2023年牛津译林版八年级英语全册语法知识点归纳总结全面汇总归纳.pdf
8A 语法 Unit 1 Friends 形容词比较级和最高级的变化规则 1.规则变化:(1)一般形容词+er+est(shorter,smaller,smallest)(2)以 e 结尾的形容词+r+st(nicer,larger,largest)(3)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词 变 y 为 i 再+er,est(busier,busiest;heavier,heaviest),一个穿红 big)热(hot)天(4)以重读闭音节结尾的形容词双写辅音字母+er,est 熟记:大()thin)又苗条(slimsadwet)透的伤感()胖(fat)子想要变得又瘦(red)衣浑身湿(2.不规则变化(1)good(well)-better-best (2)many(much)-more-most (3)ill(bad,badly)-worse-worst (4)far-farther(further)-farthest(furthest)(5)little-less-least (6)few-fewer-fewest 多音节的形容词比较级和最高级在词前加 more,most 3.popular-more popular-the most popular delicious-more delicious-the most delicious 可省略 the,而副词的最高级前 the 形容词的最高级前必须有注意:1 .比较级前常用 a bit,a little,much,a lot,even,far 等词表示程度 2.较三者或形容词最高级用来比 than;3.形容词比较级用来比较两者(人或事)句中常有 短语表示比较范围.句中常有 in 或 of(三者以上人或事),-)不如-,不及-)/not as/so+adj.+as(4.as+adj.+as(和-一样 Unit 2 School life 一、比较事物的数量-more-most 修饰不可数名词)修饰可数名词)1.many(much(数量多比+than 不可数名词/可数名词复数 more+e.g.I have more friends than you.2.few(修饰可数名词)-fewer-fewest little(修饰不可数名词)-less-least fewer+可数名词复数+than 比数量少 e.g.There are fewer boys than girls in our class.less+不可数名词+than 比数量少 e.g.I spend less money on food than my sister.3.the fewest+可数名词复数 在中最少 He has the fewest books.4.the least+不可数名词 在中最少 She has the least money of us.5.the most +可数名词复数/不可数名词 最多 Daniel has the most money.二、副词的比较级和最高级(构成方法及用法与形容词基本相同)1.一般在词尾直接加 er 或 est,例如,hard-harder-hardest fast-faster-fastest loud-louder-loudest 2、部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加 more 构成比较级和 most 构成最高 级,例如:slowly-more slowly-most slowly clearly-more clearly-most clearly carefully-more carefully-most carefully 3、副词比较级和最高级的不规则变化 well-better-best badly-worse-worst far-farther/further-farthest/furthest Unit 3 A day out 一、asas 的用法 表示 A 与 B 在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词/副词原级。(1)肯定句中的结构:“A+as+形容词/副词原级+as+B”,和某人或某物一样.的 如:English is as interesting as Chinese.英语和语文一样有趣。Dan studies as hard as his brother.Dan 和他的哥哥学习一样刻苦。B”不如”A 表示,+as+B”副词原级/形容词“A+not as/so+否定句中的结构:(2)如:This book isnt as/so new as that one.这本书不如那本书新。Jim doesnt dance as/so well as Daniel.吉姆没有丹尼尔跳舞跳得好。(3)not as/so.as 是同级比较,可以和比较级互相转换 例如:Nanjing is not as/so big as Shanghai.=Nanjing is smaller than Shanghai.=Shanghai is bigger than Nanjing.Diving isnt as interesting as swimming.=Diving is less interesting than swimming.=Swimming is more interesting than diving.(4)只有同类的事物才能比较 His house is as big as me.()His house is as big as mine.()(5)表示“A 是 B 的倍”时,用“A+倍数+as+形容词原级+as+B”结构。(一倍:once;二倍:twice;三倍以上:数字+times)如:Our school is three times as big as theirs.我们学校是他们学校的三倍大。