[上册]Unit-3-Three-Rats-and-Men-研究生精读教程(第三版)课件.ppt

研究生英语精读教程(第三版上)Unit Three Rats and MenInsoluble Problems 1.Text 2.Exercises 3.Supplementary ReadingRats and MenInsoluble ProblemsS.I.HayakawaMenuTranslation1.neurosisn.functionalderangementcausedbydisorderofthenervoussystemorbysomethinginthesubconsciousmind神经官能病2.inducev.persuadeorinfluence;leadorcause劝诱；促使Menu1ProfessorN.R.F.MaieroftheUniversityofMichiganperformedaseriesofexperimentsseveralyearsagoinwhichneurosis*isinduced*inrats.Theratsarefirsttrainedtojumpofftheedgeofaplatformatoneoftwodoors.Iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,sothateachtimeitjumpsitneverknowswhetheritisgoingtogetfoodorbumpitsnose,itfinallygivesupandrefusestojumpatall.Atthisstage,Dr.Maiersays,Manyratsprefertostarveratherthanmakeachoice.MenuTranslation2Next,theratsareforcedtomakeachoice,beingdriventoitbyblasts*ofairoranelectricshock.Animalswhichareinducedtorespondintheinsoluble*problemsituation,saysDr.Maier,settledowntoaspecificreaction(suchasjumpingsolelyatthelefthanddoor)whichtheycontinuetoexecute*regardlessofconsequences.1.blastn.strong,suddenrushofwind一阵突然的劲风2.insolubleadj.thatcannotbesolvedorexplained不能解决3.executev.carryout执行MenuTheresponsechosenundertheseconditionsbecomesfixated.Oncethefixation*appears,theanimalisincapableoflearninganadaptiveresponseinthissituation.Whenareactiontotheleft-handdooristhusfixated,theright-handdoormaybeleftopensothatthefoodisplainlyvisible.Yettherat,whenpushed,continuestojumptotheleft,becomingmorepanicky*eachtime.1.fixationn.fixing固定，执着2.panickyadj.inastateofunreasoning,uncontrolledfear惊慌的MenuInthispassivestate,itrefusestoeat,refusestotakeanyinterestinanything:itcanberolledupintoaballorsuspended*intheairbyitslegstherathasceasedtocarewhathappenstoit.Ithashadanervousbreakdown.1.suspendv.hangup悬挂MenuTranslation3Itistheinsolubilityoftheratsproblemthatleadstoitsnervousbreakdown,and,asDr.Maiershowsinhisstudiesofdisturbedchildrenandadults,ratsandhumanbeingsseemtogo throughprettymuchthesamestages.First,theyaretrainedtomakehabituallyagivenchoicewhenconfrontedbyagivenproblem;secondly,theygetaterribleshockwhentheyfindthattheconditionshavechangedandthatthechoicedoesntproducetheexpectedresults;Menufinally,evenwiththegoalvisibleinfrontofthem,tobeattained*simplybymakingadifferentchoice,theygocrazyout offrustration.Theyteararoundwildly;theysulkincornersandrefusetoeat;bitter,cynical*,disillusioned*,theyceasetocarewhathappenstothem.1.attainv.succeedindoingorgetting达到，实现2.cynicaladj.sneeringorcontemptuous嘲骂的，讽刺的3.disillusionv.setfreefrommistakenbeliefs使幻想破灭TranslationMenuNaturallyhisfaultsgetworsestill-andshenagshimevenmore.Governed,liketherat,byafixatedreactiontotheproblemofherhusbandsfaults,shecanmeetitonlyinoneway.Thelongershecontinues,theworseitgets,untiltheyarebothnervouswrecks.TranslationMenu5Again,whitepeopleinanortherncity,deploring*theilliteracy*andhighcrimerateamongNegroes,segregatethem,persecutethem(itiswellknownthatthepolicearealmostalwaystougheronNegrosuspectsthanonwhites),anddenythemopportunitiesforemploymentandadvancement.1.deplorev.beverysorryabout(andconsiderwrong)哀叹，痛惜2.illiteracyn.(instanceof)beingunabletoreadorwrite文盲，未受教育；无知Menu6Tociteanotherexample,studentstryingtoexpressthemselvesinwritingmaywritepoorly.Inordertoimprovetheirwriting,saystheEnglishteacher,Imustteachthemthefundamentalsofgrammar,spelling,andpunctuation.MenuBythusplacingexcessive*emphasisongrammarandmechanicswhileignoringthestudentsideas,theteacherquicklydestroysstudentinterestinwriting.Thatinterestdestroyed,thestudentswriteevenmorepoorly.1.excessiveadj.toomuch;extreme过多的；极端的MenuThereupontheteacherredoubleshisdoseofgrammarandmechanics.Thestudentsbecomeincreasinglyboredandrebellious.Suchstudentsfilltheranksof“remedial*Englishclassesinhighschoolandcollege.1.remedialadj.providingaremedy矫正的，补习的MenuTranslation7Again,anation,believingthattheonlywaytosecurepeaceanddignityisthrougharmedstrength,mayembark*onahugearmaments*program.Theprogramarousesthefearsofneighboringnations,sothattheytooincreasetheirarmamentstomatchthoseofthefirstnation.1.embarkv.