introduction-+week+1--化学专业英语-教学课件.ppt

Chemical Chemical EnglishEnglishCollegeofChemistry,SichuanUniversityCoursePoliciesforStudentsTextbook:required&notesshouldbetakenAttendance:required,lessthan2/3,FAILthecourse!Yourcoursescorewillbedecidedby:take-homeassignments(20%);attendance(10%);instructorsgeneralimpression(10%);final(60%)Latehomework:20%off;butnotlaterthan3daysTypedanswerspreferredbutnotrequiredAnytypeofcheating（作弊作弊）orplagiarism（抄袭抄袭）:AutomaticallyFAIL（不及格，重修不及格，重修）thecourse!Course GoalsEnlarge English vocabularies,especiallychemicalterms(glossary)Read literaturesinEnglishTranslate:EnglishtoChinese/ChinesetoEnglishWriteascientificpaperinEnglishforyourthesisInspireyourinterestinEnglishlearningTopics to CoverTopics to CoverAnintroductiontochemistryEnglishInorganicchemistry(3weeks)Scientificwriting(1week)Physicalchemistry(2weeks)Organicchemistry(4weeks)Biochemistry(1week)Analyticalchemistry(3weeks)Polymerchemistryandphysics(1week)Environmentalchemistry(1week)Do You KnowThereare5,651kindsoflanguagesThemostwidelyusedtenkindsare:ChineseChinese,English,Russian,Spanish,English,Russian,Spanish,Hindi,Japanese,German,Hindi,Japanese,German,Arabic Arabic rbik,Portuguese Portuguese p:tjui:z and and French.French.谱系分类法谱系分类法汉藏语系汉藏语系(Sino-Tibetan)印欧语系印欧语系(Indo-European)闪含语系闪含语系(Semito-Hamitic)班图语系班图语系(Bantu)乌拉尔语系乌拉尔语系(Uralic)阿尔泰语系阿尔泰语系(Altaic)马来马来-波利尼西亚语系波利尼西亚语系(Malayo-Polynesian)印第安语系印第安语系(Indian)等。等。1)TheBalto-SlavicGroup,e.g.Russian,Polish2)TheIndo-IranianGroup,e.g.Hindi,Persian Bengali(孟加拉语孟加拉语)3)TheArmenianGroup,e.g.Armenian4)TheAlbanianGroup,e.g.Albanian5)TheHellenic(希腊的；古希腊的)Group,e.g.GreekThe Indo-European Family:The Origins of EnglishThe Origins of English2000B.C.E.0B.C.ECeltic55B.C.E.Romansarrive410RomansdepartAnumberofculturalborrowingsfromLatin.Food:pisepea,winwine,cysecheese,planteplantClothing:beltbelt,cemesshirt,sutereshoemakerOthers:weallwall,strtroad,pundpound,munucmonk450-1100,Old English；1000-1500,Middle English；1500-,Modern English；Old English-Anglo-Saxon(AS)period449A.D.JutessettleinKent449A.D.AnglessettleinNorthumbria&Mercia477A.D.SaxonssettleinSussex,Essex,MiddlesexandWessexEachtribespokeadialectofIngvaeonic,asub-groupofWest-Germanic.TheSettlementofthreeGermanictribesoftheBritishIslesFeaturesoftheOldEnglishLexicon Widespread use of compounding:dgday+redred=dgreddawnbeorbeer+scipeship=gebeorscipebanquetfiscesfish+eelhome=fisceseelsea and affixation:gangoingangoinogangoawayupgangouputgangoout597A.D.