研究生英语课件第二单元.ppt

研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)中国人民大学出版社 Unit TwoCancer&Chemicals 1.Text 2.Exercises 3.Supplementary ReadingCancer&Chemicals-AreWeGoingTooFar?Marla ConeMenu Translation1.implementv.carryout 执行2.propositionn.asuggestedoffer,arrangementorsettlement 提议，提案Menu Translation1Lastyear,CaliforniagovernorGeorgeDeukmejiancalledtogethermanyofthestatesbestscientificmindstobeginimplementing Proposition 65,thestatesSafeDrinkingWaterandToxicEnforcementAct.Thisnewlawbansindustriesfromdischargingchemicalsuspectedofcausingcancer(carcinogens)orbirthdefectsintowatersupplies.Someclaimitwillalsorequirewarninglabelsoneverythingthatmightcausecancer.2Adayofesoteric scienceandincomprehensiblejargon waspredicted.ButBruceAmes,chairmanofthedepartmentofbiochemistryattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,hadplanstoliventheproceedings.1.esotericadj.mysterious,taughttoaselectfew,(ofknowledge,interests,etc.)limitedtoasmallcircleofpeople 神秘的；局限于少数人的2.jargonadj.theterminologyofaprofession,group,etc.行话Translation Menu3Walkingintotheroom,Ameslookedlikethequintessential scientist:wire-rimmed bifocals,rumpled suit,tousled hairandasallow complexion thatshowedhespentmoretimeinhislaboratorythanintheCaliforniasunshine.1.quintessentialadj.ofperfectexample 完美典型的2.rimn.theoutsideedgeorborderof,esp.aroundorcircularobject(尤指圆形或环形物品的)外缘，框架3.rumplev.disarrange(clothes,hair,etc.)弄皱4.touslev.disarrange,esp.thehair 弄乱(尤指头发)5.sallowadj.yellowandunhealthy-looking(指皮肤)病黄色的plexionn.thenaturalcolourandappearanceoftheskin,esp.oftheface(脸部)皮肤，肤色MenuAssomeoneintoned aboutthemechanismsofcarcinogenesis,Amesbegantointerject hisownviews.1.intonev.recite(aprayer,psalm,etc.)inasingingtone;speakwithaparticulartone 吟诵(祈祷文、赞美诗等)；以特殊音调说话2.carcinogenn.asubstancewhichtendstoproduceacancerinthebody 致癌物质3.interjectv.makeasuddenremarkbetweenothers 突然插入说话Translation Menu4Thewholeworldischock-fullofcarcinogens,Amesdeclared.“Abeer,withits700partsperbillionofformaldehyde andfivepartsper100ofalcoholisathousandtimesmorehazardousthananythinginthewater.Ifyouhavebeeronyourbreath,doesthatmeanyouhavetowarneveryonewhocomeswithintenfeetofyou?1.formaldehyden.atypeofcolourlessgas 甲醛Menu Translation5Inanerawhenheadlinesshoutaboutthelatestcancerscare,Ameshasadifferentmessage:thelevelsofmostman-madecarcinogensaregenerallysolowthatanydangeristrivialcomparedwiththelevelsofnaturalcarcinogens.Translation Menu6Amesisnotaquack.Atage59,heisoneofthenationsmostrespectedauthoritiesoncarcinogenesis.Hisresumeispackedwithhonors,includingtheCharles.MottPrizefromtheGeneralMotorsCancerResearchFoundation,oneofthemostprestigiousawardsincancerresearch,andmembershipintheNationalAcademyofSciences.1.quackn.apersondishonestlyclaimingtohavespecial,esp.medicalknowledgeandpractisingaskillhedoesnothave 冒充内行之人(尤指医术方面)；江湖医生2.prestigiousadj.havingorbringingprestige 有名望的，有威信的MenuEvenhiscriticssaytheAmestesthissimple,inexpensivelaboratoryprocedurethathelpsdeterminewhetherasubstancemightcausecancerisaremarkableachievement.Translation Menu7ButAmesslaughters sacredcows.Hestakingontheenvironmentalmovement,whichsomehavecalledthesinglemostimportantsocialmovementofthe20thcentury.InApril1987,forinstance,heandtwocolleagues,RenaeMagawandLoisSwirskyGold,publishedareportinSciencemagazinethatrankedvariouspossiblecancerrisks.1.slaughtervt.tokill(animals)forfood 屠宰(动物)2.a sacred cowanypersonorthingregardedasabovecriticismorattack 神圣不可侵犯的人或物MenuBasedonanimaltestsofnearly1,000chemicals,thedatashowthatdailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwich,whichcontainstracesofaflatoxin(anaturallyoccurringmoldcarcinogeninpeanuts),is100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfood,andthataglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSilicon Valleyis1,000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeeris.1.aflatoxinn.