The table is twice as long as that one.这张桌子是那张桌子的两倍长。二、反身代词的用法 1.单 数 复数 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself themselves herself itself 2.常和反身代词连用的动词短语。enjoy oneself 过得开心,玩得愉快 look after oneself=take care of oneself 照顾自己 hurt oneself 伤到某人自己 help oneself to 请随便吃 wash oneself 洗澡 make by oneself 自己做,独立完成 dress oneself 穿衣 buy for oneself/buy oneself sth 给自己买东西 look at oneself in the mirror 照镜子 say to oneself 自言自语 来源:学 科网 teach oneself=learn by oneself 自学 hide oneself 隐藏某人自己 come to oneself 苏醒 make yourself at home 别拘束 leave sb by oneself 把某人单独留下 lose oneself 迷失方向,迷路 (1)for oneself(用作副词)1)为了自己,例如:She kept the biggest piece of pie for herself.她把最大的一块馅饼给了自己。2)亲自,独自,独立(做),相当于 without being helped,与 by oneself 同义。例如:You should work out the problem for yourself.你应该独立解决这个问题。(2)by oneself(用作副词)1)独自一人(=alone),例如:She used to sit by herself and read.她从前常常独自坐着看书。2)独立地,单独地=without help,与 for oneself 同义。如:He finished it by himself.他独立完成那件事。注意:反身代词和它所指代的对象在人称、性别、数上必须保持一致。反身代词在句中不能单独作主语。Unit 4 Do it yourself 一、祈使句的用法 1.定义:祈使句表示命令、警告、提醒、建议、请求、叮嘱、号召等,谓语动词用原形,其否定形式就是在句首加 Dont。2.祈使句的类型:(1)行为动词类型:Open the door,please!请把门打开!Dont open the door,please!请不要开门!(2)以 let 开头的祈使句:Let me go there.让我去那儿吧。(3)“Be+形容词”类型:Be careful!小心!(4)“No+名词动名词”类型:No smoking!禁止吸烟!(5)祈使句的反义疑问句的简略疑问句,一般用 will you?但是 Lets.句型后加 shall we?二、用 should,had better 等提建议。(1)Would you like love(to do)sth.?这是一个很委婉的表示建议的句型,并带有与对方商量的意味,。”吗?你想要(做)“意为(2)Shall I we do sth?此句型是用来提建议或征求对方意见的,意为“我(们)做好吗?”,语气委婉,商量的语气较浓。(3)Lets do sth.当你觉得可以直截了当地向对方提出建议,让对方和自己一起去做某事时,常用该句型,意为“咱们做吧。”该句型后常加附加问句“shall we?”,使语气更加委婉。(4)主语+had better(not)do sth.该句型用于表示对下级、晚辈的劝告,往往带有命令、强制的语气,意为“某人最好(不要)做某事”。(5)Why dont you/we do sth.?表示向对方提出一种建议或询问某种原因,暗含有责备对方的意思,意为“为什么不?”。(6)What/How about(doing)sth.?如果是在讨论式的谈话中,可用该句型提出一个建议或引出一个新话题。(7)You should(not)do.,此句型意为“你(不)应该做”。should 的语气比 had better 要委婉。Unit 5 Wild animals 一、情态动词 may 的用法 1、当我们猜测某事发生的可能性时,常用 may 来表示“也许”、“可能”。may 表示“可能”时,通常只用于肯定句和否定句中,相当于 possibly、perhaps 或 maybe。The news may be true.=Maybe Perhaps the news is true.这个新闻可能是真的。The news may not be true.=Maybe Perhaps the news isnt true.这个新闻可能不是真的。He is away on business.He may not come to the party this evening.他出差了,可能不来参加今天晚上的聚会。2、我们可以用情态动词 may 来表示许可。You may have the cake now.现在你可以吃蛋糕了。May I see the letter?我可以看看这封信吗?Yes,you can/may.是的,你可以。或No,you cant/may not/mustnt.不,你不能/不允许。表示可能性时的区别 must may can、3 must 表示推测“可能性”时,意思是“一定、准是”,语气较肯定,较有把握。must 表推测只能用于肯定句。He must know my address.他肯定知道我的地址。(一定)can 表示推测“可能性”时,往往用于否定句或疑问句。cant 表示“一定不、肯定不”的意思,语气很肯定。can 在疑问句中意思是“会、可能”,询问某种可能。He cant know my address.他肯定不知道我的地址。(一定不)Can he know my address?他知道我的地址吗?