美国历史简介-中英对照课件.ppt

A Brief History of the United States1 Introduction to British and American CultureIntroduction The Discovery of America The War of Independence Westward Expansion The American Civil War The Great Depression The World War IIIntroduction to British and American Culture2 Introduction to British and American Culture3 Introduction to British and American Culture1.在两万多年前,有一批来自亚洲的流浪者,经由北美到中南美洲,这些人就是印第安人Indians的祖先。2.大约1万年前,又有另一批亚洲人,移居到北美北部,这是后来的爱斯基摩人Eskimo3.最早到美洲的白种人大概是维京人theVikings,他们是一群喜好冒险的捕渔人。4.1492年10月12日哥伦布发现美洲大陆（十五世纪）。Before the Colonial Period4 Introduction to British and American CultureThe Discovery of AmericaColumbus In1492,ColumbuslandedatoneoftheCaribbean(加勒比海）islands.ColumbuscalledthelocalpeopleIndians.Introduction to British and American Culture5 Introduction to British and American CultureAmerigo Vespucci阿美利哥韦斯普奇（意大利航海家，商人，美洲新大陆以其命名为 America）Hefirstconfirmedthefactthatanewcontinenthadbeendiscovered.TheNewWorldwasnamedAmericatohonorAmerigoVespucci.Introduction to British and American Culture 6 Introduction to British and American CultureThe Colonial Period1.一个102人的殖民团体,在乞沙比克海滩建立了詹姆士镇,这是英国在北美所建的第一个永久性殖民地。（五月花号公约）2.每逢11月第四个星期四，美国人民便迎来了自己最重要的传统民俗节日感恩节。3.18世纪中叶,13个英国殖民地逐渐形成,他们在英国的最高主权下有各自的政府和议会.这13个殖民区因气候和地理环境的差异,造成了各地经济形态、政治制度与观念上的差别。7 Introduction to British and American CultureThe First Permanent English Colony In1607 ThreeshipscrossedtheAtlanticOceanandlandedbythesideofariver-theJamesRiver 杰姆斯河.ThefirstEnglishcolonywasfoundedatJamestown 詹姆斯顿,Virginia 维吉尼亚州.Introduction to British and American Culture8 Introduction to British and American Culture感恩节的由来要一直追溯到美国历史的发端。1620 年，著名的“五月花号”船满载不堪忍受英国国内宗教迫害的清教徒102 人到达美洲。1620 年和1621 年之交的冬天，他们遇到了难以想像的困难，处在饥寒交迫之中，冬天过后，活下来的移民只剩50 来人。基于“来者是客”的信念与习俗，印第安人给这些移民送来了生活必需品，并且教导他们狩猎、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜等等生存方法。在印第安人的帮助下，来自欧陆的新移民逐渐习惯了在当地的生存方式。在欢庆丰收的日子，欧陆新移民邀请印第安人一同感谢上天的赐予。许多人认为，美国第一个感恩节就是印第安人与新移民第一次齐聚感谢上天赐予的那一天。9 Introduction to British and American Culture今天，在美国人心目中，感恩节是比圣诞节还要重要的节日。首先，它是一个长达4 天的假日，足以使人们尽情狂欢、庆祝。其次，它也是传统的家庭团聚的日子。感恩节期间，散居在他乡外地的家人，都要赶回家过节，这已经成了全国性的习俗。此外，美国人一年中最重视的一餐，就是感恩节的晚宴。在美国这个生活节奏很快，竞争激烈的国度里，平日的饮食极为简单。美国的快餐流行世界，就是一个很好的说明。但在感恩节的夜晚，家家户户都大办筵席，物品之丰盛，令人咋舌。在节日的餐桌上，上至总统，下至庶民，火鸡和南瓜饼都是必备的。这两味“珍品”体现了美国人民忆及先民开拓艰难、追思第一个感恩节的怀旧情绪。因此，感恩节也被称为“火鸡节”。10 Introduction to British and American CultureThe Origin of Thanks Giving DayIn 1620,the settlers,or Pilgrims,After a two-month voyage they landed at in icy November,what is now Plymouth,Massachusetts.During their first winter,over half of the settlers died of starvation or epidemics.Those who survived began sowing in the first spring.All summer long they waited for the harvests with great anxiety,knowing that their lives and the future existence of the colony depended on the coming harvest.Finally the fields produced a yield rich beyond expectations.And therefore it was decided that a day of thanksgiving to the Lord be fixed.Years later,President of the United States proclaimed the 11 Introduction to British and American Culturefourth Thursday of November as Thanksgiving Day every year.The celebration of Thanksgiving Day has been observed on that date until today.The pattern of the Thanksgiving celebration has never changed through the years.The big family dinner is planned months ahead.On the dinner table,people will find apples,oranges,walnuts and grapes.There will be plum pudding,mince pie,other varieties of food and cranberry juice and squash.The best and most attractive among them are roast turkey and pumpkin pie.They have been the most traditional and favorite food on Thanksgiving Day throughout the years.12 Introduction to British and American CultureThe Founding of the Thirteen Colonies Duringthefirst150years,theBritishcoloniesinNorthAmericabecamea“meltingpot”.Bytheearly1760s,Englishsettlershadestablished13coloniesalongtheAtlanticcoast.Introduction to British and American Culture13 Introduction to British and American CultureThe Birth of the United States n The Conflict between Britain and the American Colonistsn The War of IndependenceIntroduction to British and American Culture 14 2023/5/27The Conflict between Britain and the American Colonistsn Backgroundq TheBritishgovernmentstartedimposingnewtaxesonsugar,coffeeandtextiles(纺织业).q TheypassedmanylawssuchastheQuarteringAct(驻军法案)andtheStampAct(印花税法).Introduction to British and American Culture 15 2023/5/27Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件 n Background q In1773,Britishgovernmentpassedanewlaw-theTeaAct 茶叶法.n Slogan q“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”n“没有代表权，就不得征税”是独立战争期间北美殖民地人民喊出的最为响亮的口号。