高中英语新译林版选择性必修四U2课文翻译和词汇汇总.doc

高中英语选必四U2课文翻译和词汇一、课文翻译Effective communication有效沟通If you heard someone shout, “Hey you!” from across the room, how would youreact? Just these two words can carry much information.They could be interpreted as a welcoming greeting from a close friend, especially if accompanied by a gentle smile.When spoken by a stranger, they can function as a means of attracting your attention.Much of what we communicate is dependent not only on the words we use, but also on how we use them.So, lets look a little deeper into the topic of communication.如果你听到有人喊:“嘿，你! ，你会有什么反应? 仅仅这两个词就能传达 很多信息。这句话可以被理解为来自亲密朋友的欢迎问候，尤其是伴随着温 柔的微笑。当陌生人和你说话时，它们可以作为一种吸引你注意力的方式。我们交流的内容不仅取决于我们使用的词语，还取决于我们如何使用它们。所 以，让我们更深入地了解一下沟通这个话题。Communication is the exchange of information between a sender and a receiver.The sender encodes a message and sends it face to face, or through video, telephone, mail or social media.This message is then received and decoded by the receiver.In response, the receiver sends an encoded message back, which is referred to as feedback.This feedback is decoded by the original sender and the entire cycle repeats itself until they have finished communicating.沟通是发送者和接收者之间的信息交换。发送者对信息进行编码，然后面对面发送，或者通过视频、电话、邮件或社交媒体。然后这个信息被接收方接收并解码。作为响应，接收方发送一个编码后的消息，这被称为反馈。这个反馈被最初的发送者解码，整个循环不断重复，直到他们完成交流。This complex process can be challenging but, with practice and patience, youcan become a highly competent communicator.To accomplish this, you need to know with whom you are communicating.What is their age or job position? What is their relationship to you? What expectations and cultural background do they have? Once you have obtained this information, you can then use it to determine how best to communicate with them.Depending on if you are communicating with a stranger, friend, family member, or co-worker, you will need to decide which communication channel best suits the situation.Furthermore, you will need to determine the appropriate style to use and how complex your choice of words should be.For example, if you are a business person negotiating with a large enterprise about a deal, you should do it face to face, using formal language, in a straightforward manner.这个复杂的过程可能是有挑战性的，但是，通过练习和耐心，你可以成为一个非常有能力的沟通者。要做到这一点，你需要知道你在和谁交流。他的年龄或职位是什么? 他们和你是什么关系? 他们有什么样的期望和文化背景? 一旦你获得了这些信息，你就可以用它来决定如何与他们沟通。这取决于你在与陌生人、朋友、家人或同事交流时，需要决定哪种交流渠道最适合这种情况。此外，您还需要确定要使用的适当的风格以及您选择词汇的复杂程度。例如，如果你是一个商务人士，正在与一家大企业谈判一笔交易，你应该面对面，使用正式语言，以一种直截了当的方式进行谈判。Your body language is equally important, since it reveals a lot about yourthoughts and attitudes.Make sure it clearly supports the message you want to deliver.A smile shows you are attentive to the issues you are discussing, while looking away with your arms folded can indicate disinterest and create distrust or cause friction.Additionally, you should not ignore the other persons body language, which will give you clues as to whether the conversation is going well or not.When you notice a change in the other persons body language, you should adjust how you are communicating accordingly.If someone looks at you with a confused expression, this could indicate that they have not completely understood your point.You will need to clarify your message before moving on.