中考密卷阅读理解讲义——英语.pdf

辱皑寓情在阅读理解讲义 趣味英语Dont trust the aliens!You might see aliens（外星人）in books and movies.They look strange.They arevery smart.They travel in spaceships（宇宙飞台）.But are there really aliens in space?British scientist Stephen Hawking,68,thinksso.He says that people should not look for aliens.He thinks they are dangerous.On a new British TV program,Hawking says,“It is quite possible that there arealiens in space.”They might live in big ships.they have used up（用光 了）all the resources（资源）from their home planet（星球）；he says.He thinks such aliens might get resources from Earth and then go away.They maybring troubles（麻烦）to Earth.阅读理解分析根据教育部制定的英语课程标准，初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解是综合语言运用能力的一个重要方面，在中考中所占比重越来越大，这是拉开档次的题目。下面是所要求的阅读理解目标：中考阅读理解目标要求表1.能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；2.能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；3.能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；4.能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；5.能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；6.除教材外，课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以匕 例题精讲1.主旨大意题主旨题所提问题主要涉及文章的中心思想、主要内容、标题、作者的态度、目的、文章的语气等。我们首先要找出文章的主题句，通常可以在以下几个地方找到：(D位于一段开头的段首句，演绎型文章的主题句通常能在段落的起始部分找到；(2)位于一段结尾的段末句，归纳型文章的主题句通常能在段落的终结部分找到；(3)若既不在段首，也不在段末，我们就应细心地在这段的中心部分去寻找；(4)有的主题句通过某种表达方式或修辞手段委婉、含蓄地提出来，这称为暗示句。这种暗示句通常难度较大，它可能不是一句完整的话而仅是一个词语，也可能是通过一些具有感情色彩的词语来表达的，还可能是通过字里行间来表达的。主旨句的提问形式主要有：(1)The main idea of the passage is.(2)Whats the main idea of the passage?(3)Which is the best title for the passage?例题一(选自模拟试卷三)：You might think that“global warming means nothing more than a rise in the worldstemperature.But rising sea levels caused by it have resulted in the fist evacuation(撤离)of anisland nation the citizens ofTuvalu will have to leave their homeland.During the 20th century,sea level rose 8-12 inches.As a result,Tuvalu has experiencedlowland flooding of salt water which has polluted the countrys drinking water.Paani Laupepa,a Tuvaluan government official,reported to the Earth Policy Institute that thenation suffered an unusually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years.Many scientistsconnect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and moredamaging storms.Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the KyotoProtocol,an international agreement calling fbr industrialized nations to reduce their greenhousegas emissions（导致温室效应的气体排放），which are a main cause of global warming.Byrefusing to sign the agreement,the US has effectively taken away the freedom of futuregenerations of Tuvaluans to live where their forefathers have lived for thousands of years,“Laupepa told the BBC.Tuvalu has asked Australia and New Zealand to allow the gradual move of its people to bothcountries.Tuvalu is not the only country that is vulnerable（易受影响的）to rising sea levels.MaumoonGayoon,president of the Maldives,told the United Nations that global warming has made hiscountry of 311,000 an“endangered nation”.58.The text is mainly about.A.rapid changes in earths temperature B.bad effects of global warmingC.moving of a country to a new place D.reasons for lowland flooding【答案g解 析】58.【答案】B【解析】分析文章内容，第一段说，由温度上升造成的海平面上升，将会导致岛国的首先撤离图瓦卢的人们将离开他们的祖国。文章的最后一段说，图瓦卢不是唯一一个受海平面上升影响的国家，马尔代夫主席Maumoon Gayoon告诉联合国，全球气温变暖使他们的国家成为311,000个受威胁国家之一。再结合中间内容可知，B 选项是正确答案。【教师点评】有时.，一篇文章里并没有明显的主题句。这时我们应该怎样来确定文章的主题或中心意思呢？其实这也不难。我们可以首先找出每一段的中心意思，各段的中心意思往往都是围绕一个中心来展开的，或者说是来说明一个问题的。这个中心或这个问题就是这篇文章的主题或中心意思。