这句口号原本是英国政治的基本原则，在英国贵族与王室的斗争中使用过，但独立战争期间被殖民者用来捍卫自己的权利。Introduction to British and American Culture16 2023/5/27Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件 n Background q In1773,Britishgovernmentpassedanewlaw-theTeaAct 茶叶法.n Slogan q“Notaxationwithoutrepresentation”Introduction to British and American Culture17 2023/5/27Boston Tea Party 波士顿倾茶事件 n Timeq December16,1773n Event q AgroupofAmericansthrew342boxesofteaintoBostonHarbor(波士顿港）波士顿倾茶事件（BostonTeaParty)英国议会大怒，通过一系列被殖民地视为不可容忍的法令。英王对北美人民反抗的血腥镇压，使殖民地人民与英国王室和解的幻想彻底破灭，“要求独立”成为北美殖民地人民的普遍呼声。Introduction to British and American Culture18 2023/5/27The War of Independence Time 17751783 Result TheBritishsoldierswereforcedtosurrender.Consequences GeorgeWashingtonbecamethefirstPresident.The4thofJulybecamethenationalholidayofAmerica-theIndependenceDay.Introduction to British and American Culture19 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureTheDeclarationofIndependence 独立宣言OnJuly4,1776theSecondContinentalCongressofficiallydeclaredindependenceandformedtheUnitedStatesofAmericabyadoptingtheDeclarationofIndependence,writtenbyThomasJefferson 托马斯 杰斐逊ofVirginia 维吉尼亚.ThomasJeffersonanAmericanFoundingFather,theprincipalauthoroftheDeclarationofIndependence.美利坚合众国第三任总统(1801 年1809 年)20 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureTheDeclarationofIndependence 独立宣言July4iscelebratedasthenationsbirthdayThe4thofJulybecamethenationalholidayofAmerica-theIndependenceDay21 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture The War of Independence Complete a Timeline 1763:The French and Indian War ended 1773:_ 1774:The First Continental Congress 大陆会议 1775:_ 1776:_ 1783:_ Boston Tea Party/Tea ActThe War of Independence beganDeclaration of Independence was adoptedThe War of Independence endedIntroduction to British and American Culture22 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureTheFoundingofaNewNation美利坚合众国宪法(TheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates)，又称为美国宪法（U.S.Constitution）。美国宪法是世界上第一部成文宪法。1787年5月，美国各州（当时为13个）代表在费城(Philadelphia)召开制宪会议，同年9月15日制宪会议通过美利坚合众国宪法。1789年3月4日，该宪法正式生效。后又附加了27条宪法修正案。依据第一部宪法，乔治.华盛顿被选举为美国第一任总统。23 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture美国宪法的序言(Preamble)只有一句话，由52个单词构成:WethePeopleoftheUnitedStates,inOrdertoformamoreperfectUnion,establishJustice,insuredomesticTranquility,provideforthecommondefence,promotethegeneralWelfare,andsecuretheBlessingsofLibertytoourselvesandourPosterity,doordainandestablishthisConstitutionfortheUnitedStatesofAmerica.24 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture“我们合众国人民，为建立更完善的联盟，树立正义，保障国内安宁，提供共同防务，促进公共福利，并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福，特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。”25 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureWestwardExpansion“ManifestDestiny”西进运动1.ThehardshipofearlypioneersettlersOregon Trail(俄勒冈小道)Thetriponfoottookfourtosixmonths.26 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture昭昭天命（英语：ManifestDestiny），为惯用措词，表达美国凭借天命，散播民主自由的信念。昭昭天命的拥护者们认为美国在领土和影响力上的扩张不仅明显（Manifest），且本诸不可违逆之天数（Destiny）。昭昭天命最初为十九世纪时的政治警句（catchphrase），后来成为标准的历史名辞，意义通常等于美国横贯北美洲，直达太平洋的领土扩张。27 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture西进运动（Westward Movement）是美国人民由北美东部向西部地区开发、移居的过程。它始自美国建国后，当初移民越过阿巴拉契亚山脉，进入密西西比河以东地区，从19 世纪20 年代起，移民开始越过密西西比河，进入美国新扩张的地区，40 年代，加利福尼亚发现金矿，形成移民的“加利福尼亚热”。1857 年第一次世界性经济危机发生，美国东部地区大批工人面临失业，大量饥民在全国流浪，许多人满怀对土地的渴望涌向西部。1862 年，林肯政府颁布了宅地法，将西进运动推向新高潮。19 世纪末20 世纪初，西进运动结束。