土木-建筑-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献-改造和升级.doc

外文文献翻译Protection,prevention,repair,renovation and upgrading（摘自Management of Deteriorating Concrete StructuresChapter 7作者George Somerville ）7.1 IntroductionThe need to repair concrete structure is not new. Much of the early work involved making good via patch repairs and crack filling, for aesthetic and serviceability reasons7.1. As the concrete infrastructure of the mid-20th century matured, there was also a demand to strengthen or upgrade to meet changes in use or increase in loadings. The need to treat cases of corrosion emerged in the 1950s with post-war prefabricated reinforced concrete housing,and many of the references to Chapter 2 detail examples of corrosion in highway structures as the use of de-icing salts increased rapidly in the early 1960s.Reference7.2 gives some details of this ,and reference 7.3 is a detailed review of the situation in the UK and France with regard to post-tesioned concrete bridges.As durability concerns became more widespread, and consequences of failure more critical, repair became a growth industry, and options available on the market increased significantly in term of principles and approaches, and the individual solutions within each basic approach. This taining over 200 short papers on all aspects of the problem.The literature is full of individual case studies, describing what has been physically done and giving some reasons for selecting a particular option; it is often diffcult to draw general conclusions from these. Such articles, which are also helpful since they provide website addressers,appear most frequently in concrete-related journals such as Concrete from the Concrete Society in the UK. In North America, the various journals of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) do a similar job, and focus on repair is provided by the International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI),which publishs a bimonthly Bulletin, and whose website gives details of available publications in the USA; generally, these are either guidance documents, or complications of articles on particular topics.There are aslo guidance documents available on individual repair, protection and upgrading methods, which explain the principles involved and are strong on the “how to ” aspects of the problem. Some examples of these can be obtained from the ICRI website for North America, and reference7.4-7.9 are similar publications available from the Concrete Society in the UK. The Concrete Society portfolio is augmented by other reports on test methods and diagnosis,and on how to enhance durability in new constructions; Technical Report 61 7.10 is an example of the latter, where much of the detailed information is transferable to the repair and renovation situation. The Concrete Repair Assocication in the UK also has a website.The above brief rewiew is intended to show that there is quite a lot of information available on repair and renovation methods and also to indicate the nature of that information. It can become dated quite quickly however, as the technology is improved and new techniques are introduced. Moreover, the nature and format of the information make it difficult to compare the technical and economic merits of alternative approaches- essential information to the owner when making a choice. This situation is now changing, with serious attempts being made to develop a systematic scientific basis for classifying repair and renovation methods, supported by sound specification and test methods. The emergence of EN 1504 is a prime example of that, and will be referred to strongly in later sections of this chapter.The final major missing link from the data bases is the lack of indepth feedback on real performation in the field over relevant periods of time. How does this compare with claims and expectations? Again this is changing, as typified by Figures 2.13-2.16 ,taken from the paper by Tilly 7.11. Tilly's paper comes from the activities of a European network CONREPNET, which has examined well over 100 case studies in some detail and, apart from providing field data, has forced on developing criteria to permit alterative options to be evaluated to a common base. This information will also be used extensively