always _(do)your homework well.15.I _(be)ill.Im staying in bed.择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 一般过去时 构成：主语Ved(过去式)动词过去式的规则变化：构成规则 动词原形 动词过去式 一般在动词原形末尾加-ed，(在清辅音后读t；在浊辅音和元音后读d；在t,d后读id。look play work looked played worked 结尾是 e 的动词在末尾加-d like live hope liked lived hoped 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed plan stop drop planned stopped dropped 结尾是“辅音字母y”的动词，先变“y”为“i”再加-ed study worry cry studied worried cried 注：不规则动词过去式参见不规则动词表。一般过去时的用法 1）表示过去某个时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语yesterday,last week,an hour ago,just now,the other day,in 1982等连用。在一般过去式中，要表达“过多少时间之后”，一般用 after。几年后。如：Where did you go just now?刚才你上哪儿去了？After a few years,she started to play the piano.几年后，她开始弹钢琴。2）表示在过去，经常或反复发生的动作。常与 often,always等表示频度的副词连用。如：When I was a child,I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。3）一般过去式也可与 today,this week,this month,this year等表现在的时间壮语连用，但这些时间壮语须指过去的时间，决不包含“现在”“此时此刻”的意思。例如：Did you see him today?今天你看见他了吗？巩固训练 一、单项选择 1.My father ill yesterday Aisnt B.arent C.wasnt D.werent 择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 2.your parents at home last week A.Is B.Was C.Are D.Were 3.The twin in Dalian last year.They here now A.are;were B.were;are C.was;are D.were;was 4.your father at work the day yesterday(前天）A.Was;before B.Is;before C.Was;after D.Is;after 5.Who was on duty last Friday A.I am B.I was C.Yes,I was D.No,I wasnt 二、请用正确动词形式填空 1.I _(have)an exciting party last weekend.2._ she _(practice)her guitar yesterday?No,she _.3.What _ Tom _(do)on Saturday evening?He _(watch)TV and _(read)an interesting book.4.They all _(go)to the mountains yesterday morning.5.She _(not visit)her aunt last weekend.She _(stay)at home and _(do)some cleaning.一般将来时 构成：主语will/shall V 原 在口语中，will 在名词或代词后常缩为ll，will not 常简缩为 wont。在疑问句中，主语为第一人称时（I 和 we）时，常用助动词 shall。如：Shell go to play basketball.她要去打篮球。Shall we go to the zoo?我们要去动物园吗？、be going to+不定式，表示将来。表示主语进行某一行动的打算意图。这种打算常经过预先考虑并含有自己做好某些准备的意思。即计划，安排要发生的事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow?明天打算作什么呢？The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。、be+to V 原形 表将来，表示客观安排或受人指示而将要做某事。如：We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。、be about to+V 原形，意为马上、即将要做某事。不能与 tomorrow,next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。如：He is about to leave for Beijing.他马上要去北京。一般将来时的用法 1）、表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow,next year等连用。如：Ill meet 择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 you at the school gate tomorrow morning.2）、表示将来经常或反复发生的动作。例如：Ill come and see you every Saturday next year.明年我将每个星期六来看你。3）、表示说话人对于将来的看法、假设和推测，通常用 be afraid,be/feel sure,hope,know,think等后面的从句或与副词 perhaps,possibly,maybe等连用。如：I think shell go back home for supper.我想她会回家吃饭。Maybe shell go to the gym.也许她会去体育馆。巩固练习：巩固训练 单项选择 1.There _ a meeting tomorrow afternoon.A.will be going to B.will going to be C.is going to be D.will go to be 2.Charlie _ here next month.A.isnt working B.doesnt working C.isnt going to working D.wont work 3.He _ very busy this week,he _ free next week.A.will be;is B.is;is C.will be;will be D.is;will be 4.There _ a dolphin show in the zoo tomorrow evening.A.was B.is going to have C.will have D.is going to be 5._ you _ free tomorrow?No.I _ free the day after tomorrow.A.Are;going to;will B.Are;going to be;will C.Are;going to;will be D.Are;going to be;will be 6.Mother _ me a nice present on my next birthday.A.will give B.will give C.gives D.give 7.Shall I buy a cup of tea for you?_.（不，不要。）A.No,you wont.B.No,you arent.C.No,please dont.D.No,please.8.Where is the morning paper?I _ if for you at once.A.get B.am getting C.to get D.will get 9._ a concert next Saturday?A.There will be B.Will there be C.There can be D.There are 10.If they come,we _ a meeting.A.have B.will have C.had D.would have 过去将来时 构成：过去将来时由助动词 should 或 would 加动词原形构成。择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 过去将来时的用法 a用于从过去某一时间来看将要发生的事情。常用在宾语从句中表示从句的动作发生在主句动作之后。They said they would go to visit the second factory.他们说他们将要去参观第二个工厂。The teacher told us that there would be a concert the next Tuesday.老师告诉我们下周二将要有场音乐会。b过去将来时也可由“was/were going to+动词原形”来表示。She said she was going to see her uncle.她说她要去看望她的叔叔。