28 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture运动本质：是一个不断向西部移民、扩张领土的过程是一个经济开发过程是美国工业革命所独具的特点是美国人民艰苦创业的过程也是驱杀土著居民印第安人的运动29 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCulture大地雄心FarandAway汤姆克鲁斯和妮可基德曼主演30 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureCaliforniaGoldRush 加州淘金者PeopletraveledtoCaliforniainthesearchforquickrich.Thenumberofwestwardmigrantsmultiplied.31 IntroductiontoBritishandAmericanCultureThe American Civil War 南北战争n Northern vs.Southernn Abraham Lincoln Introduction to British and American Culture 32 2023/5/27Northern vs.Southern Three significant conflicts between the North and South of America.Theslaveproblem Differenteconomicinterests Thepoliticalconflict Major issue SlaveryIntroduction to British and American Culture33 Introduction to British and American CultureNorthern vs.Southern The Southern states ClaimedforthemselvestheConfederateStates(ortheConfederacy)Slavery continued The Northern States FoughttomaintaintheUnion CalledtheUnionStates SlaveryhadbeenabolishedIntroduction to British and American Culture34 Introduction to British and American CultureNorthernvs.SouthernIssues Southern StatesNorthern StatesEconomyPlantations_centerSlavery_AbolishedPolitical powerMore powerful _ powerfulSupportThe Confederacy _ManufacturingContinuedLessThe UnionIntroduction to British and American Culture35 Introduction to British and American CultureAbraham Lincoln March 1861-took the office of the president.April 12,1861-the Civil War began.September 22,1862-issued theEmancipation Proclamation 解放宣言 whichgrantedfreedomtoabout4millionslaves.Made a famous speech in Gettysburg 葛底斯堡.Gettysburg AdressIntroduction to British and American Culture36 Introduction to British and American CultureThe Civil War on April 9,1865 TheCivilWarofficiallyendedwiththeunconditionalsurrenderoftheSouth.Consequence It resolved two fundamental issues:Slaverywascompletelyabolished;Americabecameasingleandstrongernation.Introduction to British and American Culture37 Introduction to British and American Culture参战方美利坚合众国（联邦即北方）美利坚联盟国（邦联即南方）指挥官亚伯拉罕 林肯杰佛逊 戴维斯尤里西斯 格兰特罗伯特 李兵力2,200,000 人1,064,000 人伤亡总死亡人数360,000 人总死亡人258,000 人，110,000 人阵亡(作战死亡)93,000 人阵亡(作战死亡)，275,200 人受伤137,000 人受伤38 Introduction to British and American Culture与南北战争相关的电影:汤姆叔叔的小屋冷山美国往事乱世佳人荒野之战与魔鬼共骑盖茨堡之役/美国战火众神与将军39 Introduction to British and American CultureThe Great Depression In October 1929,the stock market crashed,marketing the beginning of the Great Depression.During this time,the United States experienced deflation,unemployment soared from 3%in 1929 to 25%in 1933,and manufacturing output collapsed by one-third.DorotheaLangesMigrant Mother,depictsdestitutepeapickersinCalifornia40 Introduction to British and American Culture41 Introduction to British and American CultureFranklin Roosevelt and the New Deal 罗斯福新政“First of all,let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itselfnameless,unreasoning,unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.”42 Introduction to British and American Culture1.the Early Phases of the New DealTo bring immediate relief to those who were suffering Public Works AdministrationCivil Works AdministrationTo bring the economy back to prosperityAgricultural Adjustment AdministrationTo put safeguards in place so that the same situation would not occur againFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation2.The Second New Deal3.The New Deal did not pull the nation out of the Great Depression However,it did substantially improve the lives of millions of people for both the short term and the long term.The programs of the New Deal would help stabilize the country and bring hope to millions.43 Introduction to British and American Culture America in World War IIIsolationism and NeutralityImmediate Cause of Americas entrance into WWII-the Japanese raid on the US Naval Base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7,1941在美国波士顿 犹太人大屠杀纪念碑上：In Germany,they first came for the Communists,and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Communist.Then they came for the Jews,and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a Jew.Then they came for the trade unionists,and I didnt speak up because I wasnt a trade unionist.Then they came for the Catholics,and I didnt speak up because I was a Protestant.Then they came for me，but by that time，there was no one left to speak up.by Rev.Martin Niemoller,194544 Introduction to British and American Culture America in World War II在德国，起初他们追杀共产主义者，我没有说话因为我不是共产主义者；接着他们追杀犹太人，我没有说话因为我不是犹太人；后来他们追杀工会成员，我没有说话因为我不是工会成员；此后他们追杀天主教徒，我没有说话因为我是新教教徒；最后他们奔我而来，却再也没有人站出来为我说话了。马丁.尼莫拉 194545 Introduction to British and American Culture