英文介绍美国的三权分立制度最新文档.doc

英文介绍美国的三权分立制度最新文档(可以直接使用，可编辑 最新文档，欢迎下载）The separation of power and the system of checks-and-balances in USAIt is known to us that the political system vary from country to country depending on its different national condition, such as the constitutional monarchy of UK and the People's Congress system of China, the separation of power of US. During this discussion, we will talk about the how the American government works under the idea of separation of power which is associated with the checks and balances system.According to the U.S. Constitution declared that the government was divided into three different branches including a legislative, an executive and a judiciary, in accordance with the idea of separation of power. This idea was created because that Americans did not want these powers to be controlled by just one man or one group. They were afraid that if a small group received too much power, the United States would wind up under the rule of another dictator or tyrant.Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Montesquieu in "The Spirit of the Laws" where he urged for a constitutional government with three separate branches of government. Each of the three branches would have defined powers to check the powers of the other branches. This idea was called separation of powers. This philosophy heavily influenced the writing of the United States Constitution. The legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. The United States form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances.How does the United States do when putting the idea of separation of power into practice? Which department is responsible for the legislative, executive, and judicial work respectively? In fact, in USA, the legislative is headed by Congress; the executive branch headed by the President and judicial branches headed by the Supreme Court. If we have to use very simple words to describe the work of these three branches, it can be summarized as follow: the Legislative Branch makes the law; the Executive Branch enforces and carries out the laws; The Judicial Branch interprets the laws. Each branch of the government have particular powers, it will be introduced followed.The President, who is responsible for the Executive Branch carries out federal laws and recommends new ones, directs national defense and foreign policy, and performs ceremonial duties. The main powers include: May veto laws ²dealing with international powers, ²cting as chief law enforcement officer, ²directing government, commanding the Armed Forces,²Wages war at the direction of Congress (Congress makes the rules for the military)²Makes decrees or declarations (for example, declaring a state of emergency)²promulgates lawful regulations and executive orders²Appoints judges and executive department heads²Has power to grant pardons to convicted persons, except in cases of impeachmentThe Legislative Branch is headed by the Congress, which includes the House of Representatives and the Senate. The main task of these two bodies is to make the laws. Its main powers include：²Writes and enacts laws²Enacts taxes, authorizes borrowing, and sets the budget.²Has sole power to declare war.²May start investigations, especially against the executive branch.