2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题.pdf
2023年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）试题Section lUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and markA,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an importantissue recently.The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_justices behave like politicians.Yet,in several instances,justices acted in ways that _3_the courfs reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia,for example,appeared at political events.That kind of activitymakes it less likely that the courfs decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments.Part ofthe problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code.At the very least,the courtshould make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_betweenthe court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart frompolitics.They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those inpower and have no need to _13_ political support.Our legal system was designed to setlaw apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamentalsocial _15_ like liberty and property.When the court deals with social policy decisions,thelaw it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines areso easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the courfs legitimacy by making themselves_19_ to the code of conduct.That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separatefrom politics and,_20_,convincing as law.1.AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyD recognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeD unless3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedD eliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedD accepted5.AadvancedBcaughtCboundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7.AresortsBsticksCloadsDapplies8.AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9.AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10.AbyBasCthoughDtowards11.Aso BsinceCprovidedDthough12.AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13.AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14.AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15.AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconceptions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17.AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18.AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleBamiableCagreeableDaccountable20.Aby all mesnsBatall costsCin a wordDas a resultSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Come on-Everybodys doing it.That whispered message,half invitation and halfforcing,is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure.It usually leadsto no good-drinking,drugs and casual sex.But in her new book Join the Club,TinaRosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what shecalls the social cure,in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamicsto help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg,the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize,offers a host of example of the socialcure in action:In South Carolina,a state-sponsored antismoking program called RageAgainst the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool.In South Africa,an HIV-preventioninitiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising,and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer.Her critique ofthe lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on:they fail to mobilize peerpressure for healthy habits,and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding ofpsychology.,Dare to be different,please dont smoke!”pleads one billboardcampaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers,who desire nothingmore than fitting in.Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought totake a page from advertisers,so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure,Rosenberg is less persuasive.Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of thesocial and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful.The most glaring flaw ofthe social cure as ifs presented here is that it doesnt work very well for very long.RageAgainst the Haze failed once state funding was cut.Evidence that the LoveLife programproduces lasting changes is limited and mixed.Theres no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior.Anemerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negativeones-spread through networks of friends via social communication.This is a subtle form ofpeer pressure:we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain,however,is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select ourpeer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions.Ifs like the teacher who breaksup the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates.The tactic never really works.And thats the problem with a social cure engineered fromthe outside:in the real world,as in school,we insist on choosing our own friends.21.According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges asA a supplement to the social cureB a stimulus to group dynamicsC an obstacle to school progressD a cause of undesirable behaviors22.Rosenberg holds that public advocates shouldA recruit professional advertisersB learn from advertisers7 experienceC stay away from commercial advertisersD recognize the limitations of advertisements23.In the authors view,Rosenbergs book fails toA adequately probe social and biological factorsB effectively evade the flaws of the social cureC illustrate the functions of state fundingDproduce a long-lasting social effect24.Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviorsA is harmful to our networks of friendsB will mislead behavioral studiesC occurs without our realizing itD can produce negative health habits25.The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure isA harmfulB desirableC profoundD questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except,apparently,when Entergy is involved.The company,a majorenergy supplier in New England,provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when itannounced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclearregulations.Instead,the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would notchallenge the constitutionality of Vermonfs rules in the federal court,as part of adesperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running.Ifs a stunningmove.