专攻阅读理解说明文选标题18篇-2023年高考英语阅读理解满分攻略+名校模拟专项训练解析版.pdf

2023年高考英语阅读理解满分攻略+名校模拟专项训练专题0 4专攻阅读理解说明文选标题16篇 解析版01（2023河北模拟预测）Earths natural resources include air,minerals,plants,soil,water,and wildlife.Conservation is the care and protection of these resources so that they can survive for future generations.It includesmaintaining diversity of species,genes,and ecosystems,as well as functions of the environment,such as nutrientcycling.Continued human population growth has led to unsustainable rates of consumption of our natural resources,resulting in a loss of Earths biodiversity.The main factors driving biodiversity loss include habitat destruction,climatechange,invasive（入侵的）species and pollution.Declining biodiversity is closely intertwined with species extinction.While extinction is a normal process of nature,the rate at which it is happening today is not.Scientists estimate that current extinction rates are about a thousand timeshigher now than would be expected based on the fossil record,and that we may be experiencing a mass extinction event,which is when 75 percent or more species are lost at a time.The extinction of the passenger pigeon is a famous example of an extinction caused by human activity.It was oncethe most richest land bird in North America,with a population of approximately three to five billion when Europeansamved.Despite its vast numbers,this pigeon became extinct in the wild by the 1900s because of overhunting.The lastindividual bird,named Martha,died in captivity in 1941 at the Cincinnati Zoo.Conservation practices and policiesranging from the removal of invasive species,to setting aside protected landfor wildlife and plants,to establishing the U.S.Endangered Species Act（ESA）-have been put in place to deal withthese extinction pressures.Currently,more than 26,500 species are estimated to be at risk of extinction,though the exactnumber is difficult to calculate.1.How does the author illustrate“conservation“in the text?A.By giving a definition.B.By offering an example.C.By listing some facts.D.By making comparisons.2.What does the underlined part intertwined with“mean in paragraph 3?A.Caused by.B.Connected to.C.Disturbed by.D.Similar to.3.Why does the author take the passenger pigeon as an example?A.To show that animals die out quickly.B.To tell North America is perfect for animals.C.To explain how species die out in a short time.D.To state that man is to blame for extinction.4.Whats the suitable title for the text?A.Conservation,Necessary and Urgent.B.The Extinction of the Passenger Pigeon.C.Effective Ways Done to the Environment.D.Protection,More Than the Care for Animals.【答案】1.A 2.B 3.D 4.A【导语】本文是篇说明文。文章分析了地球上的自然资源因人类活动而不断减少的现状，阐明了要采取措施来保护自然资源的必须性和迫切性。1.推理判断题。根据第一段Conservation is the care and protection of these resources so that they can survive forfuture generations.It includes maintaining diversity of species,genes,and ecosystems,as well as functions of theenvironment,such as nutrient cycling.（保护是对这些资源的照顾和保护，使它们能够为后代生存。它包括维持物种、基因和生态系统的多样性，以及营养循环等环境功能。）可知，作者是通过下定义的方式来阐述wconservationw（保护）的概念的。故选A。2.词句猜测题。根据第三段 Scientists estimate that current extinction rates are about a thousand times highernow than would be expected based on the fossil record,and that we may be experiencing a mass extinction event,which is when 75 percent or more species are lost at a time.”（科学家们估计，目前的灭绝率比根据化石记录预测的要高1000倍左右，我们可能正在经历一次大规模灭绝事件，即 75%或更多的物种一次消失。）可知，物种大规模的灭绝也是造成生物多样性下降的一个因素，二者密切相关，所以根据划线词所在句可知，划线词的意思是“与有关联”。故选B。3.推理判断题。根据第四段“The extinction of the passenger pigeon is a famous example of an extinction causedby human activity.”（候鸽的灭绝是由人类活动引起的物种灭绝的一个著名例子。）可知，作者拿候鸽作例子是为了说明人们应对物种灭绝负责任。故选D。4.主旨大意题。