例 题 二（选自模拟试卷二）：Lions are opportunists.They prefer to eat without having to do too much work.When restingin the shade,they are also watching the sky to see what is flying by,and even in the heat of theday they will suddenly start up and run a mile across the plains to find out what is going on.Ifanother animal has made a kill,they will drive it off and take the kill for themselves.A grown lioncan easily eat 60 pounds of meat at a single feeding.Often they eat until it seems painful for themto lie down.The lionesses,being thinner and faster,are better hunters than the males.But the males dontmind.After the kill they move in and take the rest share.Most kills are made at night or just before daybreak.We have seen many,many daytimeattempts but only ten kills.Roughly,its about twenty daytime attempts for one kill.When lions are hiding for an attack by a water hole,they wait patiently and can charge at anysecond.The kill is the exciting moment in the day-to-day life of the lion,since these great animalsspend most of their time,about 20 hours a day,sleeping and resting.Lions are social cats,and when they are having a rest,they love to touch each other.Afterdrinking at a water hole,a lion rests her head on anothers back.When walking,young lions oftentouch faces with older ones,an act of close ties among members of the group.63.What would be the best title for the text?A.Powerful Lions B.Lions at Work and PlayC.Lions-Social Cats D.Lions-Skilled Hunters【答案与解析】63.【答案】B【解析】考查文章的主旨大意。纵观全文可知，文章主要提到了狮子的两个方面，即狮子的猎杀和嬉戏。所以正确答案选择B 选项。【教师点评】解答选择有关文章标题的问题时，如果文章并未给出明确的中心，这就分析各段的段落大意，纵观全内容，进行综合，选出最能代表文章主旨大意的选项答案。另外，在理解文章的段落文意时，段落中出现转折时，该句很可能是主题句；作者有意识地反复重复的观点通常是主旨；首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答可能是主旨；提出主旨时常伴有的文字提示：therefore,thus,but,in short等。2.细节理解题在做阅读理解题时，除了首先要抓住文章的主旨和大意外，还必须弄清楚文中的一些重要细节或事实。细节题在阅读理解部分占相当大一部分，涉及的内容很广，如时间、地点、人物、数字、原因、结果、文字结构等。细节题的提问形式常见的有：(1)According to the passage,when/where/what/who/how/why.?(2)Which of the following statements is TRUE?(3)According to the passage,all of the following are true EXCEPT.例题一(选自阶段性测试三)：Younger people and older people do not always agree.They sometimes have different ideasabout life,work and play.But in one special program in New York.State,adults and teenagers livetogether in peace.Each summer 200 teenagers and 50 adults live together for eight weeks asmembers of a special work group.Everyone works several hours each day.The aim is not just tokeep busy but rather to find meaning and enjoyment in work.Some teenagers work in the woodsor on the farms near the village.Some learn to make furniture and to build houses.The adultsteach them these skills.There are several free hours each day.Weekends are free,too.During the free hours some ofthe teenagers learn photography or painting.Others sit around talking and singing.Each teenagerchooses his own way to spend his free time.When people live together,rules are always necessary.In this program the teenagers and theadults make the rules together.If someone breaks a rule,the problem goes before the whole group.The group discusses the problem.They ask,nWhy did it happen?1 1 What should we do about it?One of the teenagers has this to say about the experience:You stop thinking only aboutyourself.You learn how to think about the group.47.When and where was the special program offered?A.Every summer in New York city.B.Every summer in New York state.C.Every winter in New York state.D.Every winter in New York city.49.Which of the following is not stated directly in the passage as a purpose of the program?A.To find a way to solve the generation gap.B.To make the people there understand the meaning of work.C.To keep members of the group busy doing something.D.To help people find enjoyment in work.【答案与解析】4 7.【答案】B【解析】文章的第一段交代了时间：each summei每年夏天和地点in New York state,在纽约。4 9.【答案】A【解析】下面哪项是文章中没有作为该项活动的目的而直接说出的，答案是A,找到解决代沟问题的方法。因为文章第一段交代：The aim is not just to keep busy but rather to findmeaning and enjoyment in work.该项活动的目的不仅是要让大家忙起来有事干，而是要发现工作的意义和乐趣。B、C、D 三项都是正确的。