压轴题03阅读理解之说明文-2023年高考英语压轴题专项训练（新高考专用）.docx

压轴题03阅读理解之说明文一说明文是对事物或事理进行客观说明的一种文体,它以说明为主要表达方式， 通过解说事物或阐明事理，达到教人以知识的目的，在结构上往往采用总分、递进等方式按定的顺序（如 时间、空间、从现象到本质）进行说明。说明文的特点是客观、简练、语言准确、明了，文章很少表达作者的感情倾向。阅读说明文的重点在 于读懂它说明的事物或事理，了解事物的性质、构造、成因、功能等，了解事理的含意、特点等。最近五 年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们 比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说 明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词 汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交 替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了 4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语 篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解 释和说明）等。|压轴题要颁1 .首尾处高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的 首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的苜尾句经常乂是该段落的主题句。正因如此这些地方也就理所当 然地成为了命题的重点所在。2 .转折处文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，考生看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记， 以便做题时查找。常见的转折词语有：but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary 等。3 .对比处文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双 方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by contrast, （be） compared with, in comparison 等。4 .举例处一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点, 这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。考生要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到 了根源,做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, for example, for instance, take . as an example 等。up new ways to test our understanding of consciousness. It might just improve our grasp of the human mind. At the very least, our trees and plants should benefit from the extra attention-consciously or not.13. What do supporters of plant consciousness believe?A. Plants can only perform native reaction.B. Plants can perceive their suiToundings and adapl （o them.C. Plants possess the same level of consciousness as humans.D. Plants can communicate complicatedly and choose actions deliberately.14. What is the main challenge in accepting the idea of plant consciousness?A. The need to develop tools to test plant cognition.B. The dramatic change in our view of humanity.C. The lack of evidence in the field of plant neurobiology.D. The inability to describe consciousness itself.15. What is the current state of research in the field of plant cognition?A. The field is highly based on guesses and has no evidence.B. Researchers arc using tools reserved for the human brain to study plant behaviors.C. There is not enough evidence to support the idea of plant consciousness.D. Plants have been proven to possess a form of consciousness.16. What is the potential benefit of studying plant consciousness?1 . Enhancing our understanding of the human brain.8 . Developing new ways to test plant behaviors.9 . Promoting our relationship with plants.10 Proving the existence of plant cognition.【答案】13. D 14. D 15. C 16. A【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章就植物是否有意识以及其引发的讨论展进行了介绍。13 .细节理解题。根据第三段的“They claim to show that plants are capable of intentionally choosing to perform certain behaviors, of learning and perhaps even having personalities.（他们声称，这表明植物能够有意选择进行 某些行为、学习，甚至可能具有个性）”可知，认为植物有意识的支持者认为植物能进行复杂的交流，进行 有意的选择。故选D。14 .细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Whether we decide that plants have cognition may come down to our ability to describe consciousness itselfsomething we are far from doing（我们是判定定植物具有认知能力，可能取决 于我们描述意识本身的能力这是我们远未做到的）“可知，接受植物意识这个想法的主要挑战是我们不 能描述意识本身。故选D。15 .细节理解题。根据第五段“The research can appear persuasive, but it is in its early stage and suffers from repeated failure. Critics say the field is a high guess and that the behaviour can be explained through inborn response4这项研究可能看起来很有说服力，但它还处于早期阶段，而且一再失败。批评者说，这个领域是 一个高度猜测，这种行为可以通过天生的反应来解释）”可知，目前植物意识的研究仍处于早期阶段，而且 遭遇了不断的失败，所以没有足够的证据证明。故选C。16 .细节理解题。根据最后一段的“It might just improve our grasp of the human mind.（它可能会提高我们对 人类大脑的理解）“可知，研究植物意识潜在的好处是可以提高我们对人类大脑的认识,故选A。（2023江苏镇江江苏省镇江第一中学校考模拟预测）FaceApp has taken the world by storm, giving users the chance to see themselves age through its algorithm. 12.7 million people一some three million more than the population of New York Cityreportedly downloaded it in a week last month.Although the Russian app has become known for its privacy issues, the more interesting lesson of our FaceApp fling （尽情玩乐）is what it tells us about our societyand our future lives. It turns out we are more interested in aging than wc realized. Most younger people arc in denial about old age, doing almost nothing to prepare fbr it. We rarely have a chance to plan for the future, with increasing time and financial pressures. Those pressures bring sacrifices we may not always want to make: we can no longer afford to spend the （ime or （he money needed to look after our elderly parents.As a family doctor, I can see the loneliness epidemic developing. Elderly patients come to see me with no particular illness, no clear medical issue. After a few minutes of the consultation I understand why: they are not sick, and often they don't feel sick. They just need someoneanyoneto talk to.Although loneliness