根据第一段“Conservation is the care and protection of these resources so that they can survive forfuture generations（保护是对这些资源的照顾和保护，使它们能够为后代生存）和最后一段“Conservationpractices and policies-ranging from the removal of invasive species,to setting aside protected land for wildlifeand plants,to establishing the U S.Endangered Species Act（ESA）-have been put in place to deal with theseextinction pressures.（为了应对这些灭绝压力，已经制定了保护措施和政策，包括清除入侵物种、为野生动物和植物留出受保护的土地，以及建立美国濒危物种法案（ESA）。）以及“Currently,more than 26,500 species areestimated to be at risk of extinction,（目前，估计有超过26500个物种面临灭绝的危险）并结合全文内容可知，文章主要阐明了保护自然资源是必要的、迫切的。故选A。02（2023内蒙古阿拉善盟第一中学高三期末）Be it sugar or social media,the response in our brain is the same:It produces a“fbel-good“chemical called dopamine.It first brings about pleasure,but it doesnt last very long.It is thenfollowed by pain so that we have to search for the pleasurable things again.“This cycle of pleasure and pain made sense in the time of early humans when we had to constantly search for ourbasic needs-fbod,water,shelter,says Dr.Anna Lembke,a Stanford Medical School researcher.tcBut our brains werentadjusted to put out the fire of dopamineeaused by pleasurable things that are so easily available in modern lifb.”In addition,when were repeatedly exposed to pleasure-producing things,were not able to take joy in the samerewards.Instead,we need stronger and stronger stimulus（刺激）just to feel good.Otherwise,the cycle will lead us toanxiety,depression and many other problems.“This is a universal problemnot one limited to those struggling with the disease of addiction.If we want to staymentally healthy,we must rethink how to break the cycle in a dopamine-overloaded world/says Lembke.Her suggestions for the addicts?Take a 30-day break from anything that we rely on for pleasure.This doesnt mean going cold lurkey forever.Butthis first month is key to breaking the pleasure-pain cycle and its a lot easier to cut out an addictive behavior entirely atfirst.Then re-introduce the pleasurable things little by little,like just a few bites of ice cream at a time or just one houronline a night.Another strategy is to create physical distance between us and our addiction.That could mean just removing theaddictive thing from our personal space.For someone whos addicted to video games,that could mean a separate laptopfor work and one for play.“In a time of abundance,we have to strike a pleasure-pain balance,which means intentionally avoiding pleasureand seeking the kind of purposeful pain that keeps us healthy,such as exercise,Lembke says.By doing so,we willreset reward pathways and eventually be a lot happier.Its not easy,but its well worth doing in the long term.”5.What can we learn about dopamine from the text?A.It has always been harmful to humans.B.It gives us less joy for the same rewards.C.It can be caused by anything available.D.It can lead to a lasting good feeling.6.What do the underlined words“going cold turkey“probably mean?A.Abandoning.B.Waiting.C.Cooking.D.Repeating.7.What does Dr.Anna Lembke suggest we do in the long term?A.Avoid pleasure in life.B.Set a strict limit on pleasurable things.C.Change reward pathways.D.Expose ourselves to repeated rewards.8.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A.Ways to Live With Dopamine in PeaceB.Tips on Getting Rid of Social Media AddictionC.Strategies for Making Most of the Modem LifeD.The Need to Strike a Pleasure-pain Balance【答案】5,B 6.A 7.C 8.D【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了上瘾的机制及戒瘾的办法。5.细节理解题。根据第二段“But our brains werent adjusted to put out the fire of dopamine9 caused bypleasurable things that are so easily available in modern life.（但我们的大脑并没有调整到能够扑灭，多巴胺之火、这种，多巴胺之火，是由现代生活中很容易获得的快乐事物引起的）”，以及第三段“In addition,when weVerepeatedly exposed to pleasure-producing things,were not able to take joy in the same rewards.Instead,we needstronger and stronger stimulus喇 激）just to feel good.（此外，当我们反复接触能带来快乐的事物时，我们就无法从同样的奖励中获得快乐。相反，我们需要越来越强的刺激来让自己感觉良好）”可知，因为多巴胺，同样的回报却给我们更少的快乐。