黄曲霉毒素2.siliconn.硅MenuHesnotadvisingpeopletostopconsumingpeanut-butter,beerandwine.Whathessayingisthatmostcancerriskscreatedbymanaretrivialcomparedwitheverydaynaturalrisks,anditsnotclearhowmanyofthesearerealrisks.Bothtypesdistract attentionfromsuchenormousriskfactorsastobacco.1.distractv.drawaway(personsattentionfromsth.)转移（一个人的注意力），使分心Menu Translation8Amesscancerresearchbeganabout25yearsagooverabagofpotatochips.Ames,thenconductingresearchfortheNationalInstitutesofHealthinMaryland,wasreadingtheingredients onthebag.Itstruckhimthatnooneknewwhateachchemicaldidtohumangenes,andtherewasnoeasywaytofindout.1.ingredientn.aparticularoneofamixtureofthings(混合的)成分2.genen.基因Translation Menu9Atthattime,scientiststestingforcarcinogenicityhadtosetuptimeconsumingandcostlylabexperimentsonratsandmice.Armedwiththeknowledgethatbacteriaaresensitivetosubstancesthatcausemutation,andthatcarcinogenswerelikelytobemutagens,Amesdevelopedacarcinogentestusingbacteria.TheAmestestwashailedasamajorscientificdevelopmentandisnowusedworldwide.1.mutationn.suddeninheritabledivergencefromancestraltype 突变，变异Menu Translation10Onedayin1974Ames,nowteachingatBerkeley,suggestedthatsomestudentstestvarioushouseholdproducts.Tohissurprise,manycommonhairdyestestedpositive,asdidaflameretardant usedinchildrenspajamas.Almostovernight,Amesbecameaheroofenvironmentalistswhenhisfindingsledtonewregulationsandbansoncertainchemicals.1.aflameretardant 阻燃剂2.pajamasn.(pl.)loose-fittingjacketandtrousersforsleepingin 宽松睡衣裤Translation Menu11Forthenextdecadepublicconcernovercarcinogenscontinuedtorise.Then,Amessays,Istartedrealizingsomethingwasntright.Toomanynaturalsubstancesalsotestedpositiveascarcinogensormutagens:fruitjuices,brownmustard,celery,parsley.1.mustardn.芥菜2.celeryn.芹菜3.parslyn.欧芹MenuInfact,abouthalfofallchemicalstestedbyAmesbothnaturalandman-madeturned out tobepotentiallycarcinogenicwhengiveninenormousdosestoratsandmice.Translation Menu12Amesatfirstassumedhehaderred withhistest.Hehadnt.Hiserrorhadbeenmakingthecommon,butnaive,assumptionthatonlyman-madechemicalscouldbedangerous.Whyassumenatureisbenign?henowsays.1.errv.makemistakes;doorbewrong 犯错，做错2.benignadj.(ofadisease)notdangeroustolife,notmalignant(指病变)无危险的，良性的Menu Translation13ThecampaignsupportingCaliforniasProposition65convincedAmesthathehadadutytoexplainthistothepublic.Whenpeoplesaidcertainbirthdefectswerecausedbyapartperbillionofsomethinginthewater,Ithoughtitirresponsible,hesays.Itsjustplayingwithpeoplesfears.Youcanalwaysfindapartperbillionofsomethinginthewater.Translation Menu14Intestimony beforeaCaliforniasenatecommittee,Amesnotedthattapwater,forinstance,containsthecarcinogenchloroform atabout83ppbduetochlorination.1.testimonyn.aformalstatementthatsomethingistrue,asmadebyawitnessinacourtoflaw(法庭上见证人所作的)见证2.chloroformn.氯仿3.chlorinationn.使氯化，用氯气处理MenuButcoffeecontainstwonaturalcarcinogensatabout4,000ppbeach,whilehumanbloodaverages3,000ppbofformaldehydefromnormalmetabolism.1.metabolismn.processbywhichfoodisbuiltupintolivingmatterorbywhichlivingmatterisbrokendownintosimplesubstances 新陈代谢，代谢作用Translation Menu15SomepeopleassumeAmesisastooge forthechemicalindustry,whichheisnot.Hedoesnoconsultingforthechemical,drugorfoodcompanies,orforlawfirms.Andheacceptsnograntsfrombusiness.1.stoogen.anypersonwhoactsasafoil,(anunderling,etc.)toanother 陪衬；傀儡Menu Translation16EnvironmentalistsrejectAmessarguments,sayingthatweareobligated tokeepthetotalexposuretocarcinogensaslowaspossible.Somehowhethinkstherehastobeachoice,saysCarlPopeoftheSierraClub.IfwehadtochoosebetweenTCEasuspectedcancercausingsolventindrinkingwaterandpubliceducationoncigarettesmoking,maybehesright.Bpelaperson,esp.legallytodosth.