你的肢体语言同样重要，因为它透露了很多你的想法和态度。确保它清楚地支持您想要传递的消息。微笑表明你对正在讨论的问题很关注，而双臂 交叉望向别处则表示不感兴趣、产生不信任或引起摩擦。此外，你不应该忽 视对方的肢体语言，它会给你一些线索，让你知道谈话是否进行得顺利。当 你注意到对方的肢体语言有变化时，你应该相应地调整你的沟通方式。如果 有人带着困惑的表情看着你，这可能表明他们没有完全理解你的观点。在继 续之前，你需要阐明你的信息。While being knowledgeable about body language is vital, the value of empathy should not be understated.Seek to understand the other persons emotions, by putting yourself in their shoes and looking at the situation from their perspective.Some issues may be complicated and you may be confused about why others feel or act the way they do.If you give serious consideration to their points of view, however, you will be able to see what accounts for their emotions and empathize with them.You may not approve of their ideas but at least you will see where they are coming from, which means you can make adjustments to your own tone and choice of words.Suppose you are discussing a project with your partner, who has just lost an important basketball game and is inactive.To engage him or her in the discussion and make your communication more effective, you may express your sympathy by, for instance, saying, “I understand how you feel.” 虽然了解肢体语言至关重要，但同理心的价值也不应被低估。试着理解对方的情绪，设身处地地从他们的角度来看问题。有些问题可能很复杂，你可能会困惑为什么其他人会有这样的感觉或行为。然而，如果你认真考虑他们的观点，你就能看到是什么导致了他们的情绪，并与他们产生共鸣。你可能不赞成他们的想法，但至少你会看到他们的想法，这意味着你可以调整自己的语气和用词。假设你正在和你的伙伴讨论一个项目，他刚刚输了一场重要的篮球比赛，很不活跃。为了让他或她参与讨论，使你的沟通更有效，你可以表达你的同情，例如，说:“我理解你的感受.”。Effective communication will allow you to tackle differences and disagreements appropriately and improve your interactions with others.Good communication skills will also help you build trust and gain other peoples respect, allowing relationships to become more positive and productive.So, get practising and good luck! 有效的沟通将使你能够适当地处理分歧和分歧，并改善你与他人的互动。良好的沟通技巧也能帮助你建立信任，赢得他人的尊重，让人际关系变得更加积极和富有成效。所以，努力尝试吧，祝你好运!Extended readingBorrowed words外来词“The sushi restaurants menu was confusing.” Is there anything special about this sentence? Well, all the words except “the” and "was” are borrowed from other languages! This comes as n surprise, given that English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages, including Latin, Greek, French and Chinese.However, English is not alone in borrowing words from other languages  borrowed words can be found in almost all languages.For example, Chinese words that are originally from the English language include “培根” (bacon), “坦克” (tank) and “高尔夫” (golf), and Japanese has borrowed words like “豆腐” (tofu) from Chinese.“The sushi restaurants menu was confusing.”“寿司店的菜单太混乱了。” 这句话有什么特别之处吗? 嗯，除了“the”和“was”之外，所有的单词都是从其他语言拿来的! 已知英语从300 多种不同的语言(包括拉丁语、希腊语、法语和汉语)中借用了词汇，这让人很惊讶。然而，英语并不是唯一从其他语言中借用词汇的语言几乎所有的语言都有借用词汇。例如,中国是来自英语的词语, 包括“培根”(bacon),”坦克”(tank)和“高尔夫”(golf)和日本借了这样的词“豆腐”(tofu)来自中国。