has no medical classification, the health effects are real: loneliness and isolation can be as harmful as smoking 15 cigarettes a day, and is more damaging than obesity. But loneliness does not come with nearly enough health warnings.So what next? Since 1980, we are living on average 10 years longer. Meanwhile, people are having fewer children, and they are having them much later in life. The snake of a world class health service is eating its own tail; its care is prolonging （延长）people's lives, but as the rate of pensioners （退休人员）（o working age people increases, there arc fewer taxpayers ta fund that very health service.Into this void have stepped NGOs, charities and volunteers. But in the long term, （he only way to truly help the oldest members of our society is to go back to （he traditional values of inler-generational cooperation-often under the same roof. Ultimately, we will need to evolve towards a culture where elderly care IS treated the same as childcare, where employers recognize the duty of someone with an elderly parent the same way they recognize those of someone with a newborn child.17. What's the writer's intention of mentioning FaceApp in the first two paragraphs?A. To explain its function in detail.B. To prove its popularity across the world.C. To show the rapid progress of technology.D. To introduce the topic of aging and loneliness.18. What makes elderly people without illness go to see their family doctors?A.Desire to have the consultation.B.Unclear medical issues.C.Strong feeling of loneliness.D.Questions to ask doctors.19. How can the oldest members of our society be truly helped?A.By being provided with family care.B.By going back to the traditionalsocietyC.By being treated like children.D.By recognizing the duty of employers20. What can we learn from the passage?A. FaceApp is helpful in dealing with elderly people's loneliness.B. FaceApp's popularity proves it has no security problems.C. The loneliness of elderly people needs more attentionD. Health service lacks fund because of prolonged people's lives.【答案】17. D 18. C 19. A 20. C【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章论述了年老孤独的话题。17 .推理判断题。根据第一段中“FaccApp has taken the world by storm, giving users the chance to see themselves age through its algorithm. （FaceApp风靡全球，让用户有机会通过它的算法看到自己变老的过程 以及第二段中“It turns out we are more interested in aging than we realized.（事实证明，我们对衰老的兴趣比我 们想象的要大并结合选项可知，在前两段提到FaceApp的意图是要介绍衰老和孤独的话题。故选D项。18 .细节理解题。根据第三段中“As a family doctor, I can see the loneliness epidemic developing. Elderly patients come to see me with no particular illness, no clear medical issue.（作为一名家庭医生，我看到孤独正在 蔓延。老年病人来找我，没有特别的疾病，没有明确的医疗问题。）”以及“They just need someoneanyoneto talk to.（他们只是需要有人随便什么人来倾诉。广可知，是强烈的孤独感让没有生病的老人去看家 庭医生。故选C项。19 .细节理解题。根据最后一段中“But in the long term, the only way to truly help the oldest members of our society is to go back to the traditional values of inter-generational cooperation-often under the same roof.（但从 长远来看，真正帮助我们社会中最年长的成员的唯一方法是回归传统的代际合作价值观通常是在同一 屋檐下。）“可知，通过提供家庭照顾才能真正帮助我们社会中最年长的成员。故选A项。20 .推理判断题。通读全文，尤其根据最后一段中“Ultimately, we will need to evolve towards a culture where elderly care IS treated the same as childcare, where employers recognize the duty of someone with an elderly parent the same way they recognize those of someone with a newbom child.（最终，我们需要发展一种文化,在 这种文化中，照顾老人和照顾孩子是一样的，雇主承担有年迈父母的人的责任，就像他们承担有新生儿的 人的责任一样。）''可知，从文章中我们能了解到老年人的孤独需要更多的关注。故选c项。（2023河北石家庄高三石家庄二中校考阶段练习）One key element of human language is semaniics （语 义）.Scientists had long thought ihat unlike our words, animal vocalizations （发声）were involuntary, renecting the emotional state of the animal without conveying any other information. But over the last four decades, numerous studies have shown that various animals have distinct calls with specific meanings.Many bird species use different alarm calls. Japanese tits, which nest in tree holes, have one call that causes their baby birds to get down to avoid being pulled out of the nest by crows, and another call for tree snakes that sends them jumping out of the nest entirely. Siberian jays vary their calls depending on whether an enemy is seen looking for food or actively attacking and each call gets a different response from other nearby birds.Two recent studies suggest that the order of some birds' vocalizations may impact their meaning. Though the idea is still controversial, this could represent a basic form of the rules governing the order and combination of words and elements in human language known as syntax （句去），as illustrated by the classic “dog bites man" vs. “man bites dog" example.Even if some birds share basic aspects of human language, we still know very little about what's actually going on in their minds. Most animal communication research has focused on describing signals and behavior, which on the surface can look a lot like human behavior. Determining if the underlying cognitive （认知的） processes driving the behavior are also similar is much more challenging, as at the heart of this question is intentionality: Are animals merely reacting to their environment, or