(询问可能性)may 表示推测“可能性”时,语气没有 must 肯定,通常只用于肯定句和否定句中。may 意思是“可能”、“也许”,may not 意思是“可能不”、“也许不”。二、动词不定式作宾语 1、动词不定式概述 动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,否定形式是“not to+动词原形”。动词不定式没有人称,数和时态的变化。在句子中不能作谓语,但可以充当除谓语之外的任何成分(主语、表语、宾语、状语、宾语补足语等)。2、动词不定式做宾语注意点 agree,choose,decide,hope,learn,plan,prepare,promise,refuse,seem,want,wish等动词后直接跟动词不定式作宾语。有的动词(如 begin,start,like 等)既可接动词不定式作宾语,也可接动词-ing 形式作宾语,且含义基本相同。“疑问词(how,what,where,which,when等)+动词不定式”结构可跟在一些动词(tell,show,teach,know 等)后作宾语。如果作宾语的动词不定式很长,为了保持句子平衡,可用 it 作形式宾语,而将真正的宾语(动词不定式)后置。有的动词既可接动词不定式作宾语,也可接动词-ing 形式作宾语,但意义区别比较明显,如:forget/remember to do sth.(忘记/记住要做某事);forget/remember doing sth.(忘记/记得做过某事);stop to do sth.(停下来去做另一件事);stop doing sth.(停止正在做的事)。Unit 6 Birdwatching 动词不定式 一、动词不定式在句子中作的成分、动词不定式作目的状语 1 还可动词不定式可以表示某一动作或状态的目的,为了使表达更加清楚或对目的加以强调,in order to。以用 2、动词不定式作宾语补足语动词不定式可以来说明宾语的情况,在句中作宾语补足语。动词不定式作宾语补足语,有 两种形式。带 to 和不带 to 等。invite、get 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:ask、tell、order、常跟带 tonotice、watch、感官动词 hear、feel、see常跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有:have。make 等,使役动词 let、和 to。动词 help 后面的动词不定式可带 to,也可不带 3、动词不定式作宾语 等、choose、decide 有些动词直接以带 to 的不定式结构作宾语,如 agree、动词不定式作主语 4,真正作主语的不定式短语放在句后。句首用形式主语 it 5、动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语时,往往放在被修饰的名词之后。in order to 表示目的二、用不定式表示目的,用(不定式)结构,即,动词+宾语+to do 不定式动词 A.“+宾语+”advise,allow,ask,bear,beg,bother,cause,command,determine,可用这类结构的常用动词有 encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,hate,help,intend,invite,leave,like,mean,need,order,等。permit,persuade,prefer,request,remind,request,teach,tell,trouble,want,warn,wish to的动词:不需要加 B.等使役动词:make,let see,hear 等感官动词:Unit 7 Seasons 动词及五种基本句型 1、连系动词主要是指 be 动词、感官动词(look、sound、feel、smell、taste)和表示“变、变成”的动词(become、get、grow、turn)宾语和对宾 S+V+IO+DO;3.一个宾语,S+V+O;2.人和物,2、行为动词中,及物动词后带1.S+V+DO+OC.语的行为和状态补充说明的成分,与宾语形成逻辑上的主谓关系,引导的短语:间接宾语常可以改成一个由 to/for 另外,He gave me some food.=He gave some food to me.I will buy Mum a present.=I will buy a present for Mum.、postpay、offer、pass、givebring、feed、hand、lend、注意:(能与 to 搭配的动词有:、搭配的单词有:bring、write 等等。能与for、show、take、teach、tellsellread、send 科.网)来源:学.orderfind、get、leave、make、pick、save 等等。buybuild、cook;其它动词看宾语,S+V+P、语法顺口溜:句子主干有规律,先看谓语来确定,连系动词 3 DO+OC.IO+DO,主谓宾补单独一个 S+V+DO,人物双宾 S+V)1.The temperature drops.(只有谓语动词,S+V+O)2.Farmers harvest crops.(及物动词+一个宾语,S+V+P)连系动词,3.Autumn leaves turn brown.(S+V+IO+DO)人物双宾,4.Hobo brought Eddie his clothes.(S+V+DO+OC)(主谓逻辑,5.Eddie is watching Hobo work.Unit 8 Natural disasters 1.过去进行时表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作,其肯定、否定和掌握过去进行时 was/were+doing 1)疑问形式如下:was/were(+not)ing formdancing.was(+not)I 肯定、否 were(+not)You/We/They was(+not)He/She/It dancing?I Was 疑问 Were you/we/they he/she/it Was I Yes,was.