大学英语教程3(南方版)读写译-UNIT-7History课件.ppt

UNIT SEVEN HistoryPart I LANGUAGE SKILLPART II LANGUAGE IN CONTEXTPART III TOWARD PRODUCTIVE LANGUAGE若出现禁用“宏”和“ActiveX”对话框，请选择“启用”KEY WORDS MADE EASYKEY EXPRESSIONS IN USEPart I LANGUAGE SKILLBACK UNIT SEVENKEY WORDS MADE EASYRead aloud the following sentences and figure out what each italicized word means.The Clue in the parentheses will help.1.As an justify,he studies the nature of human beings,including the development of their body,mind and society.(expert in anthropology)2.The construction of the splendid graveyard was estimated at 1,000 dollars.No one knew the exact cost.(calculate roughly;evaluate)3.Slavery reveals the cruel aspect of human nature.(side;facet)4.In death,those slaves were banished to the Negro Burial Ground.(abandon)5.In the wartime,the army sometimes recruits civilians.(enroll;matriculate)BACK UNIT SEVENKEY WORDS MADE EASYA Read aloud the following sentences and figure out what each italicized word means.The clue in the parentheses will help.6.The anthropologists were due for a promotion because of their new discovery on American slavery.(deserve)7.Its difficult to identify all the victims in a big fire.(recognize)8.The anthropologists new discovery on slavery will capture the attention of the public.(catch;seize;draw)9.There is high infant mortality in some African countries as a result of food shortage.(death rate)10.Repeated exposure of the governments corruption came out in newspapers.(revelation;release)BACK UNIT SEVENB Read aloud each of the following sentences.See how these expressions are used.1.In some cases,the slaves died not from overwork,but from mental discomfort in a totally strange land.2.In addition to physical pains,the slaves also suffered from homesickness.3.I was rather eager to buy a graveyard,but my husband was dragging his feet.4.Heavy snowstorms have put our project behind schedule.5.There seem to be some mistakes in my research work,but I just cannot pin them down at the moment.KEY EXPRESSIONS IN USEBACK UNIT SEVENPART II LANGUAGE IN CONTEXTREADING SELECTION:TEXT ASTUDY AND PRACTICEQUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSIONBACK UNIT SEVENPreview QuestionsWork in pairs or groups and discuss the following questions.1.What do you know about slavery in America?2.Did New York City use to be considered a free city before the Civil War or a city of slavery?3.What do you know about the sufferings of the black slaves?4.Why was there slavery?Do you see any new forms of slavery in our current society?BACK READING SELECTION:TEXT AUNIT SEVENLead-in QuestionsDid New York City use to be considered a free city before the Civil War or a city of slavery?Tips:New York City used to be considered independent of slavery,but actually in the early 17th century,slaves were brought to the Northern States as well as the Southern States.But later in the early 18the century,slavery gradually disappeared in the Northern States for two reasons:one was the high price of slaves which was inappropriate for the manufacturing states.The other was the African slaves could hardly stand cold winters in the North.Lead-in QuestionsWhat do you know about the sufferings of theblack slaves?Tips:They had to work hard and long hours on farms or in households for nothing.Many of them died of overwork.Of those who survived the menial labor,they might be sold at their owners whim and be torn from their family.Some black women,in addition to physical work,might suffer their white lords harassment and rape.They were also tortured by great mental pain,such as lack of human equality and basic rights,no sense of belonging,nostalgia,etc.Background InformationHoward University Background InformationNew York City Background InformationNew York City New York City is a city and port located at the mouth of the Hudson River,southeastern New York State.The city consists of five boroughs:Manhattan,Brooklyn,Queens,the Bronx and Staten Island.New York City is a center of worald trade and finance,communications,art and entertainment,and fashion.Background InformationKing Afonso INZINGA MEBMBA,who became the sixth lord of the Kongo in 1506 or 1507,encouraged the penetration of his country by the Portuguese that had begun under his predecessor,Nzinga Nkuwa.Becoming a Christian and adopting the Portuguese name Don Afonso,he made an agreement with Manuel I of Portugal by which the Kongo accepted the Portuguese institutions,granted extraterritorial rights to Portuguese subjects and supplied slaves to Portuguese traders.Background InformationKing Joao III King Joao III was the king of Portugal from 1521 to 1557.His long reign saw the development of Portuguese sea power in the Indian Ocean,the occupation of the Brazilian coast and the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition and of the society of Jesus.Background InformationTrinity Trinity is,in Christian doctrine,the unity of Father,Son,and the Holy Spirit as three persons in one Godhead.Background InformationWall Street Background InformationWall