注意：“would+动词原形”有时并不表示过去将来时，而表示一种客气的请求。Would you please open the window?巩固训练 单项选择 1.-The plane is leaving right now,but Jim hasnt arrived yet.-Well,he said he _here on time.A came B would come C can be D will be 2.She _that she _ her best to help them the next term.A.sayswill do B.saidwill do C.said would do D.sayswould do 3.Jack _ that they _ surprised to see it this Friday.A.know would be B.knows will be C.knew would be D.knew will be 4.She _ ill so she _ able to go skating the next day.A.is wont be B.is wouldnt be C.was won t be D.was wouldnt be 5.He _ the thief to the police when he _ the man again.A.would take would meet B.would takemet C.will take will meet D.will take meet 6.Li Ming said he _happy if Brian _to China next month.A was;come B was;would come C would be;came D will be;come 现在进行时 构成：am/is/are+动词的现在分词 动词 V-ing的构成形式 规则 原形-ing形式 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing listen spend listening spending 择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 stay staying 以不发音字母 e 结尾的动词，先去掉 e，再加-ing have prepare close having preparing closing 以重读闭音节结尾的动词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing sit begin run put sitting beginning running putting 以 ie 为重读音节结尾的动词，先去掉 e,把 i 改为 y,再加-ing lie die lying dying 以 er 结尾的动词，如是重读音节结尾，先双写 r，再加-ing；如不是重读音节结尾，就直接加-ing prefer water preferring watering 现在进行时的用法：1）、表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生或进行的动作。常与 now,right now,at this moment等时间状语连用。如：We are waiting for you now.我们正在等你。2）表示现阶段（说话前后一段时间内），一直在进行的活动。说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr.Green is writing another novel.他在写另一部小说。（说话时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。）He is thinking about this problem.这些天来他一直在考虑这个问题。3）表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，常与 always,constantly,forever 等词连用，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。如：You are always changing your mind.你老是改变主意。4）表示渐变，这样的动词有：get,grow,become,turn,run,go,begin等。例如：The leaves are turning red.叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer.天越来越热了。5）表示按计划或安排要发生的动作。1表移动的终止性动词（come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return 等）用于现在进行时，表示即将要发生动作。如：Im leaving tomorrow.明天我要走了。The train is arriving soon.火车要到了。巩固训练 单项选择 择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 1.”What is he doing?”“He _ music.”A.listening B.is listening C.listens to D.is listening to 2.Listen!She _ songs in English.A.sings B.sing C.is singing D.is sing 3.What _ you _ at?A.are;seeing B.are;watching C.are;listening D.are;looking 4.”Whats the man doing?”“He is _ his coat.”A.putting on B.putting C.wearing D.dressing 5.The people over there _ dancing.A.are B.is C.do D.does 6.”Is John playing computer games?”“_”A.Yes,he is B.No,he is C.Yes,he does D.No,he doesnt.7.Jim and Tom _ doing their homework in the classroom.A.am B.is C.are D.be 8.Mother isnt _a book,but shes _TV.A.seeing;seeing B.looking at;watching C.watching;looking D.reading;watching 9.”Whats your sister doing?”“_”A.She sings B.She often watches TV C.Shes singing D.Im singing.10.Look!The twins_their mother do the housework A.are wanting B.help C.are helping D.are looking 过去进行时 构成：was/were+动词的现在分词(-ing)过去进行时的用法：1）、表示在过去某时刻正在进行或发生的动作，通常与表过去的时间壮语连用。如：At this moment yesterday,I was packing for camp.昨天这个时候，我正在收拾东西去露营。2）、表移动的动词，如 come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return等词的过去进行时，可以表示过去将要发生的动作。例如：She told me that she was going to Hainan for her holiday.她告诉我她将去海南度假。3）、在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个动作正在进行。如：It was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站时，正下着雨。When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。4）在叙述或描写过去的事情时，过去进行时经常与其它过去时态，特别时是一般过去时连用。择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 但是过去进行时往往是表示背景。如：One night,he was typing in his study.Suddenly,a man broke into his house and cut off the electricity .一天晚上，他正在书房里打字。突然，一个人闯进屋来，切断了电源 巩固训练 一、用动词的适当形式填空。1.I _(have)my breakfast at half past six yesterday morning.2.Mary _(go)over her lessons from six to seven last night.John and peter _(do)the same thing.3.What _ you _(do)at that time?We _(watch)TV.4.Was your father at home yesterday evening?Yes,he was.He _(listen)to the radio.5.They _(not make)a model ship when I saw him.