²The Senate considers presidential appointments of judges and executive department heads.²The Senate ratifies treaties.²The House of Representatives may impeach, and the Senate may remove, executive and judicial officers.²Sets up federal courts except the Supreme Court, and sets the number of justices on the Supreme Court.²May override presidential vetoes.²originating spending bills (House), ²impeach officials (Senate), and approve treaties (Senate). Headed by the Supreme Court, Judicial branch has the final right to interpret the law, that is to say, once the Supreme Court defines the law, the other different debates will be ineffective. The main powers of the Supreme Court include:²interpreting the Constitution,²reviewing laws²decide cases involving states' rights.²Determines which laws Congress intended to apply to any given case²Determines whether a law is unconstitutional²Determines how Congress meant the law to apply to disputes²Determines how a law acts to determine the disposition of prisonersnDetermines how a law acts to compel testimony and the production of evidence²Determines how laws should be interpreted to assure uniform policies in a top-down fashion via the appeals process, but gives discretion in individual cases to low-level judges. (The amount of discretion depends upon the standard of review, determined by the type of case in question.)²Polices its own membersNot only does each branch of the government have particular powers each branch has certain powers over the other branches. This is done to keep them balanced and to prevent one branch form ever gaining too much power, which practices the system of checks-and-balances. This can be shown in the some aspects: 1.Weather a law is passed or not decided by the Congress The House and Senate may pass a law that the President does not like. The President can veto the law but the Congress override the video requiring 2/3 vote of both houses. 2.The Supreme Court can decide weather the President or the Congress is unconstitutional.If The House and Senate pass a law, the President signs it, but the Supreme Court decides it is unconstitutional, they can strike down the law. 3.The appointment of the Judges for the Supreme Course is decided by both the President and the CongressThe President nominates Judges for the Supreme Court; the US Senate must approve the Judge nominated before he can serve.4.The Judges of Supreme Court can be removed by the Congress Supreme Court judges have life terms. But they can be impeached. 5.The Congress can veto the proposals of the President and the can reject it again, but it was decided by the Congress.As we can see there are many ways (there are many more than listed) that the Constitution balances power. The picture below shows us clearly how does the three branch of the American government restrict each other mutually, for each branch has certain powers over the other branches.There are some definite examples to show how the system of checks-and-balances operates:1.After the Civil War President Andrew Johnson vetoed over 20 bills. 2.After the Civil War Congress overrode over 20 Presidential vetoes! 3.In1987 President Ronald Reagan appointed Judge Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, his nomination was defeated. 