(onsth.)start;takepartin开始，从事2.armamentn.militaryforcesandtheirequipment军队；军备MenuAnxietyandtensionincrease.Itisclear,thefirstnationdeclares,thatweshallcontinuetofeelanxiousaboutournationalsecuritysolongaswearenotadequatelypreparedforallemergencies;wemustthereforedoubleourarmaments.Thisnaturallymakestheneighboringnationsevenmoreanxious,sothattheytoodoubletheirarmaments.Menu8Ofcoursetheseinstancesareoversimplified,butitisoftenbecauseofviciouscirclesofthiskindthatweareunabletogetatordoanythingabouttheconditionsthatleadtodisaster.Thepatternisfrequentlyrecognizable;thegoalmaybeinsight,attainablebyamerechangeinmethods.MenuNevertheless,governedbyfixatedreactions,theratcannotgetfood,thewifecannotcureherhusbandsfaults,Negroeswillhavetowaittwoorthreegenerationsuntilthetimeisripeforsocialchange,andwecannotaffordtostopdevisingandmanufacturingweaponssodeadlythattheycannotbeusedwithoutdestroyingcivilizationitself.TranslationMenu9Thereis,however,animportantdifferencebetweentheinsolubilityoftheratsproblemsandtheinsolubilityofhumanproblems.Dr.Maiersratsweredriventotheirnervousbreakdownsbyproblemsmorecomplicatedthanwouldnaturallyoccurinaratsenvironment.Buthumanbreakdownsareordinarilycausedbyproblemsthathumanbeingsthemselveshavecreated:Menu10RatscanhardlybeblamedfornotbeingabletosolveproblemssetforthembyDr.Maier;therearelimitstoaratspowersofabstraction.Buttherearenoknownlimitstothehumancapacitytoabstractandorganizeandmakeuseofabstractions.Hence,ifhumanbeingsfindproblemsinsolublebecauseoffixatedreactions-iftheyarefrustratedbecausetheycanrespondinonlyoneway,regardlessofcontextorcircumstances,tocertainsymbolicallydefinedsituations-theyarefunctioningatlessthanfullhumancapacity.MenuTheycanbesaid,inKorzybskissuggestivephrase,tobecopyinganimalsintheirreactions.WendellJohnsonsummarizedthisideaaptlywhenhesaid,Toamouse,cheeseischeese;thatswhymousetrapswork.Howdothesefixationsoccurinhumanbeings?TranslationMenu.ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements by choosing the best alternative A,B,C or D under each.You are allowed 2 minutes 30 seconds for this part.1.Accordingtothepassage,iftheratfailstofigureoutthenewsystem,_.A.itfinallysucceedsingettingfoodB.itjumpsandbumpsitsnoseC.itrefusestojumpatallD.itfindsanewwaytosolvetheproblemMenuAnswers.Comprehension2.Iftheratsettlesdowntoaspecificreaction,itwould_.A.jumptotherightandthentotheleftB.jumpatthedoorwhichismarkedC.jumpattheopendoorD.jumpsolelyatoneparticulardoor3.AccordingtoDr.Maier,_.A.onlyhumanbeingshavenervousbreakdownsB.ratsandhumanbeingsarealikeintheiractionswhentheyhavenervousbreakdownsC.ratsandhumanbeingsgothroughdifferentstagesD.ratsandhumanbeingshavethesameproblemMenuAnswers4.Accordingtothearticle,whatcausestheratsneurosis?A.Theimportanceoftheproblem.B.Thecomplexityoftheproblem.C.Theinvolvementoftheexperimenter.D.Theinsolubilityoftheproblem.5.Whathappensinthefinalstageoftheirneurosis?A.Theyareforcedtomakeachoice.B.Theygocrazyandceasetocareaboutanything.C.Theyrefusetoactatall.D.Theyfixateontheoriginalchoice.ComprehensionAnswersMenu6.Accordingtothepassage,thewifenagsherhusbandmoreandmorebecauseof_.A.afixatedreactionB.angeratherhusbandC.anxietyaboutherhusbandsfaultsD.impatiencewithherhusbandsmistakes7.