肯定回答 were.you/we/they was.he/she/it was not/wasnt.No,I 否定回答 you/we/they were not/werenthe/she/it was not/wasnt.2.when,while,as 的用法及区别 A.当两个延续的动作同时发生,两个句子都可用过去进行时来表示,用 while 连接。B.当一个延续的动作正在发生的时候,另外一个瞬间动作发生了,用“when”连接,较长的动词用过去进行时,较短动词用一般过去时,when 释为:“就在那时”C.As 的同时进行主要表示动作发生的背景或条件,意思为“随着”;“一边,一边”8B 语法 Unit 1 Past and Present 1、现在完成时的肯定句、否定句的构成(以实义动词 work 为例)肯定句:I/We/You/They have(I/We/You/Theyve)worked.否定句:I/We/You/They have not(I/We/You/They havent)worked.肯定句:He/She/It has(Hes/Shes/Its)worked.否定句:He/She/It has not(hasnt)worked.2、现在完成时的一般疑问句及其简略答语(肯定、否定)的构成 一般疑问句:Have I/we/you/they worked?肯定简略答语:Yes,I/we/you/they have.否定简略答语:No,I/we/you/they have not(havent).一般疑问句:Has he/she/it worked?肯定简略答语:Yes,he/she/it has.否定简略答语:No,he/she/it has not(hasnt).3、现在完成时的用法 用法 1:过去开始发生的动作或存在的状况一直延续到现在 例句:They have waited for more than two hours.他们等了两个多小时。He has been an English teacher since 2002.自从 2002 年以来他一直当英语教师。特别提示:常用的标志词有:for two days/weeks,for a long time,since last year/2005 用法 2:表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响 例句:Ive already mailed the letter.那封信我已经寄出。Have you ever eaten French cheese?你(曾经)吃过法国奶酪吗?Has it stopped raining yet?雨已经停了吗?(yet 表示期待雨停止)I have just finished my homework.我刚做完家庭作业。特别提示:常用标志词有:already(用于肯定句),never(用于否定句),ever(用于疑问句,问初(一般位于句末)before,)位于实义动词前 just(,)用于否定句、疑问句 yet(,)次经历 用法 3:过去发生的动作,到现在为止这一时间段中,多次动作的总和或所做工作量的积累 例句:She really loves that film.She has seen it eight times.她真的很喜欢那部电影。她已看了八遍了。(多次动作的总和)We have learned three English songs this term.这学期我们已经学了三首英语歌曲了。(所做工作量的积累):4、现在完成时的时间副词和时间短语 yet 一般用于否定句和疑问句中。yet。already 一般用于肯定句中,1)副词 already 和 e.g.We have finished our homework.等。或“从未“never2)副词 ever 和。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”?你曾经去过长城吗 e.g.Have you ever been to the Great Wall?just 表示到说话时为止的时间状语,用 3)e.g.I have just seen her,but I dont know where she is now.时,在转换成否定句或疑问句时,要把句中的 just 注意:当在肯定陈述句中含有 already 或 去掉,在句末加上或 just yet.already Unit 2 Travelling has gone 的用法 1.have/has been 和 have/in)三者之间的根本区别:)、been(have/has been(to)、gone(to 表示当事人曾经去过某地have/has been to 强调当事人在某地待过一段时间 have/has been in 来源:学。科。网强调说话时当事人不在现场,去了某地 have/has gone to +段时间/句子地点次数注意用法:been(to)+地点+been(in)+连词的动词和 for 或 since 2.可,也许还将继续下去,现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,一直持续到现在时,since+,以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用即 for+一段时间.谓语只能用延续性动词,等,in the past ten years 从句/间点 注意:1)动词必须是延续性/持续性动词 -动作具有延续性.e.g.work,wait,study,know learn,copy,talk,lie,have,visit.2)动词是短暂性动词,必须把它改为延续性动词或延续性的状态.come,go,arrive,get to,return-be in/at die-be dead ;open(v.)