故选B 项。6.词句猜测题。根据第六段的划线词前一句Take a 30-day break from anything that we rely on for pleasure.（从我们赖以获得快乐的一切事物中抽出30天时间休息）”及划线词后“But this first month is key to breaking thepleasure-pain cycle and its a lot easier to cut out an addictive behavior entirely at first.（但第一个月是打破快乐痛苦循环的关键，一开始就完全戒掉上瘾行为要容易得多）”可知，going cold turkey与后句中的cut out意思相同，意为“戒掉”，与 Abandoning（中止，放弃）意思相近，故选A 项。7.细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后两句By doing so,we will reset reward pathways and eventually be a lothappier.Ifs not easy,but ifs well worth doing in the long term.（通过这样做，我们将重置奖励途径，最终会更快乐。这并不容易，但从长远来看是值得做的）”可知，从长远来看，DrAnna Lembke建议我们应该改变奖励途径，才能让自己长久感到幸福。故选C 项。8.主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是最后一段In a time of abundance,we have to strike a pleasure-pain balance,which means intentionally avoiding pleasure and seeking the kind of purposeful pain that keeps us healthy,suchas exercised在生活富足的时候，我们必须保持快乐和痛苦的平衡，这意味着有意地避免快乐，寻求那种让我们保持健康的有目的的痛苦，比如锻炼）”可知，控制上瘾最根本的一条还是能在苦与乐之间取得一种微妙的平衡。故选D 项。03（2023广东江门高三开学考试）Each year,as many as one billion birds are killed in the US from collisions（ffi撞）with glass windows and buildings every year.Birds that crashed into Philadelphia buildings began to be collected inthe 1890s.Nearly 100 species of birds are known to have died out from crashes with buildings and other structures inPhiladelphia.Many other species are probably affected in the city.Called Lights Out Philly,the voluntary program in Philadelphia encourages buildings to tum out or dimunnecessary external and internal lights between midnight and six oclock early in the morning to protect birds as theypass through during migration seasons.Bird migration seasons are from April 1 to May 31 in spring and from August 15 to November 15 in fall.Each year,millions of birds pass through Philadelphia along a migration route known as the Atlantic Flyway.Bird-glass crashes arevery common for migrating birds,most of which travel at night.Glass is difficult for them to recognize as hard surfaces,and artificial light can fool them into crashing with buildings and outdoor structures.Turning off lights between midnightand sunrise helps minimize the effect of artificial light when most birds are migrating.On Oct.2,2020,a stonny and foggy day,Philadelphia had its largest mass collision event in more than 70 yearswith an estimated 1,000 birds crashing with buildings in one 3.5-square block area in just one day.Paired with a terriblestorm of weather and fbg conditions,the bright city and building lights attracted and confused the migrating birds,causing them to crash with buildings and outdoor structures.Even if you dont play a part in managing the lights of a big building,you can help birds avoid crashes by makingthe glass opaque to reduce the amount and intensity of artificial light at night,changing the color of lighting to blue orgreen,shortening the duration lights are on,directing the lighting downward or screening lighting.9.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.The rich biological diversity in Philadelphia.B.Great efforts to protect migrating birds in Philadelphia.C The present and the past of the bird conservation in America.D.The serious consequence of bird-glass crashes in Philadelphia.10.What added the danger to the migrating birds on Oct.2,2020?A.Bad weather conditions.B.Traveling in the day.C.The mistaken route.D.Too many buildings.11.What does the underlined word“opaque”mean in the last paragraph?A.Light-reflecting.B.Delicate.C.Lightproof.D.Clean.12.What is the best title for the text?A.It Is Difficult to Save the Migrating BirdsB.Philadelphia Turns out Lights to Save Migrating BirdsC.External and Internal Lights Affect the Bird MigrationD.Lights Out Philly Program Helps Save Endangered Birds【答案】9.D 10.A 11.C 12.B【导语】这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了为了避免鸟类在迁徙季节和玻璃相碰撞导致死亡，费城开展了志愿项目，鼓励建筑在午夜至清晨六点之间关闭或调暗不必要的外部和内部灯光。