例 题 二（选自平行卷）：A rich woman lived near Dr Swift.She often sent him presents,delivered（传送）by her son.Dr Swift accepted her presents but never gave the boy anything for his trouble.One day as Swiftwas busy with his writing,the boy ran into his room,knocked some books out of their places,threw his bag on the desk and said,“My mother has sent you two of her hares（野兔）Swift turned round and said,“My boy,that is not polite.Now you sit in my chair,watch andlearn your lesson?The boy sat down.Swift went out,knocked at his door and waited.The boy said,“Come in.”Swift came in and walked to his desk and said,“My mother sends her kind regards and hopes youwill accept（收下）these hares.”The boy answered Thank you,my boy.Give your mother my thanks for her kindness andhere are two shillings（先令）for yourself.Dr Swift laughed,and after that,Swift never forgot togive the boy his tip（小费）.（）56.Dr Swift gave the boy a lesson to teach hi m.A.how to deliver things politely B.how to ask for a tip politelyC.how to accept a present politely D.how to speak to others politely（）57.In the lesson the boy was clever e n o u g h.A.to learn everything Dr Swift taught him quicklyB.to understand what Swift did and saidC.to make Swift understand what he wantedD.to do everything as Swift told him【答案与解析】56.【答案】A【解析】从文中第三段中描写Dr Swift动作和语言的句子，可得知他想教男孩如何礼貌地送东西。57.【答案】C【解析】从文中的最后一段可知C 项是正确答案。【教师点评】细节理解题通常有两个共同特点：(1)凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。(2)干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。3.猜测词义题(指代题)猜测词义题是阅读理解部分常见的一个测试项目，主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的熟悉或不熟悉的词或词组的意义的理解能力。当遇到不认识的而又是要测试的生词时.，要通过上下文去进行猜测。注意与这个词紧密相连的前后几个词语的意思，特别是后面有同位语、破折号或括号时，就更容易猜测了，因为同位语、破折号或括号就是注释。其次，利用构词法来进行猜测。常用的构词法有派生法，转化法以及合成法。英语中有相当大一部分单词都是由上述三种构词法变来的，这些词的构成一般都有一定的规律，掌握一些常见的规律，对于猜测考试中遇到的生词大有帮助。猜测词义题的提问形式主要有：(1)The underlined sentence“No one can live a completely isolated life”meansin this passage.(2)What does the underlined word“raised”mean in Paragraph 2?例题一(选自阶段性测试一)：Learners of English,especially self-taught(自学)learners may have troubles in understandingspeeches by native speakers.The following ways might help improve their listening ability.First of all,do things step by step.It is not good to listen to something beyond your level.Better choose a suitable course and start the first book.Go on to the second book only after youare sure you understand the first one.Secondly,stick to(坚持)one course of study.Dont change books often.Never let yourattention be attracted by another course just because it seems to be more“fashionable”.Thirdly,listen to the English news program over the radio from time to time.Better go throughthe news stories in the Chinese-language newspaper first.That will make it easy for you tounderstand the English news on the radio.Fourthly,if you have time,listen to some English from the VOA or other listening materials ofthe same level as that of your textbook.43.“Beyond your level“means s o me t h i n g.A.easy for youB.too difficult for youC.not too easy and not too difficult for youD.just all right for you45.In this passage,VOA stands for.A.a book B.a magazineC.a textbook D.a radio program【答案与解析】4 3.【答案】B【解析】“BeyondyouMevel”的意思是“超出了你的水平”，也就是对你来说太难了，因此答案选择B 项。4 5.【答案】D【解析】VOA的全称是Voice of Am erica,译 为“美国之音”。它是美国联邦政府下属的对外进行无线电和电视机广播的官方机构。作者建议我们如果有时间，要通过收音机来收听一些短小的故事。所以根据背景和常识判断，我们可.得出VOA是一个广播电台。例 题 二（选自阶段性测试一）：The United States of America is mainly an English-speaking country.The majority of thepopulation speak English as their native language.Business,education,social activities,etc.areconducted in English.Across the country,people pronounce many English words in severaldifferent ways,but for the most part,Americans speak one common language.This language issometimes called American English.However not everyone in the U.S.A,is a native speaker of English.Most immigrants（移民）are speakers of other languages.There are hundreds of communities（社区）around the U.S.A,where English is not the