强制(某人，尤指依法)做某事Translation Menu17Amessreply:Youdontwanteverychemicalcompanydumpingtheirgarbageoutthebackdoor.Butthepriceyoupayforlivinginamodern,industrialsocietyisafewpartsperbillionofchemicalsinthewater.Youcangetridofit,butatenormouscost.Ifyouspendallyourtimechasingtrivia,youlosesightoftheimportantrisks.1.trivian.(pl.)trifles;unimportantdetails 不重要的事，琐事Menu TranslationExercises.Comprehension.Vocabulary.Cloze.Translation(EnglishtoChinese).Translation(ChinesetoEnglish).WritingMenu.ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A,B,C or D under each.You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1.Amessappearanceatlastyearsmeetingshowedthat_.A.helikedtoenjoytheCaliforniasunshineB.hewastoobusytocareforhimselfC.hewasparticularabouthisclothesD.hepaidnoattentiontohimselfMenu Answers.Comprehension2.AccordingtoAmes,inoureraman-madecarcinogensare_.A.lessdangerousthannaturalcarcinogensB.asdangerousasnaturalcarcinogensC.moredangerousthannaturalcarcinogensD.thelatestcancerscare3.Amesslaughterssacredcows“meansthat_.A.AmesoftenkillscowsB.AmeslikestoeatbeefC.AmesdoesntbelieveinanyreligionD.AmesdefiesanythingregardedasabovecriticismAnswers Menu4.WhatAmesreallywantstosayinhisreportinSciencemagazineisthat_.A.dailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwichis100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfoodB.aglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSiliconValleyis1,000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeerisC.peopleshouldstopconsumingpeanut-butter,beerandwineD.mostman-madecancerrisksaretrivialcomparedwithdailynaturalrisksanditsnotclearhowmanyofthesearerealrisks.ComprehensionMenu Answers5.BeforeAmesdevelopedacarcinogentestusingbacteria,scientists_.A.madetheirexperimentsonbacteriaB.didnotknowthatbacteriaweresensitivetomutagensC.hadknownthatbacteriaweresensitivetocarcinogensD.hadspentmuchtimeandmoneymakingexperimentsonbacteria.ComprehensionAnswers Menu6.In1974,Amessuddenlybecameaheroofenvironmentalistsas_.A.hesuggestedthatsomestudentstestvarioushouseholdproductsB.manycommonhairdyestestedpositiveC.aflameretardantusedinchildrenspajamastestedpositiveD.hisfindingsresultedinnewregulationsandlawsoncertainchemicals.ComprehensionMenu Answers7.Peopletendtoassumenatureisbenignbecause_.A.theybelieveonlyman-madechemicalscouldbedangerousB.AmeshaderredwithhistestsC.theyarenaiveandignorantabouttheAmesTestD.mostnaturalsubstanceshavebeentestednegativeascarcinogensormutagens.ComprehensionAnswers Menu8.EnvironmentalistsargumentagainstAmesisthat_.A.AmesisastoogeforthechemicalindustryB.AmesdoesconsultingforthechemicaldrugandfoodcompaniesorlawfirmsC.AmeshaserredinsupposingthatwehavetomakeachoicebetweencancerrisksD.MoreattentionshouldbepaidtoTCEindrinkingwaterthanpubliceducationofcigarettesmoking.ComprehensionMenu Answers9.Amessreplytotheenvironmentalistsisthat_.A.wehavetopayforlivinginamodernindustrialsocietyB.weshouldnotwastetimeontriviaattheexpenseofrealrisksC.wehavetogetridofharmfulchemicalsinthewateratanycostsD.everychemicalcompanyshoulddumpitsgarbageoutthebackdoor.ComprehensionAnswers Menu10.Fromthetextwecaninferthatman-madecarcinogensare_.A.nomoreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichB.notmoreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichC.moreharmfultotheAmericanpublicthanapeanut-buttersandwichD.harmfultotheAmericanpublicwhileapeanut-buttersandwichisnot.ComprehensionMenu Answers11.Ameshasadopteda_attitudetowardsCaliforniasProposition65.A.watch-and-wait B.no-commentC.critical D.respectful.ComprehensionAnswers Menu.