Word borrowing comes about when two cultures with different languagesinteract.This tends to happen when there is no suitable word for an object or idea in the native tongue.This phenomenon has been occurring for thousands of years.In the current age of globalization, when communication technology brings different cultures closer together, words are even more likely to be borrowed straight from the source language at a faster pace than ever before, especially those related to technological developments, such as “email” and “Internet”.当两种不同语言的文化相互作用时，就产生了外来词。当母语中没有合适的词来表达一个物体或想法时，这种情况就会发生。这种现象已经发生了几千年。在当今的全球化时代，通信技术使不同的文化更加紧密地联系在一起，词汇更有可能以比以往更快的速度直接从源语言中借用，特别是那些与技术发展有关的词汇，如“email”和“Internet”。Though borrowing words has become faster, the process is still complex, and ittakes time before new words are integrated into everyday speech.At first, the borrowed word is only used by bilingual speakers.It then spreads to people who do not know the original language, and they will change the pronunciation to fit the way they speak, almost unknowingly.An example of this is the word “kung fu”, which refers to Chinese martial arts.This word comes from the Chinese words “功夫” (gongfu).Over time, the sounds that were difficult to pronounce were replaced with more familiar ones.The longer a borrowed word has been in use, the more it sounds and even looks like the native language.虽然借用单词的速度变快了，但过程仍然很复杂，而且要将新单词融入日常用语需要时间。起初，外来词只有双语使用者才会使用。然后传播给不懂母语的人，他们会在几乎不知情的情况下改变发音，以适应自己的说话方式。一个例子就是“功夫”这个词，它指的是中国武术。这个词来自于汉字“功夫”(武术)。随着时间的推移，那些难以发音的声音被更熟悉的声音所取代。外来词用的越久，它听起来甚至看起来就越像本国的词。Borrowed words are an outcome of language development that could hardly beavoided, but some language communities oppose adopting words from other cultures.There are countries that make interventions to keep their native language pure in order to defend their identity.The French specifically have an official organization that creates new words, in order to avoid borrowed words.Some languages have an extremely small number of speakers, such as the Native American Navajo Indian language, used only by the members of the tribe.Under this circumstance, it becomes a matter of survival for the native language to reject outside influences.外来词是语言发展的必然结果，这是不可避免的，但一些语言团体反对从其他文化中吸收外来词。有些国家为了保护自己的身份，会进行干预，以保 持本国语言的纯正性。为了避免外来词，法国有专门的官方组织来创造新词。有些语言只有极少数人使用，例如印第安土著纳瓦霍语，只有部落成员使用。在这种情况下，拒绝外来影响就成了母语的生存问题。While some communities are pessimistic about the exchange between languages, there are also other languages that readily welcome borrowed words.English, especially, is based on a mix of Latin, Greek and Germanic languages.The English-speaking community does not hesitate in absorbing foreign words into its daily vocabulary.In fact, there have never been any formal academic restrictions on new borrowed words.Borrowing words allows the language to continue to develop, enabling the community to have a more efficient language which allows them to share their experiences with a new-found grace.It is also through those words that novel ideas are spread and different beliefs are exchanged more conveniently and quickly.虽然一些社区对语言之间的交流持悲观态度，但也有其他语言欢迎外来词汇。尤其是英语，它是由拉丁语、希腊语和日耳曼语混合而成的。说英语的 群体会毫不犹豫地把外国词汇吸收到日常词汇中。事实上，从来没有任何正 式的学术限制新的借用词。