9.主旨大意题。根据第一段关键句Each year,as many as one billion birds are killed in the US from collisions（相撞）with glass windows and buildings every year.”（每年，美国有多达10亿只鸟类因与玻璃窗和建筑物相撞而死亡。）和Nearly 100 species of birds are known to have died out from crashes with buildings and other structuresin Philadelphia.（据了解，费城有近100种鸟类因与楼房和其他建筑物相撞而灭绝。）可知，文章第一段告诉我们鸟类因与玻璃窗和建筑物相撞而导致死亡，费城有近100种鸟类因与楼房和其他建筑物相撞而灭绝，由此可知，第一段主要讲的是费城鸟类和玻璃相碰撞产生的严重后果。故选D 项。10.细节理解题。根据第四段关键句Paired with a terrible storm of weather and fog conditions,the bright cityand building lights attracted and confused the migrating birds,causing them to crash with buildings and outdoorstructures.（再加上可怕的风暴天气和大雾天气，明亮的城市和建筑灯光吸引并迷惑了迁徙的鸟类，导致它们与建筑物和室外结构相撞。）可知，可怕的风暴天气和大雾天气增加了迁徙的鸟类与建筑物和室外结构相撞的机率，由此可知，2020年 10月 2 日，恶劣的天气条件增加了迁徙的鸟类的危险。故选A 项。11.词义猜测题。根据画线单词句中to reduce the amount and intensity of artificial light at night”（减少夜间人造光的数量和强度）可知，上文的方法是为了减少夜间人造光的数量和强度，由此可知，我们是通过使玻璃不透光来减少夜间人造光的数量和强度，Lightproo意为“不透光的”，能够表达画线单词在句中所要表达的意思。故选C 项。12.主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第二段内容“Called Lights Out Philly,the voluntary program in Philadelphiaencourages buildings to turn out or dim unnecessary external and internal lights between midnight and sixoclock early in the morning to protect birds as they pass through during migration seasons.（费城的这项名为“关灯费城”的志愿项目鼓励建筑在午夜至清晨六点之间关闭或调暗不必要的外部和内部灯光，以保护鸟类在迁徙季节通过。）可知，本文主要介绍了为了避免鸟类在迁徙季节和玻璃相碰撞导致死亡，费城开展了志愿项目，鼓励建筑在午夜至清晨六点之间关闭或调暗不必要的外部和内部灯光，“Philadelphia Turns out Lights to SaveMigrating Birds意为 费城关灯拯救迁徙的鸟类*选项能够概括文章主要内容。故选B 项。04（2023安徽阜阳,高三开学考试）Wireless sensors have many applications,but using sensors across a large areacan be time-consuming and expensive.Inspired by dandelions（蒲公英），a University of Washington team has developed a tiny sensor-carrying device thatcan be blown by the wind.This system is about 30 times as heavy as a dandelion seed but can still travel up to 100meters in the light wind from where it was released by a drone（无人机）.Once on the ground,the device,which can holdat least four sensors,uses solar panels to power its onboard electronics and can share sensor data up to 60 meters away.The team published these results on March 16 in Nature.“The way dandelion seed structures work is that they have a central point and these little bristles（刺毛）sticking outto slow down their fall.We took a 2-D projection of that to create the base design for our structures,said lead authorVikram Iyer.As we added weight,our bristles started to bend inwards.We added an outer ring to increase thestructures inflexibility,resulting in something that looks a bit like a 2-D wheel.46To keep things light,the team used solar panels.The devices landed with the solar panels facing upright 95%of thetime.Their shape and structure allow them to fall like a dandelion seed.Without a battery,however,the sensors stop working after the sun goes down and need energy to get started in themorning.The team designed the electronics to include a capacitor that can store some charge overnight.Since the devices are going to be spread,theres a risk of them being mistaken for actual seeds by animals.Theresalso another issue.Right now,these sensors arent designed to break down.Even though theyre tiny,long-term use ofenough of them would create litter.While these tiny,solar-powered,dandelion seed-like sensors still have to undergo some testing and improvement,they represent a new way to gather environmental data.13.What do we know about the device?A.It consists of four sensors.B.It is powered by solar panels.C.It weighs about as much as a seed.D.It can be carried as far as 60 meters by the wind.14.What did the team do to make the device difficult to bend?A.They improved its weight.B.They gave it a central point.C.They added a l