-AugustineintroducedChristianityChristianityfromRomeRome Numerousborrowings,manyrelatingtoreligion,e.g.:heaven,hell(地狱地狱),God,sin(罪罪)bargain,cheap,inch,cup,dish,wall,wine;abbot(修道士),altar,candle,disciple(disaipl,门徒门徒),hymn(hm,圣歌),martyr(mt(r),殉道者殉道者),nun(nn,修女修女),priest(prist,司祭),pope(pp,教皇教皇),shrine(ran,圣地圣地),temple andagreatmanyothersTheIntroductionofChristianityintoEnglandNumerousborrowings,e.g.:Commonwords:both,same,get,give,take,theyGeneral:want,knife,die,fellowTowns:Derby(德比德比(英国中部的都市英国中部的都市),大竞争大竞争,大赛大赛马马),Rugby(橄榄球橄榄球),Co-existing:ill(OE)/sick(ON);hide(OE)/skin(ON);1066Norman RuleofEnglandbegins1264-5RiseofEnglishnationalism:Barons War1337-1453Hundred Years WarwithFrance1362English languageusedforthefirsttimeinParliamentMiddle English stronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNorman ConquestNorman ConquestSincetheFrench-speakingNormansweretherulingclass,Frenchwasusedforallstateaffairsandformostsocialandculturalmatters;but the masses continued to speak English.Middle English stronginfluenceofFrenchfollowingtheNorman ConquestNorman ConquestTheFrenchloan words（借词）（借词）werefoundineverysectionofthevocabulary:e.g.lawandgovernmentaladministration(judge,jury,justice;government,parliament,state);militaryaffairs(conquer,sergeant,victory);religion(baptism,洗礼洗礼,confess,divine,天赐的天赐的,sermon,布道布道);clothing(coat,dress,gown,robe);food(beef,mutton羊肉羊肉,pork,dinner);art(beauty,image,design);literature(chapter,poet,prose);science(medicine,remedy,surgeon),Mordern English The Latin loan wordsweremostlyconnectedwithscience andabstract ideas.TheRenaissancebroughtgreatchangestovocabulary.Inthisperiod,thestudyofclassicswerestressedandtheresultwasthewholesaleborrowingfromLatinLatin.Mordern English The Latin loan wordsweremostlyconnectedwithscience andabstract ideas.e.g.chemist,function,scientific,vacuum,area,theory,education,adapt,exist,appropriate,preciseFromthe16thcenturyonward,EnglishborrowedwordsfromanincreasingnumberoflanguagesI In n f fa ac ct t E En ng gl li is sh h h ha as s a ad do op pt te ed d w wo or rd ds s f fr ro om m a al lm mo os st t e ev ve er ry y k kn no ow wn n l la an ng gu ua ag ge e i in n t th he e c co ou ur rs se e o of f i it ts s h hi is st to or ri ic ca al l d de ev ve el lo op pm me en nt t.French:attach,caf andsoon;Italian(mainlyinthefieldsofmusic,artandarchitecture):concert,duet,piano,soprano(女女高音高音),solo,tenor(男高音男高音);model,bust(半身像半身像),studio;dome,balcony andsoon;Spanish:armada舰队舰队,cargo,vanilla香草醛香草醛,cocoa and cigar;Portuguese:caste社会等级社会等级 and pagoda塔塔;German:bismuth,cobalt,nickel and zinc;Dutch:dock船坞船坞,freight货运货运 and keel(船的）龙骨船的）龙骨;Russian:vodka,troika,ruble and tsar;AssummedupinAssummedupinThe Encyclopedia AmericanaThe Encyclopedia Americana:“TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inany“TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysomedictionarysome80%80%oftheentriesareborrowed”.oftheentriesareborrowed”.EnglishissupposedtohaveEnglishissupposedtohavethemostcopiousthemostcopious vocabularyofallthelanguageintheworld,vocabularyofallthelanguageintheworld,estimatedatmorethanamillionwords.estimatedatmorethanamillionwords.TheIndustrialRevolutionsLate-ModernEnglish(1800-Present)TheriseoftheBritishEmpireandthegrowthofglobaltradeTherapidgrowthofpresent-dayEnglishvocabulary(especiallyaftertheWorldWarII)SincetheendofWorldWarII,tremendousnewadvancesinallfieldsofscienceandtechnologyhavegivenrisetothecreationintheEnglishlanguageoftensofthousandsofnewwords.