借用词汇可以使语言继续发展，使社区拥有一种 更有效的语言，使他们能够以一种新的优雅来分享他们的经验。也正是通过 这些词语，新奇的思想得以传播，不同的信仰得以更方便快捷地交换。According to the linguist Edward Sapir, “It would be difficult to point to a completely isolated language,” and for better or for worse, the tendency to borrow words has never gone out of style.The more international and globalized the world becomes, the more language characteristics will be shared between nations and cultures.根据语言学家爱德华·萨皮尔(Edward Sapir)的说法，“很难指出一种完全孤立的语言”，无论好坏，借用词汇的趋势从未过时。世界越国际化、全球化，不同民族、不同文化之间的语言特征就越多。二、词汇1.react /ri'ækt/ vi.对作出反应；有不良反应，过敏；起化学反应(16)2.gentle /'dentl/ adj.温柔的；温和的；柔和的 (16)3.*encode /n'kd/ vt.把编码；把译成电码（或密码）(16)4.mail /mel/ n.电子邮件；邮政；邮件(16)5.*decode /di:'kd/ vt.解（码），破译（尤指密码）(16)6.feedback /'fi:dbæk/ n.反馈，反应(16)petent /'kmptnt/ adj.足以胜任的，有能力的，称职的(16)8.obtain /b'ten/ vt.获得，赢得(16)9.suit /su:t/ vt.满足需要；相配，合身n.套装，西装，西服(17)10.negotiate /n'get/ vt. vi.谈判；商定，达成（协议）(17)11.enterprise /'entpraz/ n.公司，企业；规划，事业(17)12.straightforward /stret'f:wd/ adj.坦诚的；简单的(17)13.fold /fld/ vt.折叠，对折；包，裹n.褶，褶层，折叠部分(17)14.friction /'frkn/ n.争执；摩擦；摩擦力(17)15.clarify /'klærfa/ vt.使更清晰易懂，阐明(17)16.knowledgeable /'nldbl/ adj.博学的，有见识的(17)17.*empathy /'emp/ n.同感，共鸣，同情 (17)18.put yourself in sb's shoes处于某人的境地，设身处地(17)19.sympathy /'smp/ n.同情；赞同(17)20.account for sth是的说明（或原因）；（数量上、比例上）占(17)21.*empathize /'empaz/ vi.有同感，产生共鸣(17)22.approve /'pru:v/ vi. vt.赞成；批准，通过（计划、要求等）(17)23.approve of赞成，赞同(17)24.tone /tn/ n.语气，腔调；风格，特色(17)25.gain /gem/ vt. vi.获得；增进，增长；到达；（从中）受益 n.好处，利益(17)26.*gesture /'dest(r)/ n.手势，姿势；姿态，表示 vi. vt.做手势，用手势表示(19)27.precisely /pr'sasl/ adv.准确地，恰好地；细心地；正是，确实(19)28.vocabulary /v'kæbjlr/ n.词汇，词汇量 (20)29.preference /'prefrns/ n.偏爱；偏爱的事物(20)30.jam /dæm/ n.果酱；拥挤，堵塞(20)31.somewhat /'smwt/ adv.有点，有几分，稍微(20)32.*taboo /t'bu:/ n.禁忌，忌讳；禁止，避讳(21)33.embarrassed /m'bærst/ adj.窘迫的，尴尬的；拮据的(21)34.intention /n'tenn/ n.意图，计划(21)35.correspond /kr'spnd/ vi.类似于；相一致，符合；通信(21)36.behave /br'hev/ vi. vt.表现得体，有礼貌；表现 (21)37.tolerate /'tlret/ vt.容许，允许；忍受，容忍；能经受(21)38.kindergarten /'kndgtn/ n.学前班；幼儿园(23)39.recite /r'sait/ vt.吟诵；列举(23)40.accent /'æksent/ n.口音，腔调；重音；着重点，强调 (23)41.handwriting /'hændrat/ n.手写，书写；笔迹，书法(23)42.fluent /'flu:nt/ adj.（尤指外语）流利的，熟练的(23)43.cooperate /k'preit/ vi.合作，协作；协助，配台(23)44.cite /sait/ vt.提及，列举；引用，引述(23)45.broaden one's mind拓展视野，开阔眼界(23)46.tofu /'tfu:/ n.豆腐(25)47.bacon /'bekn/ n.咸猪肉，熏猪肉(25)48.tank /tæk/ n.坦克；（贮放液体或气体的）罐(25)49.golf /glf/ n.高尔夫球运动(25)50.integrate /'intigret/ vt. vi.（使）合并；（使）加入(25)51.*bilingual /ba'lwl/ adj.会说两种语言的；用两种语言（写）的(25)52.*kung fu /k'fu:/ n.功夫(25)53.oppose /'pz/ vt.反对，抵制；与对垒 (25)54.intervention /nt'venn/ n.干涉，干预 (25)55.pure /pj(r)/ adj.纯净的；完全的(25)56.*tribe /trab/ n.部落(26)57.reject /r'dek/ vt.拒绝接受，不予考虑；不录用；排斥，排异(26)58.pessimistic /pes'mstk/ adj.悲观的，悲观主义的(26)59.*Germanic /d'mænk/ adj.日耳曼语的；德国的(26)60.linguist /'lgwst/ n.语言学家；通晓数国语言的人(26)61.tendency /'tendnsi/ n.趋势，趋向；倾向，偏好(26)62.skateboard /'sketb:d/ n.滑板(27)63.canteen /kæn'ti:n/ n.食堂，餐厅(27)64.sincerely /sn'sl/ adv.真诚地，诚实地(27)65.slip /lp/ vi.滑倒；滑落；溜；陷入 n.差错；纸条；滑跤(27)66.fence /fens/ n.栅栏，篱笆(27)67.contest /'kntest/ n.比赛，竞赛；争夺，竞争  /kn'test/ vt.争取赢得；争辩，就提出异议(27)5