4.In 1935 and 1936 the Supreme Court declared the NIRA and then the AAA (two New Deal programs passed during the Roosevelt administration) unconstitutional. 5. 1918 Congress refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, a peace treaty ending World War I that President Wilson had worked very hard on. There are thousands of examples of checks and balances at work. Real life conflicts that test the system have occurred throughout history. These checks and balances are used on a regular basis. Actually, in theory, the political system of China is in some way similar to the system of checks-and-balances. The National People's Congress has legislative power, but are not administrative. The Judicial departments enforce law independently. And the government has only the administration without prejudice to the legislative and judicial. However, there are many differences in the specific institutional and practical implementation. In China, the party lead all and sometimes the People's Congress is also Party secretary. Therefore the system of checks-and-balances is not fully implemented in China, while in US, this system is really the guide when the government works, for each branch has certain powers over the other branches and the three branch of the American government restrict each other mutually.Conclusion.During this discussion, we learn it is the separation of power that is the main principles on which American federal government is based, the different powers of the three branches and use a lot of examples to explain how the three branches affect each other to show the system of checks-and-balances operating in USA. All in our groups believe that the idea of separation and the system of checks-and-balances do have contributed a lot to the development of America as main principle when the government operates. 一、二、三、四、五、六、美国非移民签证DS160申请表格（最新版）尊敬的客人，在您填写此表前，请仔细阅读以下须知：1.建议您提供真实的信息，一旦被美领馆怀疑您提供虚假信息，您可能会被拒签，甚至被永久拒绝入境；2.请尽早填写本表，领馆规定表格填写完整方可接受预约.3.请填写电子版回传，请勿手写回传，避免不清晰导致信息填写错误。4.表内灰色方块双击选中！或者标明颜色！或者删掉其他保留选中的选项。1. 申请人姓名：2. 曾用名：3. 性别4. 婚姻状况 如离婚（多次离异请在表后标注）时间结婚离婚年 月 日年 月 日离婚次数：离婚原因：离婚国家：5. 出生日期(日/月/年):6. 出生地：_城市 _ 省份(州)_ 国家7. 国籍：8. 您是否拥有或曾经拥有除上述国籍以外的其他国籍? 如果回答 是,请告知国籍: 9. 您是否持有其他国籍的护照? 如果回答 是,请告知护照号码:10. 身份证号码:11. 您是否有美国社会安全号? 如果有,请如实填写:_12.您是否有美国纳税人身份号码? 如果有,请如实填写:_13. 家庭住址：(包括国家、省、市、区、路、单元号码等) 请详细填写：14：邮政编码：15您的邮寄地址是否与您的家庭地址相同？如果回答 否，请提供具体地址和邮政编码（这个地址是如您成功获得美国签证后的护照邮寄地址）：地址： ：16住宅 ：工作 ： 17电子邮件地址： 手 机：工作 ：18护照号码 ： 19护照签发地：_城市 _ 省份(州)_ 国家20. 护照签发日期(日/月/年)：21.护照有效期至：(日/月/年)：22你的护照是否曾经遗失或者被盗？ 如果回答 是，请提供护照号码 ： 护照签发国家：23您此次访美目的：24计划赴美日期(日/月/年)：25计划在美停留时间：26请提供在美国完整的行程安排：（购买行程设计的客人，由我司填写，无行程设计方案客人，需要自行提供）到达美国日期(日/月/年)： 到达美国航班班次（如知道）：在美国的首站城市： 离开美国日期(日/月/年)：离开美国航班班次（如知道）： 在美国的末站城市：在美国期间您计划经过的所有城市：27在美期间的住址和邮政编码：（购买行程设计的客人，由我司填写，无行程设计方案客人，需要自行提供）住址： 邮政编码；28支付您行程的人或组织： l 他/她与您的关系 支付您行程的人的地址是否与您的家庭或邮寄地址相同?他/她的姓名：电子邮件地址： 号码：如果回答否,请提供他/她的和邮政编码:地址： 邮政编码l与您的关系: 公司或组织的名字: 号码：支付您行程的公司或组织的地址是否与您的家庭或邮寄地址相同? 如果回答否,请提供它的公司或组织地址和邮政编码:地址： 邮政编码:29. 是否有人与您同行? 30. 您此行是否作为一个团队或者组织的成员? （购买行程设计的，由我司填写，无行程设计方案客人，需要自行提供） 如果回答是,请输入您参加的旅行团的名称: 如果回答否,请提供同行人的姓名及与您的关系：31您是否去过美国? （若去过多次美国，请填写最近五次赴美记录。请精确到“日”）出发时间：_年_月_日 停留天数： 出发时间：_年_月_日 停留天数： 出发时间：_年_月_日 停留天数： 出发时间：_年_月_日 停留天数：32您是否持有或曾经持有美国驾照? 