-be open(adj.)close-be closed join-be in/be a member of be a member;be in,be with buy-have borrow-keep get up-be up wake up-be awake fall asleep/get to sleep-be asleep leave-be away ;leave s.w.-be away from s.w catch/get/take a cold-have a cold become-be finish-be over;begin/start-be on begin to do-do move to-live in end-be over turn on/off-sth.be on/off return,come,back,get back,go back-be back hear from,get(receive)a letter from-Have a letter from get,turn,become(变得,成为)作系动词-be get married-be married Unit 3 Online tour 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别:1、一般过去时和现在完成时都可以表示过去发生的动作,但是在具体语境中,这两种时态有明显区别。2、一般过去时表示过去某个时刻发生的动作或存在的状态。我上个月去北京的。I went to Beijing last month.如:Tom was in China in 2008.2008 年汤姆在中国。3、现在完成时表示过去的动作持续到现在或对现在产生影响。Mr.Lin has taught in this school since he graduated from college.The kitchen is very clean.Who has cleaned it?注意:(1)一般过去时常与过去点时间连用。如:yesterday,last week,two years ago,just now,in 2008,the other day,when he was born 等。(2)现在完成时通常和一些副词或一段时间状语连用。如:ever,never,just,already,yet,many times,before,these days,recently,so far,over/in/during the last/past few years,since,for等。(3)现在完成时与段时间状语搭配时要注意短暂性动词转化成持续性动词。I have kept this book for a week.My father has been in Beijing since two days ago.(4)常见的短暂性动词与持续性动词的转化:buyhave had,borrow have kept,openhave been open,closehave been closed,begin/starthave been on,finish/endhave been over,go/come to sp.have been in sp.,get to/reach/arrive at sp.have been in sp.,catch a cold/virus have had a cold/virus,marry sb./get married to sb.have been married to sb.leavehave been away(from sp.),fall asleephave been asleep,wake uphave been awake,begin/start to do sth.have done sth.Unit 4 A good read 一、”疑问词+动词不定式”结构作动词的宾语.(1)疑问词包括疑问代词what,which,who 和疑问副词how,when,where 等.常和此结构连用的动词有:know,learn,see,hear,ask,advise,decide,explain,forget,remember,think,understand,wonder 等 (2)有些动词,如 advise,ask,show,teach,tell 等,其后可以接双宾语.Please tell me how to get there.(3)有些疑问词,如 what,which,whose,how many,how much等,其后可以先接一个名词,再接动词不定式.She wondered how many subjects to choose.(4)在此结构前,有时也可以是如 sure,clear 等的形容词.I am not sure which way to take.此结构在句子中还可以作主语和表语(5)The problem is when to leave the place.(6)此结构可以改写成由该疑问词引导的从句 I dont know what to do.=I dont know what I should do.,why 不能与动词不定式连用注意:所有疑问句中 的用法 must/have to 二、的否定式意思是 must 表示主观的义务和必要,主要用于肯定句和疑问句,“必须,得,要”.must”.不许”不能,意思是 must not 表示禁止,一定意思是”.must 还可以表示肯定猜测,.have to 有人称和数的变化表示一种客观的需求,意思是不得不 have to dont have to.have to 的否定式是 Unit 5 Good manners 的用法 enough You are old enough to learn about manners.你年龄足够大了可以了解礼仪了。Enough+noun./adj./adv.