专转本英语试题语法难点精析.pdf

专转本英语试题语法难点精析(17)语法难点精析之一：虚拟语气虚拟语气的重点是：1.一些常见的虚拟语气的句型或结构。2.虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式。3.主从句表示不同的时间概念、的事实或假设情况，从而交错成为复合虚拟语气。4.含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气的表示愿望的虚拟形式。上述四个要点往往在完形填空或者阅读理解里面存在，尤其是每年完形填空都至少有一道直接考这方面的知识的题目，而在阅读理解里，我们掌握上述四个重点对于我们理解文章的大意和作者态度很有帮助，了解哪些观点是作者假设的、的虚拟的，哪些是真实的，这样对于我们回答关于作者态度观点题很有帮助。下面我们将主要从上述四个方面来重点论述在考试中应该注意的问题。一、虚拟语气的常见类型和句型(1)由wish引起的表示愿望的虚拟语气A.用wish表示对现在的愿望时，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：过去式(be动词用were)。B.用wish表示对将来的愿望时一，它所引起的宾语从句中谓语动词形式为：would,could,might+动词原形。C.wish用于对过去的事实表示一种不可能实现的愿望时，宾语从句中的谓语动词形式为：had+动词过去分词或could,would+have+动词过去分词。The picture exhibition bored me to death;I wish I had not gone to it.I let Joe borrow our radio for the afternoon.-Thats all right,but I wish he would buy one of his own.I wish that he werent so lazy.(2)had hoped引起的宾语从句中备用语动词形式为would+动词原形，表示一种过去未实现的愿望或令人失望的事。His father had hoped that his son would go to business with him,but his son becamean artist later.(3)would(had)rather,would as soon,would sooner 和 would prefer 所弓|起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如：r d rather you posted the letter right away.我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。I would prefer he dicin t stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。(4)It s(high,about)time th a t句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式。Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.It is high time that we put an end to this discussion.现在是我们该结束讲座的时候了。(5)as,或 者 whetheror谓语多用b e 的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法通常采用倒装结构：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamivc,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.(6)由连接词in case,so that,unless,lest,for fear that引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即 should(might,would)+动词原形，例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。The bad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.if it were not for与现在事实相反，if it had not been for与过去事实相反，两个都相当于but for：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded.(8)虚拟语气用于as if(though)引起的方式状语从句和表语从句中，其动词形式与 wish 宾语从句的形式相同。例如：She often laughs spontaneously,and her goodhumor breaks out as brightly as if it were a part of the sunshine above.她常常发出发自内心的微笑，而且她那美好的情绪像天上一道明亮的阳光一样，常常流露出来。They talked as if they had been friends for years他们交谈着，就好像他们是我年的老朋友一样。She looks as if she would cry.她看起来好像要哭了。(9)其它各种句型,as though,suppose,had rather,supposing,if only 等等If I were in a movie,then it would be about time that I buried my head in my handsfor a cry.二、特殊形式的虚拟语气虚拟语气的特殊形式，即用来表示要求、的建议、的命令、的提议、的意愿等的主语从句、的宾语从句、的表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟形式，其虚拟语气的构成往往是由should（可省略）+动词原形that从句。A、的用于表示意愿、的建议、的命令、的提议、的请求等动词后的that宾语从句中，这类动词有：ask要 求advise建 议arrange安 排beg请求command 命令 decide 决定 demand 要求 desire 渴望determine决 定insist坚 持intend打 算maintain坚持主张move建议，动 员propose提议 object反对 order命令prefer建 议require需 要request要 求resolve下决心recommend推 荐suggest建 议stipulate约定，规 定urge强调，促进vote公认，提 议decree颁 布（法令）pray请求注意：这类动词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以接doing或者to do.来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。She advised that we should keep the gate locked.（书面体）She advised us to keep the gate locked.（口语）She advised keeping the gate locked.（较随便）B、的用于It is+形容词或过去分词+主语从句中，这类形容词或分词有：advisable合理的decided决定的crucial关键的appropriate恰当的determined决定的commanded命令的arranged安排的essential紧要的complied 遵照 anxious 焦急的 imperative 迫切的 important 重要的desirable合意的better较好的insistent坚持的desired想要asked请 求keen渴望的incredible难以置信的adamant坚定不移的natural 自然的 insisted 坚持 necessary 必要的 suggested 建议urgent紧迫的ordered命 令shocked震惊的vital极其重要的possible 可能的 strange 奇怪的 preferable（好一点）proposed 提议requested 要求的 required 要求的 recommended 推荐 resolved 决定的probable（可能的）pRy可惜，憾 事 shame遗憾注意：这类形容词后面除了可接that虚拟句以外，也可以for.todo.来表达，一般情况下，意思没有什么差别。It is essential that he should be prepared for this.It is essential for him to be prepared for this.C.用于由表示建议、的要求、的命令、的请示等含义的名词引导的表语从句和同位语从句中，这类名词常见的有：advice忠 告 decision决 定 demand要 求 desire要求、的愿望insistence 坚持 motion 提议 necessity 必要性 order 命令preference 偏爱 proposal 提议 pray 恳求 recommendation 推荐request 要求 requirement 要求 resolution 决心 suggestion 劝告、的忠告例如：This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of theirschool life.这是他们的决议：要使得课外活动成为他们学校生活的一部分。The motion that the remark of the last speaker be expunged from the record.该提议要求把最后一个发言的人的讲话从记录上除掉。三、的混合虚拟语气有时主句和从句的谓语动词指不同的时间，这时需要用混合虚拟语气。一般来说,在这种情况下，主从句谓语动词指代的时间不同，所以我们又可以错综时间条件句，在这种虚拟情况，动词形式应根据实际情况灵活使用，在做这些题目时候尤其要注意每道题目的提示语：时间状语。绝大多数情况下，从句或者主句都有相关的时间状语，这是我解题的关键。If you that late movie last night,you wouldnt be so sleepy.A.havent watched B.didnt watchC.hadnt watched D.wouldnt have watched 答案选 C。Many dead would now be alive if they have not attempted to return forsomething.Had Raul received six more votes in the last election,he would be our chairmannow.混合虚拟语气还有一种情况就是事实和虚拟假设的混合句，这样的句子不仅仅是时间的不同，而重要是事实和假设的混合。I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but Iwas fully occupied the whole of last week.该句前半部分是假设虚拟，而后半部分是事实的陈述。Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-upexamination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.该句前半句用的是假设虚拟，后半句主句也用的是假设虚拟(如果你去并且解释的话)，但是后半句的从句用的是事实语气，因为“父母病了”是客观事实，故不需要用虚拟形式had been。四、的含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。但是这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if 引导的条件句。常来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：(1)介词或介词短语,如 but for,but that,without,in case of,under morefavorable condition 等。the leadership of the party,we could not be living a happy today.=lf therehadnt been the leadership of the party,we could not be living a happy today.A.In spite of B.But for C.Because of D.As for 答案选 B。But that she was afraid,she would have said no.(2)连词，如:so that,unless,in case,supposing,lest,provided(倘若.),for fearthat(唯恐)，in order that,on condition that,if only(要是 就好了)等。She listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what hewanted.=if she listened carefully,she might discover exactly what he wanted.If only I had more money,I could buy a car.(注：lest,for fear th a t和in case引起的从句中谓语动词多用should+动词原形，但可以不用虚拟语气，而用动词的陈述语气形式。)例如：The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we misunderstood h im.这位外籍教师说得很慢以免我们听不懂。Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur.在使用止匕法时要小心谨慎，以免会发生溢流现象。(3)通过上下文及内在含义，句中往往有but,otherwise,unfortunately等类似转折词。I thought the children when we returned home,but they were still awake.A.were sleeping B.would be sleeping C.had been sleeping D.would sleep 选择Bo(4)形容词及其比较级A more careful person would not have made so many mistakes.A less conscientious man wouldnt have tried so hard to get this job done.(5)分词短语Having known in time,we might have prevented the accident.Born ten days earlier,the boy could have seen his late father.(6)动词不定式短语。intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或was/were+不定式完成式或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished/+不定式一般式表示虚拟。I intended I should call on you,but I was busy at that time.To hear him speak French,you would take him for an Englishman.She would be stupid not to accept his invitation.It would be easier to do it this way.(7)名词短语和名词+and结构A judicious man would not have committed suicide.A diligent student would have worked harder.(8)独立主格结构All things considered,the price would be reasonable.(9)定语从句Anyone who had been in your position would have done the same.A nation,which stopped working,would be dead in a fortnight.(1 0)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气：I should have called to make an airline reservation,but I didnt.The porter ought to have called the fire-brigade as soon as he saw the fire inthe stock,which went up in smoke.(11)动词原形表示虚拟动词原形直接用在句子中也被看作是一种虚拟，最常见于正式文体中，动词原形一般用在条件从句中，有时倒装置于句首，同时这种用法也常见于独立句中表达愿望。God bless you!All magnets behave the same,be they large or small.Shell be sixteen years odd,com May.(come May=when May come).If that be so,we shall take action at once.强化训练：虚拟语气1.Were it not for the snowy weather,we all right.A.would be B.would have been C.were D.may be2.more careful,his ship would not have sunk.A.If the captain were B.Had the captain beenC.Should the captain be D.If the captain would have been3.If he me tomorrow,I would let him know.A.should call B.should not have been ableC.were not able D.are not able4.If you asked your father you permission.A.may get B.might get C.should have called D.maybe get5.today,he would get there by Friday.A.Would he leave B.Was he leaving C.Were he to leave D.If he leaves6.I you,I would go with him to the party.A.Was B.Had been C.Will be D.Were7.The millions of calculations involved,had they been done by h a n d,a l lpractical value by the time they were finished.A.could lose B.would have lost C.might lose D.ought to have lost8.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he our chairman now.A.must have been B.would have been C.were D.would be9.If you Jerry Brown until recently,youd thinkthe photograph on the right wasstrange.A.shouldnt contact B.didnt contact C.werent to contact D.hadnt contacted1O.he English examination I would have gone to the concert last SundayA.In spite of B.But for C.Because of D.As for11.Look at the terrible situation I am in!If only I your adviceA.follow B.would follow C.had followed D.have followed12.Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he our chairman now.A.must have been B.would have been C.were D.hadnt contacted13.If the horse won today,it thirty races in five years.A.would have won B.won C.must have won D.did have won14.There is a real possibility that these animals could be f r i g h t e n e d,asudden loud noise.A.being there B.should there be C.there was D.there having been15.The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.A.had to be printed B.should have been printedC.must be printed D.should be printed在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。如：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your houseand borrowed a diamond necklace?你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace 实际上是修饰afternoon而不是修饰 years0 ten years ago 实际上是定语后置修饰afternoon。