do they intend to convey information to one another?21 . What was scientists' long-held belief about animal vocalizations?A. They conveyed no emotion.B. They were semantically related.C. They varied greatly with species.D. They expressed no intended meaning.22 . How does the author develop paragraph 2?A.By listing data.B.By giving examples.C.By providing definition.D.By making comparisons.23 . What does the underlined word “this" in paragraph 3 refer to?A.What birds' vocalizations mean.B.How rules govern humanlanguage.C.What the two recent studiesindicate.D.How bird's vocalizationsarc combined.24 . What does the last paragraph mainly tell us?A. Shared aspects of human and birds' languages.B. Focus of most animal communication research.C. Underlying, cognitive processes of birds' vocalizations.D. Insufficient knowledge about birds' communication intentionality.【答案】21. D 22. B 23. D 24. D【导语】这是一篇说明文。在过去的四十年里，大量的研究表明，各种动物都有不同的叫声，具有特定的 含义，其中人们对鸟类的叫声倾注了大量关注和研究。21. 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句"Scientists had long thought that unlike our words, animal vocalizations （发 声）were involuntary, renecting the emotional state of the animal without conveying any other information.（长期 以来，科学家们一直认为，与我们的语言不同，动物的发声是不由自主的，它再现了动物的情绪状态，而 不传达任何其他信息。户可知，科学家们长期以来对动物发声的看法是它们没有表达任何有意的意思。故 选Do22. 推理判断题。根据第二段第句“Many bird species use differenl alarm ca1ls.（许多鸟类使用不同的警报信 号。）“，第二句"Japanese tits, which nest in tree holes, have one call （hat causes their baby birds to get down to avoid being pulled out of the nest by crows, and another call for tree snakes that sends them jumping out of the nest entirely.（在树洞筑巢的日本山雀，有一种叫声能让它们的幼鸟下来，以免被乌鸦拉出巢外，另一种叫 声能让它们完全跳出巢外。户和第三句"Siberian jays vary their calls depending on whether an enemy is seen looking for food or actively attacking and each call gets a different response from other nearby birds.（西伯利 亚松鸦根据敌人是在寻找食物还是在主动攻击而改变它们的叫声，而每一种叫声都会从附近的其他鸟类那 里得到不同的回应。户可知，第二段是通过举例来论证观点。故选B。23. 词句猜测题。根据第三段第一句"Two recent studies suggest that the order of some birds? vocalizations may impact their meaning.（最近的两项研究表明，一些鸟类发声的顺序可能会影响它们的意义。）”和第二句中的 “could represent a basic form of the rules governing the order and combination of words and elements in human language known as syntax （句法），as illustrated by the classic “dog bites man” vs. “man bites dog” example（可能 代表了一种基本形式的规则，即控制人类语言中单词和元素的顺序和组合，即语法，如经典的“狗咬人”和“人 咬狗''的例子所示）''可知，this指代的是鸟的叫声的组合方式。故选D。24. 主旨大意题。根据最后一段第一句"Even if some birds share basic aspects of human language, we still know very little about what's actually going on in their minds.（即使一些鸟类分享人类语言的基本方面，我们仍然对 它们的思想知之甚少。）”和最后一句"Determining if the underlying cognitive （认知的）processes driving the behavior are also similar is much more challenging, as at （he heart of this question is intentionality: Are animals merely reacting to their environment, or do they intend to convey information to one another?（确定驱动行为的;替 在认知过程是否相似则更具挑战性，因为这个问题的核心是意向性：动物仅仅是对环境做出反应，还是它 们有意向彼此传递信息？户可知，最后段主要是讲对鸟类的交流意向认识的不足。故选D。（2023湖南岳阳统考二模）CERTAIN CREATURES-namely, bees-have evolved to be skillful flying builders. To assemble （组装）a nest, worker insects team up to do various work to the specification of a complex design (hat ends up being many limes (heir size. This process takes months, many times longer than the average lifespan of all but the queen. Meanwhile the insects must adjust as they go.It is these insect building teams that inspired Mirko Kovac, a roboticist at Imperial College London, to develop a way to improve the flexibility of 3D printing. A typical 3D printer is limited by the range of its nozzle (喷口霜)，and can only make objects smaller than itself. Dr Kovac's team has removed these limitation by using flying robots.Dr Kovac describes a system of flying robots that is composed of two types of multi-rotor drones: builders and scanners. The builders carry the 3D-printing nozzle. The scanners are robots equipped with cameras (hat are responsible for monitoring the progress of the builders.The building process alternates between builders and scanners, layer by layer, printing and adjusting, until a structure is complete. First, a builder remains suspended over its area of operation and begins to release a jet or rush of the building material along its flight path. The choice of material is importantit must be lightweightenough for the drones to carry but strong enough to hold the subsequent layers that will be built on top. Once the builder robot has sprayed a layer of malerial, (he scanner robot flies over, inspects (he progress. The system then computes the next layer that the builder should make, while also correcting for any errors that might have been discovered in what has already been built.Because the flying robots can, in theory, operate anywhere, they could fix things in dangerous or otherwise inaccessible places. Dr Kovac says that his robots could be used to spot and seal leaks in oil or gas pipelines, repair leaky insulation or fix cracks on tall buildings. Thinking more long term, Dr Kovac even sees a potential future for his construction robots, building on the surfaces of the Moon or Mars.