Street Wall Street is a street in the Southern section of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City.The street is narrow and short and extends only about seven blocks from Broadway to the East River.It was named for an earthen wall built by Dutch settlers in 1653 to repel an expected English invasion.The Wall Street,or financial,district contains the New York Stock Exchange,the American Stock Exchange,investment banks,government and municipal securities dealers,trust companies,the Federal Research Bank,many headquarters of utility and insurance companies and the International Cotton,Coffee,Sugar,Coco and Commodity Exchange.The district is the headquarter of many of the countrys brokerage firms.BACK READING SELECTION:TEXT AUNIT SEVENBACK READING SELECTION:TEXT AUNIT SEVEN1.While New Yorkers celebrated a new century,a team of biological anthropologists at Howard University in Washington was intensely focused on a most grisly aspect of New York Citys past.Led by Michael Blakey,the team has spent several years examining the skeletal remains of more than 400 African slaves whose graves were accidentally uncovered during the construction of a federal office tower in lower Manhattan nine years ago.That the graves existed at all surprised New Yorkers who grew up believing that theirs was a free state where there had never been slavery.But a series of reports from the Blakey team-the first due out early this year-will present statistics to show that colonial New York was just as dependent on slavery as many Southern cities,and in some cases even more so.In addition,the brutality etched on these skeletons easily matches the worst of what we know of slavery in the South.Part I.Para.1Part I.Para.11.focus(sth.)on (L.2):concentrate(ones attention,mind,etc)on sth.将注意力集中于，聚精会神于Language PointsLanguage PointsIm so tired I cant focus on anything today.她落泪的时候，所有的目光都汇聚了到她身上。e.g.我太累了，今天干什么都集中不了精神。e.g.All eyes were focused on her when she burst into tears.2.remains(L.4):n.pl 1)dead body or corps尸体，遗骸尸体，遗骸 2)ancient buildings or what is left 废墟，残余废墟，残余The missionarys remains were buried in the native churchyard.传教士的遗体被埋在了当地教堂的墓地里。e.g.I rescued the remains of my slipper from the dog.我从狗嘴巴里把我那被咬坏了的拖鞋夺了回来。e.g.at all(L.6):used at the end of the clause to give emphasis in negative statements,conditional clauses and questions 根本，究竟根本，究竟罗宾根本就没真正喜欢过那个乐队。e.g.你不头晕吧？”他问道。e.g.“Are you dizzy at all?”he asked.Robin never really liked that band at all.That Clause as SubjectThat the graves existed at all surprised New Yorkers who grew up believing that theirs was a“free”state where there had never been slavery.(L.6-8)主语主语谓语谓语定语定语宾语宾语That Clause as SubjectThat contemporary American English is exuberantly vigorous is undeniable.当代美国英语蓬勃繁荣是不可否认的。e.g.4.etch on(L.17):leave a deep and lasting impression on sth.铭记，铭刻铭记，铭刻As a witness of September 11,the sufferings of some victims remained etched on his memory.作为911事件的目击者，受害者们的遭遇他一直难以忘记。e.g.The landscape is forever etched in my memory那一幅风景画永远铭刻在我的记忆中。e.g.Part II.Para.2-5Part II.Para.2-52.The first slave ship that sailed into Jamestown Harbor in Virginia in 1619 contained a handful of captive Africans.But by the end of the Atlantic slave trade more than two centuries later,somewhere between 8 million and 12 million Africans had arrived in the New World in chains.The historian Ira Berlin,author of Many Thousands Gone,estimates that one slave perished for every one who survived capture in the African interior and made it alive to the New World-meaning that as many as 12 million perished along the way.3.During the 16th century,the massive outflow of slaves decimated countries like the Kingdom of the Kongo,whose monarch,King Afonso I,wrote letters imploring King Joao of Portugal to cease the slave trade because it was generating depravity.so widespread that our land is entirely depopulated.He said that a monstrous greed pushes our subjects,even Christians,to seize members of their own families,and of ours,to do business by selling them as captives.4.Many of the stolen Africans ended up in America,some of them in the Dutch colonial city of New Amsterdam,which later became New York City.The Dutch recruited settlers with an advertisement that promised to provide them with slaves who would accomplish more work for their masters,at less expense than white farm servants,who must be bribed to go thither by a great deal of money and promises.Integral to the colony from the start,slaves helped build Trinity Church,the streets of the city and the wall-from which Wall Street takes its name-that protected the colony from military strikes.5.In life,slaves lived in attics,hallways and beneath porches,cheek to jowl with their masters and mistresses.In death,these same slaves were banished to the Negro Burial Ground,which lay a mile outside the city limits and contained between 10,000 and 20,000 bodies by the time it was closed in 1794,according to the historian Sherrill Wilson.QuestionsQuestionsWhat do you know about the history of slavery in America from the textual evidence?What contributed to the prosperity of slavery according to the author?5.a handful of(handfuls of)(L.20):a small number of 少数，一小撮Language PointsLanguage PointsIn the election,only a handful of his classmates backed him up.