+enough 英国人太有礼貌而不会在公共场所大叫。British people are too polite to shout loudly in public.而做某事 足够enough to do 而不能做某事 太.too.to do.以致 sothat 如此 如此以致suchthat He is too young to go to school.(三种)他太小了不能上学。=He is not old enough to go to school.=He is so young that he cant go to school.这个房间太小了十个人住不下。(四种)The room is too small for ten people to live in.=The room is not old enough for ten people to live in.=The room is so small that ten people cant live in it.=Its such a small room that ten people in it.cant live Unit6 Sunshine for all 一、It is+adjective+to-infinitive 在该句式中,it 是形式主语,真正的主语是不定式短语。这种句式也可用动词不定式或动名词放在句首直接做主语。如:It is wrong to look down on the disabled people.=To look/Looking down on the disabled people is wrong.二、It is+adjective+for+to-infinitive 在该句型中,it 是形式主语,for 引出不定式的逻辑主语 sb.;表语形容词只是说明不定式的特征而不表示人的性质或特征;for sb.to do sth.通常被称为动词不定式的复合结构。常用于这种结构的形容词有 easy,difficult,important,hard,necessary,possible,interesting,meaningful 等。如:It is difficult for us to finish the work today.It is meaningful for people to donate to the charities.三、It is+adjective+of+to-infinitive 在该句型中,it 是形式主语,of 引出不定式的逻辑主语 sb.;表语形容词是表示不定式的主语特征。常用于这种结构的形容词有 kind,polite,clever,foolish,silly,good,nice,generous,careful,careless,selfish 等。如:It is very nice of you to say so.It is generous of him to share his computer with you.注意:在上述句式中,第一和第三可以互换,意思不变。如:It is good for students to do morning exercises every day.=It is good that the students do morning exercise every day.Unit 7 International charities 一被动语态。1、定义:英语中及物动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作 的执行者,被动语态主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。助 动词 be 有人称、时态和数的变化。2、被动语态的用法 (1)不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。例如:Some new computers were stolen last night.)一些新电脑在昨晚被盗了。(不知道电脑是谁偷的 1981 年。This book was published in 1981.这本书出版于(2)强调动作的承受者,而不强调动作的执行者。The window was broken by Mike.窗户是迈克打破的。例如:This book was written by him.这本书是他写的。8 小时睡眠必须得到保证。Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.每天 3、一般现在时的被动语态)如:1.现在时的被动语态构成:(am/is/are+done 恤一周洗一次。This shirt is washed once a week.这件 T 我被要求努力学习。I am asked to study hard.刀被用来割东西的。Knives are used for cutting things.这些歌曲通常是男生唱的 These songs are usually sung by boys.一般现在时的主动语态变被动语态:2Bruce writes a letter every week.1)every week.A letter is written by Bruce)This factory produces machine tools.2 Machine tools are produced in this factory.4、一般过去时的被动语态一般过去时被动语态表示过去经常性、习惯性被动动作或过去某一时刻发生的被动性动 1.作。主语(动作承受者)+was/were+过去分词(+by+施动者)构成。与主动语态相比,被动语态中主语是谓语动作的执行者。句型格式:was/were+done 例:I was taught by Miss Zhao last year.Unit 8 A green world 1.被动语态的一般将来时的构成:1)will be done 其否定句是在 w