later in this chapter.Repair and renovation is a huge subject, deserving several books in its own right.This book is about assessment, management and maintenance, and repair is an integral part of that. The emphasis in this chapter is on how it fits into the overall scheme of things, in moving forward from the assessment phase to taking effective action in selecting optimum solutions. This approach leads to the following sequence of subsection.7.2 Performance requirements for repaired structures7.3 Classification of protection, repair,renovation and upgrading options7.4 Performance requirements for repair and remedial measures7.5 Engineering specifications7.6 Moving towards the selection process7.7 Performance of repairs in sevice7.8 Timing of an intervention7.9 Selection a repair option-general7.10 The role of EN 1504 in selection 7.11 Selecting a repair option in practice 7.12 Concluding remarks Appendix 7.1 and 7.2 Reference 7.2 Performance requirements for repaired structuresIn simple terms, the performance requirements for repaired structures are no different from those for new construction. Structurally, the focus will be on the factors listed in Table 4.12. Progressive assessment will have led to a performance time graph, such as that in Figure 3.13, for all relevant Table 4.12 factors. This paints a picture of how the present condition relates both to the performance levels provided in the original design and to the owner's perception of what constitutes minimum acceptable performance, bearing in mind that much more is now known about the structure (the Table 6.2 issue).Complicating the situation is the fact different owners may wish to manage the rehabilitation process differently. Figure 3.3 shows two viable options emanating from the asset management procedures associated with bridge in the UK . The different strategies involved intervention on different timescales, and,most probably, different solutions. Some owners may also wish to take a conservative approach,involving early preventative measures. There are no definitive general rules here, but a need to be aware of what the options are , linked to confidence in their effectiveness. In moving forward, however, it is essential to be clear about the required performance levels. While the basic structural factors in Table 4.12 will remain, there are broader strategies issues involved, some non-technical,which will influence the course which individual owners may choose to follow. Different owners will have different strategic goals, depending, for example, on: type of ownership whether private or public sector; changing statutory requirements; the type of structure and its function; future plans for the structure, independent of its current physicall state, due, say, to a possible change in use;- improved performance requirements arising from higher user expectations;- increases in imposed loadings; a greater emphasis on whole life costing, linked to budgetary plans; s desire for improved sustainability.In a follow-up project to CONTECVET, a group of parters containing a high proportion of owners from Spain, Sweden and the UK, set out to establish a strategy for the maitenance and rehabilition of concrete structures. As part of this project, acronym REHABCON, a list of general performance requirements was developed. Table 7.1, taken from a REHABCON deliverable 7.12 ,gives details. While the majority of the requirements relate to the structure as a whole, some also relate to the selected rehabilitation option and to the renovation process itself. Table 7.1 General performance requirements for rehabilitated structures. Rehabcon 7.12General performance requirements_Structural safety Ultimate limit state design (same expectations as for new structures) Strength Stability Robustness Fatigue Fire resistance Earthquake resistanceServiceability Serviceability limit state design (same expectations as for new structures) Deformation Displacement Vibrations Watertightness Slip resistance/roughness Drainage Visibility during inclement weather Comfort/convenience to userOperation and function Availability, functionability Minimisation of downtime. While this is important for a rehabilitated structure, it is also important to minimise inconvenience to users during the