二、选择题。1.I _ cooked a meal when you _ me.A.cooked,were ringing B.was cooking,rang C.was cooking,were ringing D.cooked,rang 2.He said he _ to draw a plane on the blackboard at that time.A.tries B.tried C.was trying D.will try 3.While she _ TV,she _ a sound outside the room.A.was watching,was hearing B.watched,was hearing C.watched,heard D.was watching,heard 4.They _ a football game from 7 to 9 last night.A.were watching B.watch C.watched D.are watching 5.What book _ you _ when I _ you at four yesterday afternoon?A.did,read,was seeing B.did,read,saw C.were,reading,saw D.were,reading,was seeing 现在完成时 构成：助动词 have/has+动词的过去分词 过去分词的构成：过去分词的规则变化与动词过去式的变化相同，在动词词尾加-ed；不规则变化的过去分词见教科书不规则动词表。现在完成时的用法 1）、表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常与already,yet,ever,never,just，before 等词连用。如：择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 Have you ever cooked at home?你吃晚饭了吗？You have already grown much taller.你已经长高了许多。2）表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，并可能还要延续。往往和表示一段时间的时间状语连用，常用的有：for 一段时间；since+过去时间点或从句。（Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for 用来说明动作延续时间长度），提问用 How long.如：It has been five years since he joined the army.他参军五年了。They have learned English for eight years.他们已学了八年的英语了。3）、现在完成时需注意的问题：表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的壮语连用 appear,begin,borrow,lend,buy,close,come,die,fall,find,finish,join kill,leave,sell,stop 等。如：He has joined the army for five years.（错误）He has been in the army for five years.(正确)注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。I have received his letter for a month.（错）I havent received his letter for almost a month.（对）不能和明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday,last week,in 1998,two days ago等。have/has been to 和 have/has gone to 的区别：have/has been to have/has gone to 巩固训练 单项选择 1、Both his parents look sad.Maybe they _whats happened to him.A.knew B.have known C.must know D.will know 2、He has _ been to Shanghai,has he?A.already B.never C.ever D.still 3、Have you met Mr.Li _？A.just B.ago C.before D.a moment ago 4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year.A.is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written 5、Our country _ a lot so far.Yes.I hope it will be even _.A.has changed;well B.changed;good C.has changed;better D.changed;better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years.A.was;studying B.will;study C.has;studied D.are;studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl.A.know B.had known C.have known D.knew 择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film.I_ it twice.A.will see B.have seen C.saw D.see 9、These farmers have been to the United States.Really?When _ there?A.will they go B.did they go C.do they go D.have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet?Yes.I _ it a moment ago.A.Did;do;finished B.Have;done;finished C.Have;done;have finished D.will;do;finish 过去完成时 构成：助动词 had动词过去分词 过去完成时的用法：1、表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已完成的行为或存在的状态。即发生的时间是过去的过去。常与“by/before+过去时间”构成的短语连用。如：The train had already left before we arrived.在我到达之前，火车已经开走了。He said that he had learned some English before.他说过他以前学过一些英语。2、表示在过去某一时间点之前已经持续了一段时间的动作或状态，常与 for/since 引导的表示过去的时间壮语连用。如：I had lived in America for two years before I came here.我来这儿之前在美国住过两年。表示过去未曾实现的计划、愿望等。这种用法中常用的动词为 hope,want,plan,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等。如：We had hoped that you would come,but you didnt.那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。I had thought that all knew about it.我以为他们都知道这件事呢。巩固训练 单项选择 1He asked me _ during the summer holidays.A.where I had been B.where I had gone C.where had I been D.where had I gone 2.What _ Jane _ by the time he was seven?A.did,do B.has,done C did,did.D.had,done 3.I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A.learned B.was learning C.had learned D.learnt 4.She _lived here for _ years.A.had,a few B.has,several C.had,a lot of D.has,a great deal of 5.By the time my parents reached home yesterday,I _ the dinner already.择相应的时态能力目标能解决有关时态的习题并在设定的情景下能够运短语教学难点动词的时态呼应一般过去时与现在完成时的区别教学过程而体则指动作进行或过程处于什么状态的变化形式动词时态考查的题型学习必备 欢迎下载 A had cooked B.cooked C.have cooked D.was cooked 6.She said she _ the prin