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthelistofpeoplewhoareinterestedinorderlysocialchange?A.Collegeteachers.B.Congressmen.C.Salesmen.D.Mayors.ComprehensionMenuAnswers8.Ifastudentwritespoorly,theteachershould_.A.sethimmoregrammarexercisestodoB.tellhimnottowritecarelesslyC.redoublehisdoseofmechanicsD.notmakehimfeelnointerestinwriting.ComprehensionAnswersMenu9.Judgingfromthearticle,_.A.thewriterquitedisapprovesof“remedialEnglish”classesB.thewriterlikes“remedialEnglish”classesC.thewriterwantstobanishsuchclassesD.thewritertriestosetupsuch“remedialEnglish”classes.ComprehensionMenuAnswers10.WhenWendellJohnsonsaid“Toamouse,cheeseischeese;thatswhymouse-trapswork”,hemeantthat_.A.amanisasstupidasamouseB.humanbeingscannotabstractC.ratsaremorecapableofabstractionthanmenD.aratspowersofabstractionarelimited.ComprehensionMenuAnswers.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.1.Highrateofunemploymentandviolencearedeploredbymanypeople.A.condemnedB.convincedC.declaredD.perpetuated2.Theyareplanningtoembarkonanewbusinessundertaking.A.goforB.gowithC.gointoD.goonAnswersMenu.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.3.IntheMiddleAges,manypeopleinEuropesufferedpersecutionfortheirreligiousbeliefs.A.treatmentB.punishmentC.disillusionD.execution4.Wecouldntinducetheoldladytotravelbyair.A.driveB.convinceC.forceD.suggestMenuAnswers.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.5.Hewentintoacomabecauseofseriouslossofblood.A.badcoughB.whitenessC.tremblingD.stateofprofoundinsensibilityAnswersMenu.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.6.Theethicsofhisdecisionaredoubtful.A.raceB.aestheticsC.moralsD.cause7.Thepatientstaxthedoctorspatiencebyaskinghimsomanysillyquestions.A.pestB.areastrainonC.injureD.destroyMenuAnswers.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.8.Theybrokeupthealliance.A.broughttoanendB.dispersedC.stoppedtoenterinto D.changedfortheworse9.Theboysweresummonedinturntoseetheexaminer.A.separatelyB.occasionallyC.allD.insuccessionAnswersMenu.VocabularyA.Identify one of the four choices A,B,C,or D which would keep the meaning of the underlined word or phrase.10.Theytraveledalloverthecountry,regardlessofexpense.A.unkindtoB.payingnoattentiontoC.forgettingD.concernedwithMenuAnswers.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.11.Thestorywassofunnythatwewereallin_.A.excitementB.convulsionsC.emotionD.fixation12.Gluttonyisjustasmucha_asdrunkenness.A.viceB.vicinityC.viciousnessD.vicissitudeAnswersMenu.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.13.Eachroomisdecoratedwithalamp_fromtheceiling.A.droppedB.pulledC.suspendedD.fallen14.Myfirstmeetingwithheroften_tomymemory.A.fellsB.recallsC.refreshesD.recursMenuAnswers.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.15.Hewriteslikea(n)_:therearemistakesineverysentence.A.pupilB.illiterateC.teenagerD.schoolboy16.Thegoalisnotyet_.A.togainB.tosustainC.torestrainD.toattainAnswersMenu.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.17.Itwasreportedthatduringthebombing,manypeoplewerekilledorwoundedby_.A.flowB.blastC.currentD.stream18.Shelearnttoswimatonce-sheseemedtotallywithout_ofthewater.A.panicB.fearC.terrorD.terriblenessMenuAnswers.VocabularyB.Choose the correct answer.Only one answer is correct.19.Weraisedawemustpayoffitthisyear_.A.creditB.goodsumC.loanD.mortgage20.Somechildrencomplainthattheirparentsatthemallday.A.blameB.scoldC.nagD.cryAnswersMenu.ClozeRead the passage through and choose one suitable word or phrase marked A,B,C or D for each blank in the