在选举中，班里只有几个同学支持他。e.g.6.captive(L.21):adj.held as a prisoner;unable to escape,often used as attributive 被拴住的，被奴役的被拴住的，被奴役的In ancient time,many women were confined in the house much like captive birds.The captive tried in vain to escape from the prison and soon reconciled to his doom.captive(L.37):n.captive person or animals古时候很多妇女像被囚禁的鸟儿一样只能呆在家里。e.g.囚犯从狱中逃跑未遂，只好听天由命。e.g.7.make it(L.28):1)arrive(in),reach,get to;2)be successful in achieving sth.difficult He hadnt been able to make it to our dinner.他没能来参加我们的聚会。e.g.-“你能完成这项工作吗？”-“相信我有完成这项工作的天分。”e.g.-“Can you fulfill this task?”-“I believe I have the talent to make it.”8.one slave perished for every one who survived capture in the African interior and made it alive to the New World.(L.26-28)Meaning:for every slave who lived through capture in Africa and finally arrived in North America,one slave died.Or:the number of the slave that made it to North America equaled that of those who died in the capture in Africa 译文：译文：死去的奴隶与在非洲内地捕捉中幸免一死并且能活着到达新大陆的奴隶一样多9.end up(L.39):reach or come to a certain state or place竖起竖起,直立；结束直立；结束,告终；死。告终；死。(with:以以告终告终)If you continue to steal,you will end up in prison.如果你继续偷窃，总有一天会坐牢。e.g.At first he refused to accept any responsibility but he ended up apologizing.起初他拒绝承担任何责任，但最终他还是道歉了。e.g.如果他继续那样开车，早晚会死于车祸。e.g.If he carries on driving like that,hell end up dead.10.The Dutch recruited settlers with an advertisement that promised to provide them with slaves who would accomplish more work for their masters,at less expense than white farm servants,who must be bribed to go thither by a great deal of money and promises.(L.26-28)Meaning:The Netherlands colonists attracted new settlers by an advertisement claiming that they could supply them with harder-working slaves but cheaper than white farm servants who were not willing to come only after being given more money and promised to have a good future.译文：译文：荷兰人招募移民的广告中许诺，他们提供的奴隶，花的钱比雇一个白人农场工少，为主人干的活却比白人多，而白人农工必须要用大量的金钱和许诺才肯前来。11.Integral to the colony from the start,slaves helped build Trinity Church,the streets of the city and the wallfrom which Wall Street takes its namethat protected the colony from military strikes.(L.51-54)Meaning:Slaves were indispensable for the colony from the beginning in that they helped build Trinity Church,the streets of the city and the wall(after which Wall Street was named)that protected the colony from military attacks.译文译文：从一开始奴隶对殖民地就是必不可少的，他们帮助建造了三一教堂、城市的街道和抵御军事攻击的城墙，后来的华尔街就是从该城墙得名的。integral(L.51):1)necessary for completeness 必要的，必要的，必不可少的必不可少的 2)Possessing everything essential;entire完整的完整的臂和腿是构成完整人体必不可少的。e.g.Youd better leave out this part,as it is not integral to your argument.你最好删掉这部分，因为它对你的论证来说可有可无。e.g.The arms and legs are integral to the human body.12.cheek to/by jowl with(L.56):very close to each other 和和紧紧地靠着，和紧紧地靠着，和亲密的亲密的她和她的家庭不得不与这些人亲密相处。e.g.Mrs.Zhang found it hard to live cheek to jowl with her mother-in-law.张太太发现很难与婆婆走得很近。e.g.She and her family have to live cheek by jowl with these people.Part III.Para.6-12Part III.Para.6-126.The graveyard was paved over,built upon and forgotten-until 1991,when the General Services Administration excavated the foundation for a new tower.After protests from black New Yorkers,the agency agreed to finance research on the skeletons,but failed to budget the necessary money and generally dragged its feet,putting one of the most important archaeological projects of the century years behind schedule.7.The Howard team has yet to identify among the skeletons the many Africans who are known to have been burned at the stake during the rebellion-plot hysteria that swept the colony in 1741.But what the researchers have found is brutal enough on its own.8.Of the 400 skeletons taken to Howard,about 40 percent are of children under the age of 15,and the most common cause of death was malnutrition.Most of the children had rickets,scurvy,anemia or related diseases.About twice as many infant girls seem to have died as boys,suggesting at least some infanticide.As Mr.Blakey said,Women who gave birth in these conditions knew that they were bringing their children into hell.9.The adult skeletons show that many of these people died of unrelenting hard labor.Strain on the muscles and ligaments was so extreme that muscle attachments were commonly ripped away from the skeleton-taking chunks of bone with them-leaving the body in perpetual pain.10.The highest mortality rate is found among women ages 15 to 20.Mr.Blakey has concluded that some died of illnesses acquired in the holds of slave ships or from a first exposure to the cold-or from the trauma of being torn from their families and shipped in chains halfway around the globe.But in many cases,he said,what we see is that these women were worked to death by owners w