科技英语术语的构成、科技英语术语的构成、词源和造词规则词源和造词规则科学术语的特征是将一些词素组科学术语的特征是将一些词素组合起来，人为地造成的。这样造合起来，人为地造成的。这样造出来的科技英语术语称为出来的科技英语术语称为“复合复合词词”或或“合成词合成词”。尽管化学专业术语的数目很大，可是构成它们尽管化学专业术语的数目很大，可是构成它们的词素的词素(即词头、词尾和复合形等即词头、词尾和复合形等)，却有很多，却有很多是共同的。是共同的。如果能记住大约如果能记住大约200个复合形和个复合形和词头以及词头以及100个词尾个词尾，那么不用字典，也可，那么不用字典，也可以理解通常的专业术语。以理解通常的专业术语。化学科技英语术语的构成化学科技英语术语的构成要了解化学科技英语术语的构成，必须先知道什么是：词头词头(prefix)；词尾词尾(suffix)；复合形复合形(combiningform)；复合词复合词(compoundword)；词干词干(wordroot)化学科技英语术语的构成化学科技英语术语的构成造词规则将两个以上的希腊语和拉丁语的词素结将两个以上的希腊语和拉丁语的词素结合起来组成新词时，可有三种方式，即：合起来组成新词时，可有三种方式，即：希腊语希腊语+希腊语希腊语；拉丁语拉丁语+拉丁语拉丁语；以及；以及两种语言的混合语两种语言的混合语希腊语希腊语+拉丁语，拉丁语，或拉丁语或拉丁语+希腊语希腊语。词形分析词形分析词头(prefix)+词干(wordroot)+词尾(suffix)acidimetry酸定量法【acid酸+-i-+-metry测定法】adulticide杀虫剂【adult成虫+-i-+-cide杀】germicide杀菌剂【germ细菌+-i-+-cide杀】hypertension高血压【hyper-过度，上+tension压，紧张】hypotension低血压【hypo-不足，下+tension】化学专业英语中一些常用的词头 a-无、缺无、缺G，或或an-(于元音前于元音前)atom原子原子a-+G Gtomos分割分割anaerobe厌氧菌厌氧菌an-+aero-空气空气+G Gbios生命生命atrophy萎缩萎缩a-+G Gtrophe营养营养+-y名词词尾名词词尾aseptic无菌的无菌的a-+G Gsepsis腐烂，腐烂，septikos致腐的致腐的化学专业英语中一些常用的词头ab-，abs-(词头词头)脱离，离开脱离，离开Lab-义义为从，离开，在远处，在外；为从，离开，在远处，在外；在在m、p、v之前用之前用a-，在，在c、q、t之前则为之前则为abs-abnormal异常的异常的ab-+normal正常的正常的化学专业英语中一些常用的词头 acro-(复合形复合形)尖端，肢端尖端，肢端G akron峰，顶点，最高点峰，顶点，最高点acrophobia高处恐怖高处恐怖acro-+-phobia恐怖恐怖acrohyperhidrosis手足多汗手足多汗acro-+hyper-多多+hidrosis出汗出汗acrobatacro-+bat-(towalk)化学专业英语中一些常用的词头 actino-(复合形复合形)光线，射线光线，射线G aktis，光，光线，光束线，光束actinochemistry光化学光化学actino-+chemistry化学化学actinogramX线照片线照片actino-+-gram描记图描记图actinotherapy射线疗法射线疗法actino-+therapy治疗治疗化学专业英语中一些常用的词头aero-(复合形复合形)气，空气气，空气Gaer空气空气aerobe需氧性菌需氧性菌aero-+“希希”bios生命生命aerolith陨石陨石aero-+-lith石石aerosol气溶胶气溶胶aero-+sol(ution)溶液溶液化学专业英语中一些常用的词头-al(词尾词尾)的，形容词词尾；醛的词尾的，形容词词尾；醛的词尾chloral氯醛氯醛chloro-氯氯+-alcitral枸橼醛枸橼醛citro-枸橼枸橼+-al醛醛furfural糠醛，呋喃醛糠醛，呋喃醛L L furfur糠糠+-al醛醛化学专业英语中一些常用的词头alb-，albl-，albino-(复合形复合形)白白Lalbus白的白的albescent发白的发白的，带白色的，带白色的alb-+-escent状的状的albinism白化病白化病albino-白白+-ism状态状态albumen蛋白蛋白，卵白，卵白化学专业英语中一些常用的词头alkali-,alkalo-(复合形复合形)碱碱阿阿”alqaliy一种植物的灰一种植物的灰，其中含碱很多，其中含碱很多alkalosis碱中毒碱中毒alkalo-+-osis症症alkaline化学专业英语中一些常用的词头allo-(复合形复合形)异，别异，别G allos别的，另一个的，别的，另一个的，不同的，奇异的不同的，奇异的allochroism变色变色allo-+“希希”chroa色色+-ism状态状态allomerism异质同晶异质同晶现象现象allo-+“希希”meros部分部分+-ism现象现象allotropy同素异形现象同素异形现象化学专业英语中一些常用的词头amphi-，ampho-(词头词头)两，两侧两，两侧Gamphi=amphis,的两边，的两边，的两倍的两倍amphimicrobian需气兼厌气的需气兼厌气的amphi-+microbe微生物微生物-an形容词词尾形容词词尾amphoteric酸碱酸碱两性的两性的amphibiotic两栖生活的两栖生活的化学专业英语中一些常用的词头amylo-(复合形复合形)淀粉淀粉GG amylos，中性，中性amylon，淀粉，任何细粉淀粉，任何细粉amylase淀粉酶淀粉酶amylo-+-ase酶酶amylosynthetase淀粉合成酶淀粉合成酶amylo-+synthesis合成合成+-ase酶酶化学专业英语中一些常用的词头 ana-(词头词头)上，再，通过，后上，再，通过，后G G 