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1.Afterhisfatherdied,Billtookonthemanagementofthefactory.A.gotB.undertook C.organizedD.held2.Thosestudentswhohaveaccesstohisesotericdiscussionswereimpressedbythescopeofhisthinking.A.knownbyfew B.knowntoallC.verylively D.quitepopularMenu Answers.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.3.Themusicoftheradiodistractedmefrommyreading.A.engrossedB.confusedC.refrainD.diverted4.AbrahamLincolnwasquintessentialAmericanpatriot.A.great B.famous C.typical D.reveredAnswers Menu.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.5.Everynowandthen,thespeakerinterjectedsomewittyremark.A.rejected B.criticized C.inserted D.jeered6.Whydoyougetangryoversuchtrivialmatters?A.ofgreatworth B.ofgreatbenefitC.oflittleworth D.oflittlehelpMenu Answers.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.7.Theyoungestboywaslaughedatforhisnaiveremarks.A.innocentB.wittyC.amusingD.foolish8.Theladyrumpledherskirtbysittingontheseatwhileflying.A.disorderedB.disarrangedC.creasedD.crashedAnswers Menu.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.9.Thousandsofpeopleareneedlesslyslaughteredinroadaccidentsinhiscountryeachyear.A.wounded B.killed C.injuredD.crushed10.Iboughtthisclothcheapbecausethereisasmalldefectinit.A.spot B.dot C.flaw D.pointMenu Answers.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.11.Yourjobisnottomakedecisionsbutto_thedecisionswemake.A.complete B.accomplishC.Implement D.affect12.Wouldyou_himamongtheworldsgreatstatesmen?A.rank B.call C.name D.hailAnswers Menu.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.13.Understandingisoneofthemostimportant_ofasuccessfulmarriage.A.ingredients B.standardsC.keys D.methods14.Thereare_ofpoisoninthedeadmansblood.A.pieces B.traces C.slices D.lotsMenu Answers.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.15.Hehadbeenillformonths,andweweredisturbedbyhis_complexion.A.fair B.sallow C.dark D.white16.Awitnessincourtis_totellthetruth.A.tempted B.obligatedC.urged D.praisedAnswers Menu.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.17.A_swellingortumourcanusuallybecured.A.malignant B.benignC.small D.mild18.Itisbetterto_onthesideofmercy.A.err B.add C.work D.offerMenu Answers.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.19.Hehasavery_address;helivesinthebestpartoftown.A.wealthy B.comfortableC.prestigious D.Accessible20.Wealllistenedtothepriest_thepsalm.A.intoning B.utteringC.speaking D.deliveringAnswers Menu.ClozeRead the passage through and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A,B,C or D for each blank in the passage.Weallknowthatnormalhumandaily1ofactivityisofsome7 8hourssleep2withsome16 17hourswakefulnessandthat,broadlyspeaking,thesleepnormallycoincideswiththehoursof3.1.A.life B.cycle C.operation D.plan2.A.alternatingB.keeping C.going D.shifting3.A.dawn B.quietness C.darkness D.mid-nightMenu AnswersOurpresentconcerniswithhoweasilyandtowhatextentthisnormalitycanbemodified.Thequestionisnomoreanacademicone.Theease,forexample,withwhichpeoplecanchangefromworkinginthedaytoworkingatnightisaquestionofgrowingimportanceinindustrywhere4callsinsistentlyforround-the-clockworkingofmachine.Itnormallytakesfromfivedaystooneweekforapersontoadapttoa5routineofsleepandwakefulness,sleepingduringthedayandworkingatnight.4.A.production B.automationC.management D.manufacture5.A.fixed B.reserved C.given D.reversedAnswers MenuUnfortunately,itisoftenthecaseinindustrythatshiftsarechangedeveryweek,apersonmayworkfrom12mid-nightto8a.m.6week,8a.m.to4p.m.thenext,and4p.m.to12mid-nightthethirdandsoon.Thismeansthatnosoonerhashegotusedtooneroutine7hewastochangetoanother,sothatmuchofhistimeisspentneitherworkingnorsleepingefficiently.6.A.a B.first C.one D.the7.A.than B.when C.one D.whi