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002,when the corporation bought Vermonfsonly nuclear power plant,an aging reactor in Vernon.As a condition of receiving stateapproval for the sale,the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators tooperate past 2023.In 2006,the state went a step further,requiring that any extension ofthe planfs license be subject to Vermont legislature approval.Then,too,the companywent along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments,or it simply didntforesee what would happen next.A string of accidents,including the partial collapse of acooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage,raisedserious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys management-especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe.Enraged byEntergys behavior,the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing anextension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because ofthe 2006 legislation,and that only the federal government has regulatory power overnuclear issues.The legal issues in the case are obscure:whereas the Supreme Court hasruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power,legal scholars saythat Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly,there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result ifevery state sets its own rules.But had Entergy kept its word,that debate would be besidethe point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already sodamaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state.But there should beconsequences.Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust.Entergy runs 11 otherreactors in the United States,including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth.Pledging torun Pilgrim safely,the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open foranother 20 years.But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC)reviews thecompanys application,it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26.The phrase reneging on(Line 3.para.1)is closest in meaning toA condemning.B reaffirming.C dishonoring.D securing.27.By entering into the 2002 agreement,Entergy intended toA obtain protection from Vermont regulators.B seek favor from the federal legislature.C acquire an extension of its business license.D get permission to purchase a power plant.28.According to Paragraph 4,Entergy seems to have problems with itsA managerial practices.B technical innovativeness.C financial goals.D business vision29.In the authors view,the Vermont case will testA Entergys capacity to fulfill all its promises.B the mature of states patchwork regulations.C the federal authority over nuclear issues.D the limits of states,power over nuclear issues.30.It can be inferred from the last paragraph thatA Entergys business elsewhere might be affected.B the authority of the NRC will be defied.C Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.D Vermonfs reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done,facts about the world are waiting tobe observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carryout their work.But in the everyday practice of science,discovery frequently follows anambiguous and complicated route.We aim to be objective,but we cannot escape thecontext of our unique life experience.Prior knowledge and interest influence what weexperience,what we think our experiences mean,and the subsequent actions we take.Opportunities for misinterpretation,error,and self-deception abound.Consequently,discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience.Similar tonewly staked mining claims,they are full of potential.But it takes collective scrutiny andacceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.This is the credibilityprocess,through which the individual researcher me,here,now becomes thecommunitys anyone,anywhere,anytime.Objective knowledge is the goal,not thestarting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public,the discoverer receives intellectual credit.But,unlike with mining claims,the community takes control of what happens next.Withinthe complex social structure of the scientific community,researchers make discoveries;editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process;otherscientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes;and finally,the public(includingother scientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology.As adiscovery claim works it through the community,the interaction and confrontation betweenshared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transformsan individuaPs discovery claim into the communitys credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.First,scientific work tends tofocus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect.Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known andbelieved.The goal is new-search,not re-search.Not surprisingly,newly publisheddiscovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing willalways be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.Second,novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief.Nobel Laureate and physiologistAlbert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as“seeing what everybody has seen andthinking what nobody has thought/But thinking what nobody else has thought andtelling others what they have missed may not change their views.Sometimes years arerequired for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end,credibility“happens to a discovery claim-a process that correspondsto what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.Wereason together,challenge,revise,and complete each others reasoning and each othersconceptions of reason.”31.According to the first paragraph,the process of discovery is characterized by itsA uncertainty and complexity.B misconception and deceptiveness.C logicality and objectivity.D systematicness and regularity.32.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requiresA strict inspection.Bshared efforts.C individual wisdom.Dpersistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after itA has attracted the attention of the general public.Bhas been examined by the scientific community.C has received recognition from editors and reviewers.Dhas been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34.Albert Szent-Gy?rgyi would most likely agree thatA scientific claims will survive challenges.Bdiscoveries today inspire future research.C efforts to make discoveries are justified.Dscientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?A Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.BCollective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.C Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.DChallenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today,he would probably represent civilservant.When Hoffas Teamsters were in their prime in 1960,only one in ten Americangovernment workers belonged to a union;now 36%do.In 2023 the number of unionists inAmericas public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector.InBritain,more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15%of private-sector onesare unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions,thriving.First,they can shutthings down without suffering much in the way of consequences.Second,they are mostlybright and well-educated.A quarter of Americas public-sector workers have a universitydegree.Third,they now dominate left-of-centre politics.Some of their ties go back a longway.Britains Labor Party,as its name implies,has long been associated with tradeunionism.Its current leader,Ed Miliband,owes his position to votes from public-sectorunions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome.Mark Baldassare of thePublic Policy Institute of California points out that much of the states budget is patrolledby unions.The teachers,unions keep an eye on schools
