语言学导论-第3章.ppt

Word Structure:MorphologyMorphology 形态学形态学oThe part of the grammar that is concerned with word formation and word structure.Are words the smallest units?oMany words can be divided into smaller parts,E.g.:dogs walkingblackens playerdog-s walk-ing black-en-s play-er othe parts also occur in other words:Compare:cat-s;runn-ing;dark-en-s;eat-eroThese smaller parts occur consistently with many words:n-s:dogs,cats,the plural consistentlyn-ing:walking,running,a noun from a verbn-en:blacken,darken,a verb meaning become ADJ from an adjective ADJn-er:player,eater,an agentive nominal from a verb,a person or thing who does that activityBasic UnitsoPhonology:phonemeoMorphology:morpheme 词素oBasic definition:A morpheme is a minimal unit of sound and meaning nThe smallest unit of language that carries meaning(maybe a word or not a word)nA minimal unit of meaning or grammatical functionConnection:Sound&MeaningoA phoneme sometimes has more than one sound form,while being the same abstract unit /p/phoneme p ph allophones oMorphemes?Allomorphs oIn phonology allophones:the same phoneme,in particular contexts.oIn morphology allomorphs:the same morpheme,in particular contexts (what it is attached to)Morpheme&AllomorphsExample:English plural Alson moose:n ox:moose-ox-enRegularIrregularoMorpheme:minimal unit of sound and meaningoA further division:whether they can occur on their own or not:nNo:-s in dog-s;-ed in kick-ed;cran-in cran-berrynYes:dog,kick,berryBound morpheme 黏着词素黏着词素Free morpheme 自由词素自由词素Bound&Free morphemeoIn a complex word(two or more morphemes):teacher teach -er root affixnRoot(stem,base):the basic or core morpheme.词干词干 词基词基nAffix:the things added to the root.Root&Affix 词根词根&词缀词缀o Root(stem,base)词根词根:nfree E.g.teacher,dresses,unkindnbound E.g.inept,unkempt,repeat(Note:receive,submit,permit,one morpheme)o Affix 词缀词缀:nPrefix 前缀前缀:unhappynInfix 中缀中缀:absogoddamlutely(俚语 slangs)nSuffix 后缀后缀:happinessRoot&AffixFree Morpheme 自由词素自由词素Definition:can occur by itself,not attached to other morphemesE.g.:girl,teach,book,class,the,of,etc.A.lexical morpheme(open class)feature:has lexical meaning;new examples can be freely added e.g.:N,Verb,Adj,Adv(content words)B.functional morpheme(closed class)feature:new examples are rarely added(but not impossible to add)e.g.:Pro,Prep,Conj,Art.(function words)Open class 开放性词类开放性词类Closed class封闭性词类封闭性词类Definition:must be attached to another morphemenBoy BoysnBoy BoysnBeauty BeautifulnExpensive Inexpensive New word?Bound Morpheme 黏着词素黏着词素Bound Morpheme 黏着词素黏着词素 A.Derivational morpheme 派生派生词词素素-to form new(different)words-may change syntactic classE.g.:-able,-ex,un-,re-,-ness,etc.B.Inflectional morpheme 屈折词素屈折词素-no new word added-not change syntactic class-to indicate the grammatical function E.g.:Only 8 kinds in English:N.:-s,-s(plural nouns),V.:-ing,-ed/-en,-s(S-V agreement)Adj./Adv.:-est,-er.WORDSimple/ComplexInfl/DerivprettierstringydelightreusetriumphedfastestmistreatExercises:How are these forms related-Inflection or Derivation?go,goes,going,gonediscover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverabilitylovely,lovelier,loveliestinventor,inventors,inventors,inventorsdemocracy,democrat,democratic,democratizeExercises:p41How are these forms related-Inflection or Derivation?Exercises:The farmers cows escaped.It was raining.Those socks are inexpensive.The strongest rower continued.The pitbull has bitten the cyclist.She quickly closed the book.The alphabetization went well.Jim needs the newer copy.Classification of Morphemes lexical free (open classes)Morphemes functional (closed classes)bound derivational inflectional Whats the difference between“able”and“-able”?able (adj.in“Im able to do it”)-able (e.g.,“enjoyable”)vable lexical(free)morphemev-able derivational morphemeWord formationnDerivation 派生法nCompounding 合成法nBlending 拼缀法nClipping 截短法nAcronyms 首字母缩略法nOnomatopoeia 拟声nBack formation 逆成法nBorrowing 借用nCoining 新造n2.Compounding 合成法合成法oComplex words:rainy rainbow rain -y rain bow root+affix root+rootDerivationCompounding3.Reduplication 重叠词重叠词ofull or partial repetition of a free morpheme;sometimes with variation so-so zigzag bye-bye dilly-dally hotchpotch mishmash 人人，天天，一点点，冷冰冰，来来往往，点点滴滴，4.Blending 拼缀法拼缀法osimilar to compounding,obut some parts of the free morphemes involved are lost o1st part of 1st word+end of 2nd worde.g.brunch breakfast+lunch smog smoke+fog motel motor+hotel newscast news+broadcast telex teleprinter+exchange bit binary+digit Reaganomics Reagan+economics fantabulous fantastic+fabulous5.Clipping 截短法截短法opart of a free morpheme is cut off,i.e.,shortening a polysyllabic word;ooften in casual speeche.g.prof.math gas lab dormad bike fluLiz Kathyprofessor mathematics gasolinelaboratory dormitoryadvertisement bicycle influenzaElizabeth Catherine6.Acronyms 首字母缩略法首字母缩略法oabbreviate a longer term by taking the initial lettersTwo ways of pronunciation：A.follow the pronunciation patterns of Eng.NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)TOEFL (Test of Eng.as a Foreign Language)AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)NASA (National Aeronautics&Space Administration)UFO (?)B.If unpronounceable each letter is sounded out separately oAcronyms lose their capitals to become everyday terms:nlaser(light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)nradar(radio detecting and ranging)nzip(zone improvement plan)MTV (music television)VCR (video cassette recorder)ATM (automatic teller machine)I.Q.(intelligence quotient)MRT (Mass Rapid Transit)TGIF(?);ASAP(?);WYSIWYG(?)7.Back formation 逆成法逆成法e.g.editor edit donation donate burglar burgle zipper zip television televise babysitter baby sitNote:teach teacher:derivational affixation editor edit:back formation8.Onomatopoeia 拟声法拟声法owords imitate sounds in nature or in technology,obut need to conform to phonological system of the languagel A dog:bow wow or woof-woof,汪汪lA clock:tick-tock,滴答lA rooster:cock-a-doodle-doo 咕咕咕lA camera:click,喀擦lA duck:quack 嘎嘎lA cat:meow 喵喵lRing of a bell:ding-dong,叮咚lA cow:moo,哞哞 lA bee:buzz,嗡嗡lA snake:hiss,嘶嘶9.Borrowing 借用法借用法o(Borrowed words or loan-words):the taking over of words from other languagesA.Loan translation:direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing languagelhot dog 热狗 superman 超人lRedology,Confucius,Runningdogs,papertigers,lFourBooks,FiveClassics,Scarliterature,lTatami(Japanese),alcohol(Arabic),jasmine(Persian)B.Transliterationlcool 酷 DINK 丁克 YUPPIE 雅痞lKungfu,fengshui,tofu,dim sum,Shangrilaltaikonaut,mahjong,yinyangltaichi(shadowboxing)10.Coining 新造法新造法oCoining(Coinage):Creating a completely new free morpheme,which is unrelated to any existing morphemes;a rare thinge.g.googol,aspirin,nylon,Note:different from everyday use of“coinage”11.Extension of word formation rulesoPart of a word is treated as a morpheme though its not burger (mar)athon a(lco)holic hamburger telethon workaholic cheese burger danceathon buffalo burger walkathon fish burger vege burger tofu burger12.Functional shiftoFunctional shift(or conversion,category change):A change in the part of speechV N a guess,a must,a spy,a printout,walk,run,laugh,touchN V position,process,contact,notice,party,fax,butter,bottle (computer-related terms)input,output,formatV ADJ see-through,a stand-up comedianExercise：Identify the word formation processinfomercialmicechirphealthydemoheadlineenthusePRC