先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后如：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.明天，新（男）老师将来较你德语。强化训练16.Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-Americanpoetry is hisinsistence that it in a religious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.A.is to be analyzed B.has been analyzedC.be analyzed D.should have been analyzed17.I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,butfully occupied the whole of last week.A.were B.had been C.have been D.was18.I apologize if I you,but I assure you it was unintentional.A.offend B.had offended C.should have offended D.might have offended19.If you hadnt taken such a long time to get dressed,wed there by now.A.be B.circles C.is circling D.be circling20.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west,so it seems as if the sunround the earth.A.were circling B.circles C.is circling D.be circling21.I wish that I with you last night.A.went B.have gone C.could go D.could have gone22.I wish I with her.A.would be B.am C.was D.were23.I wish that I the concert last night.A.could B.have attended C.could have attended D.attended24.The picture exhibition bored me to death.I wish I to it.A.had not gone B.have not gone C.did not go D.can not have gone25.I wish you me to put these things away,he said.A.will help B.help C.are helping D.would help26.If the Watergate Incident Nixon would not have resigned from thepresidency.A.did not occur B.had not occurred C.was not occurring D.be circling27.I hadnt expected James to apologize but I had hoped.A.him calling me B.that he would call me C.him to call me D.that he call me28.George would certainly have attended the proceedings.A.if he didnt get a flat tire B.if the flat tire hadnt happenedC.had he not had a flat tire D.had the tire not flattened itself29.The teacher suggested that her students experiences with ESRA.write a composition on their B.to write composition about theC.wrote some compositions of his or her D.had written any compositions forhis30.He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he a Chinese.A.were B.had been C.is D.has been31.As usual,he put on a show as though his trip a great success.A.had been B.has been C.were D.was32.Looking round the town,he felt as though he away for ages.A.has been B.was C.is D.had been33.John is so strongly built that he looks as if he as elephant.A.lifts B.is lifting C.lifted D.could lift34.He described the town as if he it himself.A.had seen B.has seen C.saw D.sees35.At that thought he shook himself,as though he from an evil dream.A.woke B.wakes C.would wake D.had woke36.Most insurance agents would rather you anything about collecting claimsuntilthey investigate the situation.A.do B.dont C.didnt D.didnt do37.Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their naturalparents are,some who have found them wish that they the experience ofmeeting.A.hadnt B.didnt have had C.hadnt had D.hadnt have38.It is important that the TOEFL office your registration.A.will confirm B.confirm C.confirms D.must confirm39.Without electronic computers,much of todays advanced technology.A.will not have been achieved B.have not been achievedC.would not have been achieved D.had not been achieved40.He told her to return the book in time so that others a chance to read it.A.may have B.will have C.would have D.might have41.It is time that the government measures to protect the rare birds andanimals.A.takes B.took C.has taken D.taking42.Some people are too particular about school records,insisting that everyapplicant all diplomas from elementary school to university.A.has B.will have C.should have D.must have43.He was very busy yesterday,otherwise he to the meeting.A.would come B.came C.would have come D.had come44.I must say he reads very well,and I shouldnt be surprised if he acting for aliving one day.A.had taken up B.takes up C.have taken up D.would have taken up45.If I had seen the movie,I you all about it now.A.would tell B.will tell C.have told D.would have told46.I hadnt expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped.A.him t call me up B.him calling me upC.that he would call me up D.that he will call me47.I had hoped that John a year in Africa,but he stayed there only forthree months.A.spends B.spent C.would spend D.will spend48.I had hoped that Jennifer a doctor,but she wasnt good enough at science.A.will become B.became C.would become D.becomes49.Id rather you anything about it for the time being.A.do B.didnt do C.dont D.didnt50.Id just as soon rudely to her.A.that you wont speak B.you not speakingC.you not speak D.you didnt speak51.Its high time they this road.A.mend B.mended C.must have mended D.will mend52.Its about time people notice of what women did during the war.A.take B.took C.have taken D.will take53.Everybody has arrived.Its time we the class.A.shall start B.would start C.had started D.start54.the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.A.In spite of B.But for C.Because of D.As for55.Mary my letter;otherwise she would have replied before now.A.has received B.ought to have receivedC.couldnt have received D.shouldnt have received56.