如果回答是,请提供驾照号码: 驾照所属的州名: 33. 您是否曾获得过美国签证? （如是，请回答所有问题，如否，请回答题2.题3.）1. 如果回答是,请提供上次获得美国签证的日期（年月日）: 签证号码: (签证页上的红色号码)您此次是否申请同类签证? 您此次是否在签发您上次赴美签证的相同国家再次申请,并且这个国家是否为您的主要居住国家? 您是否留取过十指指纹? 您的美国签证是否曾经遗失或者被盗? 如果回答是, 请输入遗失或者被盗的年份:_您的美国签证是否曾经被取消或者吊销过? 如果回答是, 请解释原因:2. 您是否曾经被拒签,被拒绝入境美国,或者在入境时被撤回您的入境申请? 如果回答是, 请解释原因:3. 您是否申请过移民签证？o如果回答是, 请解释原因:34在美国的联系人姓名: （购买行程设计的客人，由我司填写，无行程设计方案客人，需要自行提供） 公司或组织的名称: 与您的关系: 联系人的地址:邮政编码: : 电子邮件地址: 35. 您父亲的全名（如已故也必须填写）: 出生日期(日/月/年):您的父亲在美国吗? 如果回答是,请告知他在美国的身份:(即是美国合法永久居民还是美国公民,还是正在美国访问、留学、工作等)您母亲的全名（如已故也必须填写）: 出生日期(日/月/年):您的母亲在美国吗? 如果回答是,请告知她在美国的身份:(即是美国合法永久居民还是美国公民,还是正在美国访问、留学、工作等)36. 除父母外,您在美国还有其他直系亲属吗? 如果回答是,请告知他的姓名: 与您的关系: 在美国的身份: (即是美国合法永久居民还是美国公民,还是正在美国访问、留学、工作等)37. 您在美国是否还有其他亲属? 38. 您配偶的全名（若离异或分居或过世也必须完整填写此项）: 出生日期(日/月/年): 国籍: 您配偶的出生城市: 出生国家:您配偶的住址是否与您的住址/邮寄地址/美国联系人地址相同? 如果回答否,请提供他/她的住址:39您的主要职业（在您的现行职业栏里打勾）：如您选择待业，请解释原因：如您选择其他，请详述：40.您当前工作单位或学校的名称：（需同“在职证明”或“在校证明”或与名片内容相一致。若有固定英文翻译，也请一并填写）您当前工作单位或学校名称：地址：邮政编码月收入（税前,建议5000-25000元之间）工作职务，简要描述您的工作职责：（必须填写，对您的面谈非常重要）工作 ：41您过去是否有其他工作单位？o如果回答是，请提供工作单位名称 ：附件有表格简要描述您的工作职责（必须填写，对您的面谈非常重要）：42列出所有你曾经和目前就读的学校。（从最终学历开始写，以及最终学历前的一所学校），但不包括小学。附件有表格42您是否属于一个党派或宗族？ 如果回答是，请提供党派或宗族的名称：43在过去五年中，您是否到过其他国家？ （港澳台”不算，只需国家名称） 如果回答是，请提供所有国家的名称：44您是否隶属/捐助/有为其工作过的职业协会、社会团体和慈善机构？ 如果回答是，请提供名称 ：45你是否具有特殊技能或者受过培训，例如枪械、爆炸、核装置、生物或化学方面的经验？ 如果回答是，请解释：46你是否曾经参军？ 如果回答是，请提供服役国家名称： 服役军种： 军衔/职务：军事特长： 起止日期： 年 月 日 年 月 日47您是否曾经服役，为其成员或被牵涉到准军事单位、义务治安单位、反政府团体、游击团体、叛乱组织？ 如果回答是，请解释：48. 您是否有过威胁到公共安全的行为？（例如传染病、精神病、吸毒、卖淫、洗钱、间谍、恐怖活动或刑事案件）如果回答是, 请解释: 特别注意一下：1.熟练掌握的语言种类，分别是：汉语和_。2.护照的领取地点：A.中信银行地址：_.（请提供方便领取护照的银行地址或支行名称，银行只保留护照15天，15天后将被退回领馆）B.邮寄地址：_.（请提供一个有效的中国大陆地址以便EMS快递能送达护照，费用为24/本同城或34/本跨市/省，领取时必须出示本人身份证原件）3.理想的面试领区_和时间：_。曾就读学校（请填写您本专科以上的就读学校，如果没有本专科以上的学历，您可以填写您的高初中就读学校给我们，小学不用填写）DATE（请精确到年月日）日期NAME&ADDRESS OF SCHOOL学校的名称及地址DIPLOMA/DEGREE学历/学位TYPE OF COURSE课程/专业类别ZIP CODE FROM 从 TO 到否曾就职其他单位？（请提供过去五年内您的就业细节，若已退休请提供退休前五年内的就业细节）DATE（请精确到年月日）日期NAME&ADDRESS OF WORK UNIT/COMPAY单位和公司的名称及地址EMPLOYER直属领导姓名POSITION本人职位BRIEFLY DESCRIBE YOUR DUTIES简要描述工作职责TELL & ZIP CODE 及 FROM 从 TO 到美国合同法律制度简述 未知 一、美国合同的法律渊源：二、合同成立的要件：1、 意思表示一致（a meeting of the minds of between the parties）：说明双理解并同意有关交易的要素（demonstrating they both understand and agree to the essentials of the deal）。2、 具有合法的“标的（consideration）”：指具有交易价值的东西，如：现金、货物、某种行为的许诺等等（something of value exchanged by each of the parties, such as cash, goods, or a promise of doing something）。3、 具有明确的“协议（agreement）”：尽管在特定的场合口头合同也是有效的，但是双方签订的书面合同是大家认同的典型“协议（agreement）”形式，（typically evidenced by both parties signing a written contract, although oral contract can be valid, too, in some situation）。4、 合法的主体（the legal competence of each party）：意思是合同主体具有完全的行为能力人，指成年人并具有完全的意思能力(be not minors and be of sound mind)。三、合同关键词的定义(key contract definitions)：1、 样板文件（boilerplate）：我们可以把它理解为标准化了的合同条款，通常出现在合同的后部，用的都是一些具有重要意义的标准合同法律术语（contract legalese），且与合同的实际交易内容无直接关系。包括通知条款（notice）、适用法律条款(governing law)、律师费费用条款(payment of attorneys fees)等等。2、 违约（default and breach）与实质性违约（material breach）：违约(default and breach)，在美国合同法体制中是作为一种赔偿理由来定义的，指合同当事人未能如约履行合同约定的责任和义务时，另一方的获得赔偿的理由。违约（default and breach）从语意上理解时，具有两个部分的内容，一是不履行（default），二是违反约定(breach)。3、 实质违约(material breach)，是指实质性的、故意的违约，合同另一方因此根本无法达成合同目的。如：货物买卖合同中，供方根本就不准备或不能够交付约定的货物，需方根本就得不到合同约定的东西，这就是一种实质性的违约。而非实质性的、过失性的违约发生时，违约方通常不存在故意违约，且无违约