most commonly used language.Chinese,Italian,German,Greek,Spanish,and French are all spoken in various communities in the U.S.Spanish is the second mostcommonly spoken language after English.It is widely spoken in New York and across thesouthern part of the country.For speakers of other languages,learning English is important,but teaching people to speakEnglish as a second language was given little attention.Non-English speakers were expected to“pick up”the language by meeting with others in public.Recently,this has changed.Today,most large public schools and community colleges have ESL（English as a Second Language）programs：American English teachers feel that English students should learn the language the waythey will use it.Therefore,ESL programs offer different English lessons to different students.Some programs teach students to communicate in English in public.53.In the third paragraph,4 pick up“means A.master B.know little aboutC.learn5 3.【答案】CD.collect materials【解析】pick u p 在此处意思是“学到”、“获得”,相 当 于 learn。【教师点评】在中考英语阅读理解试题中，猜测词义也是必不可少的题目，通常情况下，任何一个词语，在一定的上、下文中只能表示一个确定的词义。据此，我们需尽可能地利用上、下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。4.推理判断题推理题是阅读理解部分的一项重要内容。这类题要求考生脱离字面理解的局限，透过文章的字里行间，对作者的话进行推理判断，从而获得对文章的深层理解。推理题的答案往往在文章的字面上不会出现，必须依据已有信息来进行推理，不能脱离原文去主观臆断。因此，在做推理题时，必须从原文里找到推断的依据。推理题的提问形式主要有：(1)We can learn(know)from this passage that.(2)We can conclude from the passage that.(3)It can be seen from the passage that.(4)What is the real meaning of the doctorsJ words?例题(选自阶段性测试四)：Once upon a time，there was a wonderful old man who loved everything on theland-animals and plants.One day while walking through the woods,the old man found a cocoon of a butterfly.Hetook it home.A few days later,a small opening appeared,he sat and watched the butterfly forseveral hours as it struggled to force its body through that little hole.Then it seemed to stopmaking any progress.It appeared as if it had gotten as far as it could and it could go no farther.Then the man decided to help the butterfly,so he took a pair of scissors and cut the remaining bitof the cocoon.The butterfly then came out easily.But it had a swollen body and small,shriveled(枯萎的)wings.The man continued to watchthe butterfly because he expected that,at any moment,the wings would enlarge and expand to beable to support the body,or they would be smaller.Neither happened!In fact,the butterfly spentthe rest of its life crawling around with a swollen body and shriveled wings.It never was able tofly.What the man in his kindness and hurry did not understand was that the struggle required forthe butterfly to get through the tiny opening was natures way of forcing fluid from the body of thebutterfly into its wings so that it would be ready for flight once it achieved its freedom from thecocoon.Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life.If we were allowed to go throughour life without any difficulties,it would cripple(使无自自)us.We would not be as strong as whatwe could have been.And we could never fly.48.The reason why the butterfly could not fly is that.A.the old man broke its wingsB.it was too smallC.newly born butterflies cant flyD.it came out of its cocoon without enough struggle49.What can we know from the passage?A.That old man was fbnd of everything except the butterfly.B.It was the old man that stopped the butterfly flying.C.The old man realized his mistake.D.Its not hard for the butterfly to come out of the cocoon.【答案与解析】48.【答案】D蝴蝶不能飞的原因是在蝴蝶破茧的时候，老人用剪刀把茧剩余的部分剪破了，蝴蝶没用经过那个挣扎的过程。A 选项是错误的。B、C 选项说蝴蝶太小或者刚刚出生都不是这只蝴蝶不能飞的原因。49.【答案】B通过阅读我们从文中了解到，正是这个老人的举动导致了这只蝴蝶最终不能够飞翔。A选项是错误的，That old man was fond of everything except the butterfly.（老人什么都喜欢就是不喜欢这只蝴蝶。）C 选项文章没有交代，我们不得而知，The old man realized his mistake.（老人意识到了他的错误。）D 选项也是错误的，Its not hard for the butterfly to come out ofthe cocoon.（蝴蝶破茧不困难。