rehabilitation action,i.e,low low impact on users during operation, maintenance and repair. Aesthetics Inspectability Colour Texture of surface Durability of aesthetics Safe-looking Sustainability and environmental factors Materials for rehabilitation works tobe sustainable, and environmentally friendly during Manufacture Construction works Use Damage Demolition Impact on recycling and reuse Deposition Acoustics, noise control Energy consumption Harmful effects, such as spillage, leakage, dust or the emission of toxic fumes, either spontaneously or due to situiations such as fire, both during the rehabilitation works and afterwards Heath and Safety Public safety Health for humans and nature during all phases in the life-cycle Evacuation, emergency escape routesDurability Durability of the original structure and the rehabilitated parts of the structure.Dependability Reliability of the repair methods Maitainability Maintenance supportabilityFlexibility Ensure that it is possible to meet future requirementEconomy Reduce or limit whole life costs Operational costs Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation costs Improvement/strengthening costs Demolition and deposition costs User cost Limit loss of income due to insufficient functionality etcCulture heritage Structure having cultural or historic value require special treatment 保护，预防，修复，改造和升级 （摘自混凝土结构腐蚀恶化的管理 第7章 作者 乔治·萨默维尔） 7.1简介混凝土结构需要修复对我们来说并不陌生。由于审美和可维护性的原因7.1，早期工作大多数都是涉及通过补丁和灌浆修复好。随着世纪20年代中期的具体基础设施走向成熟，也有通过加强或升级，以满足使用中的变化或在负荷增加的需求。随着战后预制钢筋混凝土房屋兴建，需要处理腐蚀的情况下出现在20世纪50年代，而且更多的资料参考第2章详细高速公路结构的腐蚀例子，随着在20世纪60年代初，除冰盐在高速公路结构的的使用的迅速增加。参考文献7.2对此给出的详细介绍，并且参考文献7.3是一个关于英国和法国的预制混凝土桥梁的详细审查。由于耐用性相关问题变得更加广泛，失败的后果变得更加严重，维修成为一个日益增长的行业，并且在以基本原理和基本方法下，市场上的可选择性显著的增加，并有伴随着基本的解决方法的个性化方案。泰宁短论文200多对这个问题的所有方面。文学是一个充满着个人案例的研究，描述了什么本身做了，并为做出一个特定的选择而给予一些理由；从这些，我们很难得出一般性的结论。这类文章也是有益的，因为他们提供网站地址的；这类文章大多最常见于混凝土相关的期刊，如英国混凝土协会的混凝土期刊。在北美，美国混凝土协会（简称“ACI”）的各种期刊都在做类似的工作，并集中在混凝土修复工作，并由国际混凝土修复研究所（简称“ICRI”）出版了一个双月刊的公告栏提供，并在美国这些网站提供可用的出版物的详细信息；总体来看，这些都是关于特定主题的指导性文件或者同类的文章。对个别的维修，保护和改善方法，可利用的指导性文件也是有的，这解释了其中的原则，并就“如何.”方面的问题表现出优势。从北美的国际混凝土修复研究所网站上能够看到一些案例，并且参考文献7.4-7.9也是类似的出版物，从英国的混凝土协会可以获得的。混凝土社团的文件资料集增加了关于测试方法和诊断的报告，并就如何加强新建筑的耐久性的报告。技术报告61 7.10是后者的一个例子，其中的详细信息转移到了修复和改造的情况。混凝土修复协会也有自己的一个网站。上述简短的重温，旨在表明有不少混凝土结构的修复及改造的方法的信息是可利用的，同时也表明这些信息的性质。然而，随着技术的提高和新技术的出现推广，这些信息很快就过时了。此外，信息的性质和格式使得雇主在比较各种途径必要的信息技术和经济的优点，却难以作出抉择。现在，随着通过健全的规范和测试方法的支持，认真谨慎的尝试着研发一个系统的科学的原理用来区分修复和改造，这种情况正在发生变化。“1504 EN”的出现就是一个典型的例子，将在本章后面的部分将被大量的引用参考。从数据库中最终主要丢失的数据链接，在经一段时期，该领域的实际性能缺少深入的反馈。请问这怎么能和要求期望做比较呢？再次，数据在改变，Tilly的论文中的图表2.13-2.16很典型的证明了这点。Tilly的论文来自一个欧洲的网络CONREPNET的活动，这项活动除了提供现场数据，已详细的研究超过100个案例，这也迫使制定标准以一个共同的基础上来进行评估来允许做出两者选一的决定。此信息也将被广泛用于在本章的后面。修复和改造，是一个巨大的课题，是值得许多书籍以此为研究的。本书是关于评估，管理和维护，修复是一个不可分割的组成部分。在本章的重点是，在选择最佳的解决方案时，如何从评估阶段迈向采取有效的行动，以做出适用于对事物的总体方案。这种做法致使分出了下列的各部分。7.2修复结构的性能要求。7.3分类保护，维修，改造和升级选项。7.4维修和补救措施的性能要求。7.5工程规范。7.6移动对选择过程。7.7性能维修服务。7.8定时的干预。7.9选择修复选项，一般7.10 “1504 EN”在选择中的作用7.11在实践中选择修复的方式。7.12结束语附录7.1和7.2参考。7.2修复结构的性能要求。简单来说，对需要修复的结构的要求，与新的建筑的没有什么不同。在结构方面上，重点将是在表4.12中列出的因素。程序性的评估将导致性能时间的图表，例如在图3.13所示，所有表4.12中相关的因素。这描绘了目前的状况如何在原设计规定的性能水平和雇主可能接受的所构成的最低性能，同时铭记，更多的为我们所知的是结构（表6.2问题）。复杂的情况是不同的业主可能要管理康复过程是不同的。图3.3显示了两个可行的方案，在英国所产生的和桥梁相关的资产管理相关程序。涉及不同的策略不同时间尺度上的干预，而且，最可能的是，不同的解决方案。一些业主还不妨采取保守的做法，涉及早期预防措施。这里有没有明确的一般规则，但需要知道所有的选项，及与其效力相关的信心。然而，在进一步设计，要明确所需的性能水平是必不可少的。虽然在表4.12中的基本的结构性因素将继续存在，但是所涉及有更广泛的战略问题，一些非技术性的问题，可能将会影响个别业主选择的进程。当然，业主会根据以下的情况将有不同的战略目标，例如：· 所有制类型 - 无论是私人还是公共部门。· 改变法定要求。· 结构的类型及其功能。· 未来计划的结构，独立于当前物理的状态，由于，比如说， - 在使用中产生可能变化；- 改进的性能以满足要求较高的用户的期望；- 施加载荷的增加。· 更加重视在与预算计划相关的整个生命周期的消费成本。· 提高可持续性的意愿。在接下来的与CONTECVET的项目，一个含有相当高比例来自西班牙、瑞典和英国的业主成员的小组着手去确立一个混凝土结构的保养维护和修复的方案.作为这个项目的一部分，简称“REHABCON”的战略一般性能要求见表7.1，该表来自一个“REHABCON中的7.12，提供详细资料。虽然大多数的要求都涉及作为一个整体结构，有的还涉及到选定的修复选项，还涉及修复过程本身。  表7.1一般性能要求平反结构。          Rehabcon 7.12总性能要求结构安全极限状态设计（新的建筑结构也是一样的要求）强度稳定性刚度疲劳性能耐火性抗震性能 维修使用安全使用极限状态设计（新的建筑结构也是一样的要求）变形位移振动防水性能防滑/粗糙度排水在恶劣天气下的能见度舒适/方便用户使用使用和功能可用性，功能性尽量减少施工修复过程的时间。这对于一个重新修复的建筑物是很重要的，同样重要的是在修复建筑结构过程中尽量减少对用户造成的不便，即在施工、保养维修和修复的过程中对用户尽量低的影响。美学可观赏性颜色表面纹理美学耐久性外观安全可持续发展和环境因素修复结构使用的材料在以下的过程中是可持续的和环保的材料的生产制造工程建设使用损害拆除回收和再利用的影响沉积声学，噪声控制能源消耗有害影响，如溢出，泄漏，粉尘或有毒气体的排放，无论是自发或由于下面的情况如火灾，在修复工程及事后过程。健康安全公共安全在生命周期的所有阶段人与自然的健康安全疏散，紧急逃生路线耐久性原结构和该结构修复部分的耐久性可靠性修复方法的可靠性维护保养维修保障性灵活性确保能满足未来的需求减少或限制整个过程的费用业务费用维护，修复和康复费用改进/加固费用拆卸和沉积费用文化遗产结构具有文化或者历史价值需要特别的对待处理