语言学导论第四章.ppt

4.6 Recursiveness(递归性)Recursiveness:mainlymeansthataphrasalconstituentcanbeembeddedwithinanotherconstituenthavingthesamecategory递归性主要指一个短语成分能被嵌入到另一个递归性主要指一个短语成分能被嵌入到另一个有着相同范畴的成分中。有着相同范畴的成分中。Ex.ThathouseinBeijingThegardenofthathouseinBeijingThetreeinthegardenofthathouseinBeijingAbirdonthetreeinthegardenofthathouseinBeijingJohnssisterJohnssisterhusbandJohnssisterhusbandsuncleJohnssistershusbandsunclesdaughter,ect.Butithasbecomeanumberllatermsuchimportantlinguisticphenomenaascoordinationandsubordination,conjoining(连接)andembedding(嵌入)，hypotactic(从属关系)andparatactic(并列关系)。Howlongcanascentencebe？Theoretically,there is no limit to the number of embedding one relative clause into another relative clause,so long as it does not become an obstacle to successful communication.Allthesearemeanstoextendsentences.Thesameholdstruefornominalclauseandadverbialclauses.Ex.ImetamanwhohadasonwhosewifesoldcookiesthatshehadbakedinherkitchenthatwasfullyequippedwithelectricalappliancesthatwerenewRecursiveness,togetherwithopenness,isgenerallyregardedasthecoreofcreativityoflanguage.Conjoining(连接)Conjoing;coordination.Conjunctions;and,but,andor.Ex.Johnboughtahatandhiswifeboughtahandbag.Givemelibertyorgivemedeath.Embedding(嵌入嵌入)Embeddingreferstothemeansbywhichoneclauseisincludedinthesentenceinsyntacticsubordination.Ex.Isawthemanwhohadvisitedyoulastyear.(relativeclause关系从句)IdontknowwhetherProfessorLineedsthisbook.(complementclause补语从句)Ifyoulistenedtome,youwouldntmakemistake.(adverbialclause状语从句)4.7BeyondtheSentenceLinguistsarenowexploringthesyntacticrelationbetweensentencesinaparagraphorchapterorthewholetext,whichleadstotheemergenceoftextlinguistics(篇章语言学)anddiscourseanalysis（话语分析话语分析）.4.7.1SentenceConnection(句句子连接子连接)Thenotionsofhypotactic(主从的)andparatactic(并列的)relationcanalsobeappliedtothestudyofsyntacticrelationsbetweensentences.Hypotactic从属分句从属分句(subordinateclauses);Ex.Youcanphonethedoctorifyoulike.However,Iverymuchdoubtwhetherheisin.Welivenearthesea.Soweenjoyahealthyclimate.Paratactic并列分句并列分句（coordinateclauses）:Ex.InGuangzhouitishotandhumidduringthesummer.InBeijingitishotanddry.Hedictatedtheletter.Shewroteit.Thedoorwasopen.Hewalkedin.4.7.2Cohesion(衔接衔接)Cohesion:isaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax.Itreferstorelationsofmeaningthatexistwithinthetext,anddefinesitasatext.Cohesiveness连贯连贯:canberealizebyemployingvariouscohesivedevice(衔接手段衔接手段):conjunction连词连词ellipsis省略省略lexicalrepetition词汇复现词汇复现lexicalcollocation词汇搭配词汇搭配reference指称指称substitution替代替代“Didshegetthereatsix?”“No,(shegotthere)earlier(thansix).”(Ellipsis)“ShallweinviteBill?”“No.Icantstandtheman.”(Lexicalcollocation)Hecouldntopenthedoor.Itwaslockedtight.(Reference)“Whydontyouuseyourownrecorder?”“Idonthaveone.”(Substitution)Iwantedtohelphim.Unfortunatelyitwastoolate.(Logicalconnection)Thankyou