passage.Planningisaveryimportantactivityinourlives.Itcangivepleasure,evenexcitement,1causequitesevereheadaches.Themoresignificantthetaskahead,themorecarefultheplanningrequired.Gettingtoschoolortoworkontimeisataskrequiring2ornoplanning,itisalmostaroutine.1.A.soB.thenC.orD.but2.A.fewB.littleC.muchD.plentyMenuAnswersAmonthstouringholidayabroad,orbetter3,gettingmarried,isadifferentmatteraltogether.Ifthe4involvesachurchwedding,with50guests,areception,ahoneymooninVeniceandreturningtoanewhome,itrequiresevenmoreplanningtomake5thatitissuccessful.3.A.moreB.yetC.stillD.off4.A.firstB.secondC.formerD.latter5.A.known B.believeC.sureD.clearAnswersMenuPlanningisourwayoftryingtoensuresuccessand6avoidingcostlyfailureswecannot7.Itisequallyessentialtomankindasa8,toindividualnations,tofamiliesandsinglepeople;thescalemay9,butthedegreeofimportancedoesnot.10,anationplanningitsresourcesandneedsdoesnot11fromafamilyplanningitsweeklyshoppingormonthlyhouseholdbudget.6.A.inB.forC.ofD.by7.A.affordB.sufferC.standD.bear8.A.groupB.wholeC.factD.unity9.A.change B.varyC.rangeD.float10.A.HoweverB.MoreoverC.InessenceD.Inoneword11.A.differB.changeC.varyD.shiftMenuAnswers12aredesignedtoensureanadequatesupplyofessentials,13arateofspendingwithinthelimitsofincome,and14properlycarriedoutwill15shortages,wastage,oroverexpenditure.12.A.Some B.ManyC.AllD.Both13.A.withB.byC.atD.in14.A.thoughB.ifC.howD.nomatterwhat15.A.keepB.avoidC.causeD.solveAnswersMenu.Translation(English to Chinese)Therattlesnake,oftenconsideredthedeadliestofallNorthAmericansnakes,hasoftenbeenthesubjectofresearchanddiscussionamongnaturalists.Thissnakeearnsitsnamefromthepresenceofringsoftoughskinonitstailthatremainwhensloughing,orthedroppingoffofskin,occurs.Wheneverarattlesnakeisagitated,itbeginstomoveitstail,amotionthatcausestheringsofhardenedskintomakearattlingnoise.MenuAnswers.Translation(English to Chinese)Mostnaturalistsbelievethatthisnoiseisaninvoluntaryreactionthatresultsfromthenervousnessofthereptile;theydonotthinkthattherattlesnakeisattemptingtoconveyawarningtoitspossiblevictim.Studieshaverevealedthattherattlesnakeistheonlyvenomoussnakethatgivesasignalbeforestriking,and,infact,thisreptileistheonlyspeciesthathasrattles.AnswersMenu.Translation(English to Chinese)However,boththebullsnakeandthefoxsnakealsovibratetheirtailsrapidlywhenevertheybecomenervous.Whetherornottherattlesnakeshouldbecalledthegentlemanamongsnakesbecauseofthenoiseitmakesbeforestrikingisaninterestingquestion.MenuAnswers.Translation(Chinese to English)尊敬的编辑同志：非常高兴中央电视台和贵报举办“我与电视”征文活动。我很遗憾地告诉您我是位残疾人。当您看到我的稿子时，一定觉得我的字迹很乱吧。那是因为我的手不能动，多年来一直叼着笔用嘴写字，这些年来，我用嘴写出了一篇篇文章，一首首小诗。现在我怀着无比激动的心情把这篇征文寄给您。祝好！残疾青年王丽AnswersMenu.Writing1.Title:AFootballMatch2.Timelimit:30minutes3.Wordlimit:120150wordsMenuAnswers.SupplementaryReading.QuestionsSupplementary ReadingMenuSupplementary Reading1Inthe1940s,psychologistAbrahamMaslowrecognizedthatworkersperformastheydoinordertosatisfyawidevarietyofneeds.Herealizedthattheseneedswouldhavetobeclassifiedtoexplainmotion.ThemodelheworkedoutiscalledMaslowsladder.Twoprinciplesunderliethismodel:Ahumanbeingisananimalwithmanyneeds,andonlythoseneedsnotyetfullysatisfiedcauseapersontoact.Whenneedsonalowerlevelaresatisfied,atleastinpart,therungabovebecomesagoalapersonwillstrivetoreach.Withtheseprinciplesinmind,letusnowtakealookateachsetofneedsdepictedinthemodel.MenuSupplementary Reading2Allthebasicdrivesthatsustainlifefood,clothingandshelterarecalledphysiologicalneeds.Apersonmustsatisfytheseneedsbeforepursuinganyotherobjective.Mostpeople,ofcourse,stronglydesiremorethantheminimumlevelofsatisfactionrequiredforsurvival:Theywantthreemealsadayinsteadofoneandahouseinsteadofahut.MenuSupplementary Reading3Thephysiologicalneedsarereadilysatisfiedinmodernsocietiesbymoney.Eventhefewpenniesearnedbynineteenth-centurylaborerswerestrongmotivationtopeoplewhohadnoteatenforseveraldays.Theywouldsufferalmostanyabusetocollectthemandliveanotherday.MenuSupplementary Reading4Peo