词头词头ana-义为义为在上，往上，通过，再次，分离，过度，向后，在上，往上，通过，再次，分离，过度，向后，全部等全部等anabolism组成代谢组成代谢ana-上上+“希希”bole投投+-ism现象现象anion阴离子阴离子ana-上上+“希希”ienai,togo化学专业英语中一些常用的词尾-ant(词尾词尾)剂，剂，者者decolourant脱色剂脱色剂de-去去+color色色+-antsurfactant表面活化剂表面活化剂surf(ace)表面表面+act(ive)活性活性+-antdepressant抑制剂抑制剂depress抑制抑制+-antCarbonisfoundfreeinnatureinmorethan40allotropic(同素异晶变化同素异晶变化)forms:amorphous(非晶非晶质的质的,无定形的无定形的),graphite,anddiamond.Graphiteisoneofthesoftestknownmaterialswhilediamondisoneofthehardest.Carbon,asmicroscopicdiamonds,isfoundinsomemeteorites.NaturaldiamondsarefoundinancientvolcanicpipessuchasfoundinSouthAfrica.DiamondsarealsorecoveredfromtheoceanfloorofftheCapeofGoodHope.Itallbeginswithcarbon!graphitediamondC60fullereneDiamond:Becauseofitsthree-dimensionalnetworkofstrongsinglebondsthattieallatomsinacrystaltogether,diamondisthehardestknowsubstance.Inadditiontoitsuseinjewelry,diamondiswidelyusedindustriallyforthetipsofsawbladesanddrillingbits.Itisanelectricalinsulatorandhasameltingpointofover3550.Clear,colorless,andhighlycrystalline,diamondsareveryrareandarefoundinonlyafewplacesintheworld.Graphiteistheblack,slipperysubstanceusedasthe“lead”inpencils,asanelectrodematerialinbatteries,andasalubricantinlocks.Allthesepropertiesresultfromitssheetlikestructure.SincethelayersareheldtogetheronlybyLondondispersionforces(伦敦色散力伦敦色散力)ratherthanbycovalentbonds,theycanslideoveronanother.Graphiteismorestablethandiamondatnormalpressuresbutcanbeconvertedintodiamondatveryhighpressure.(150,000atm)Fullerene(富勒烯富勒烯),blackandshinylikegraphite,isdiscoveredin1985asaconstituentofsoot.Ithavemanyusefulproperties.Bulkyball:Buckminsterfullerene,C60153K,facecenteredcubicPolymericfullerenechainsinRbC60C60sbigbrothers!C70,Carbonisavailableinnatureasgraphiteand(toamuchlesserextent!)asdiamond.Artificialgraphiteismadebythereactionofcokewithsilica(SiO2).SiO2+3C(2500C)SiCSi(g)+C(graphite)Artificialdiamondsaremadebytheapplicationofheatandpressure(125kBar)inthepresenceofacatalystsuchasiron,chromiumorplatinum.Theintroductionofnitrogenasanimpuritygivesyellowishdiamondswhileboronimpuritiesgivebluishcolors.Anewformofcarbon,buckminsterfullerenewithformulaC60isformedinthetreatmentofgraphitebylasersandisnowcommerciallyavailableinsmallquantities.HowtoproducepurecarbonandC60SynthesisofC60UsingLaserVaporizationVaporizaionlaserRotatinggraphitediskIntegrationcup10atmheliumMassSpectrumoftheVaporizationProductsTOFatSmalleysResearchLabDiscoveringtheFullerenesNobelLecture,December7,1996ByRichardE.SmalleyCenter for Nanoscale Science and Technology,Rice Quantum Institute,and Departments ofChemistryandPhysics,RiceUniversity,Houston,Texas77005,USAA pioneer in developing femtochemistry(飞秒化学飞秒化学),which involves the study of chemical reactions in real time,Dr.Ahmed H.Zewail of the California Institute of Technology today has been named the 1997 recipient of the Robert A.Welch Award in Chemistry.The Welch Foundation annually presents the$300,000 prize to recognize outstanding scientific work.Pioneering work on the study of reaction mechanisms has won Ahmed Zewail chemistry Nobel Prize in the Year of 