美国5历史3-美国概况-英语国家概况-英美概况课件.ppt

American HistoryLecturer:Qin JieAimsvGettoknowthegeneralhistoryofUSvGettoknowthespecificandsignificanteventsofUShistoryvGettoknowtheimportanthistoricalfiguresvInformationaboutAmericanCivilWarvReviewThe Gettysburg AddressvFivescoreyearsago,agreatAmerican,inwhosesymbolicshadowwestandtoday,signedtheEmancipationProcla-mation.ThismomentousdecreecameasagreatbeaconlightofhopetomillionsofNegroslaveswhohadbeensearedintheflamesofwitheringinjustice.Itcameasajoyousdaybreaktoendthelongnightofbadcaptivity.Butonehundredyearslater,theNegrostillisnotfree.Onehundredyearslater,thelifeoftheNegroisstillsadlycrippledbythemanaclesofsegregationandthechainsofdiscrimination.Onehundredyearslater,theNegrolivesonalonelyislandofpovertyinthemidstofavastoceanofmaterialprosperity.Onehundredyearslater,theNegroisstilllanguishedinthecornersofAmericansocietyandfindshimselfanexileinhisownland.Sowevecomeheretodaytodramatizeashamefulcondition.v(I have a dreamMartinLutherKing)First World WarvAmajorwarcenteredonEuropethatbeganinthesummerof1914.vThisconflictinvolvedalloftheworldsgreatpowers,assembledintwoopposingalliances:theAllies(centeredaroundtheTripleEntente-France,Britain,Russia)andtheCentralPowers-Germany,Italy,Austria-Hungary.vTheassassinationon28June1914ofArchdukeFranzFerdinandofAustria,theheirtothethroneofAustria-Hungary,wastheproximatetriggerofthewar.vLong-termcauses,suchasimperialisticforeignpoliciesofthegreatpowersofEurope,suchastheGermanEmpire,theAustro-HungarianEmpire,theOttomanEmpire,theRussianEmpire,theBritishEmpire,France,andItaly,playedamajorrole.World War IvAfterthewar,theSenatedidnotratifytheTreaty of Versailles,whichestablishedtheLeagueofNations.Thecountrypursuedapolicyofunilateralism,vergingonisolationism.Great DepressionvTheprosperityoftheRoaringTwentiesendedwiththeWallStreetCrashof1929thattriggeredtheGreatDepression.vAfterhiselectionaspresidentin1932,FranklinD.RooseveltrespondedwiththeNewDeal,arangeofpoliciesincreasinggovernmentinterventionintheeconomy.vThe32ndPresidentoftheUnitedStatesandacentralfigureinworldeventsduringthemid-20thcentury,leadingtheUnitedStatesduringatimeofworldwideeconomiccrisisandworldwar.vFDRscombinationofoptimismandactivismcontributedtorevivingthenationalspirit.WorkingcloselywithWinstonChurchillandJosephStalininleadingtheAlliesagainstGermanyandJapaninWorldWarII,hediedjustasvictorywasinsight.1882-1945vTheUnitedStates,effectivelyneutralduringWorldWarIIsearlystagesafterNaziGermanysinvasionofPolandinSeptember1939,begansupplyingmaterieltotheAlliesinMarch1941.vOnDecember7,1941,theUnitedStatesjoinedtheAlliesagainsttheAxispowersafterasurpriseattackonPearlHarborbyJapan.World War IIvAsvictorywaswoninEurope,a1945internationalconferenceheldinSanFranciscoproducedtheUnitedNationsCharter,whichbecameactiveafterthewar.vTheUnitedStates,usedatomicbombsontheJapanesecitiesofHiroshimaandNagasakiinAugust.JapansurrenderedonSeptember2,endingthewar.ColdWarvTheUnitedStatesandSovietUnionjockeyedforpowerafterWorldWarIIduringtheColdWar,dominatingthemilitaryaffairsofEuropethroughNATOandtheWarsawPact.vTheUnitedStatespromotedliberaldemocracyandcapitalism,whiletheSovietUnionpromotedcommunismandacentrallyplannedeconomy.ColdWarvAmericantroopsfoughtCommunistforcesintheKoreanWarof195053.vSenatorJosephMcCarthybecamethefigureheadofanticommunistsentiment.TheBerlinWarvThe 1961 Soviet launch of the first manned spaceflight prompted President John F.Kennedys call for the United States to be first to land a man on the moon,“achieved in 1969.ProtestpoliticsvAgrowingcivilrightsmovement,ledbyAfricanAmericanssuchasRosaParksandMartinLutherKing,Jr.,foughtsegregationanddiscrimination.vFollowingKennedysassassinationin1963,theCivilRightsActof1964andVotingRightsActof1965werepassedunderPresidentLyndonB.Johnson.Johnsonandhissuccessor,RichardNixon,expandedawarinSoutheastAsiaintotheunsuccessfulVietnamWar.vAwidespreadcounterculturalmovementgrew,fueledbyoppositiontothewar,blacknationalism,andthesexualrevolution.ColdWarandprotestpoliticsvAsaresultoftheWatergatescandal,in1974NixonbecamethefirstU.S.presidenttoresign,hewassucceededbyVicePresidentGeraldFord.vTheJimmyCarteradministrationofthelate1970swasmarkedbystagflation.vTheelectionofRonaldReaganaspresidentin1980heraldedasignificantrightwardshiftinAmericanpolitics.HissecondterminofficebroughtsignificantdiplomaticprogresswiththeSovietUnion.ThesubsequentSovietcollapseendedtheColdWar.Contemporary eravTheleadershiproletakenbytheUnitedStatesanditsalliesintheUNsanctionedGulfWar,underPresidentGeorgeH.W.Bush,andtheYugoslavwars,underPresidentBillClinton,helpedtopreserveitspositionasasuperpower.vAcivillawsuitandsexualscandalledtoClintonsimpeachmentin1998,butheremainedinoffice.The2000presidentialelection,oneoftheclosestinU.S.history,GeorgeW.Bush,sonofGeorgeH.W.Bush,becamepresident.Contemporary eravOnSeptember11,2001,al-QaedaterroristsstrucktheWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCityandThePentagonnearWashington,D.C.,killingnearlythreethousandpeople.vInlate2001,U.S.forcesledaninvasionofAfghanistan,removingtheTalibangovernmentandal-Qaedatrainingcamps.AssignmentvSelectoneinauguraladdressgivenbyAmericanpresidentsandtrytoreciteit.vReviewMartinLutherKingsfamousspeech“Ihaveadream”.