1999.Transition state study earns Nobel awardWhatareyoulookingforinFemtochemistryFemtosecond(fs)=1015secondmsmsnspsfsAFemtosecondLaserPumpedbyanArgonLaserLasingmediumCavityPump(source)LaserFlat-panel display technology for televisions and computers using poly-p-phenylenevinylene(PPV)has emerged as one of the most promising applications for conductive polymers.Greatthingshavebeenexpectedfromelectricallyconductivepolymerssincetheirdiscoveryinthelate1970s.Twodecadeslater,commercialsuccesshaseludedthematerialstechnology.NextcomestoConductivePolymers!FlexibleOrganicLEDfull-color,full-motionflat-paneldisplaysDisplaypanelforautomobile(PioneerCo)Seiko-EpsonOELDLEDofBayerCo.Fig 1.The dividing wall between the cell and the outside world including other cells is far from being an impervious shell.On the contrary,it is perforated by various channels.Many of these are specially adapted to one specific ion or molecule and do not permit any other type to pass.OUTSIDE THE ION FILTER(A)Outside the cell membrane the ions are bound to water molecules with certain distances to the oxygen atoms of the water.INSIDE THE ION FILTER(B)For the K+,the distance to the oxygen atoms in the ion filter is the same as in water.The Na+,which is smaller,do not fit in between the oxygen atoms in the filter.This prevents them from entering the channel.380000websitesaboutgreenchemistry!vcleansynthesisvenhancedatomutilizationvreplacementofstoichiometricreagentsvnewsolventsandreactionmediavwater-basedprocessesandproductsvreplacementsforhazardousreagentsvintensiveprocessingvnovelseparationtechnologiesvalternativefeedstocksvnewsaferchemicalsandmaterialsvwasteminimization/reductionGreenChemistry-howgreenisgreen?Green Chemistry contains primary research papers,communications and reviews.Green Chemistrycoversthefollowingareas:TheapplicationofinnovativetechnologytoestablishedindustrialprocessesThedevelopmentofenvironmentallyimprovedroutestoimportantproductsThedesignofnewGreenchemicalsandmaterialsTheuseofsustainableresourcesTheuseofbiotechnologyalternativesMethodologiesandtoolsforevaluatingenvironmentalimpactRoyalSocietyOfChemistrysixyearsoldTheJournal!要求掌握的词汇要求掌握的词汇InorganicchemistryPhysicalchemistryOrganicchemistryBiochemistryAnalyticalchemistryPolymerchemistryandphysicsEnvironmentalchemistryHazardousreagentsSeparationtechnologiesReactionmedia(反应介质反应介质)Carbon,graphite,diamondandfullereneCatalyst,iron,chromiumorplatinumPrecipitate（沉淀）（沉淀）Laservaporization（激光（激光蒸发）蒸发）Massspectrometry（质谱）（质谱）Femtochemistry（飞秒化学）（飞秒化学）Mechanism（机理）（机理）Transitionstate（过渡态）（过渡态）Conductivepolymers（导（导电聚合物）电聚合物）Assignment1:ReadandutteraloudtheIUPACnamesofalltheelements,trytorememberthoseoftenusedinchemistryWriteacompositionoranessay,statingthedifferentpropertiesliesindifferentcarbonallotropes(180words)Readingmaterials:Unit1and3InstructorInformationforStudents:Instructor:Dr.AnpingDengPhonenumber:85471302E-mail: