初中英语语法-介词、连词-PPT.ppt

初中英语语法介词、连词1介词是一种用来表示词与词,词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词的含义2什么是介词？它的作用是什么？v 1.Look at me.()v 2.He goes to school by bike.()v 3.He is interested in drawing.()v 4.The book is on the desk.()代词 代词名词 名词 动名词 动名词 介词:通常用在_、_、_ 之前，表示某个人、事物/东西、事件与 另一个之间的_。名词 名词代词 代词 名词 名词动名词 动名词关系3介词的主要分类：v 1.at the cinema,in the hospital _v 2.Write with a pen,go by bus _ v 3.in summer,on Septemper 1st _v 4.by the way,at last,in the end _地点介词方式介词时间介词固定搭配4一.地点介词v 1.at the village,at home,at the corner of the street._v 2.in Shanghai,in the country,in Asia,in the world,in space _v 3.in the box,on the chair,under the desk,next to Kate,on the right of Lucy,in front of the house,behind the door _表示小地方用at表示大地方用in表示不同地方用具体不同的介词5填上正确的地点介词：1.在广州_Guangzhou2.在电影院_thecinema3.在湖边_thelake4.在海里_thesea5.树上的苹果apples_thetree6.书上的小鸟birds_thetree7.在天空上_thesky8.在教室外_theclassroom9.在农场上_thefarm10.在街道上_thestreetinatbyinonininoutsideonin6二.方式介词1.write with a pen,cut with a knife,lock with a lock _2.see with our eyes,do with our hands,smell with our noses,eat with our mouths _3.in English,in French,in your own words,in three language _4.in a loud voice,in a low voice _5.in this way,by this means _使用工具用介词 使用工具用介词 with with使用器官用介词 使用器官用介词 with with使用语言用介词 使用语言用介词 in in使用声音用介词 使用声音用介词 in in使用方法用介词 使用方法用介词 in in 或 或 by by7大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流 大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流86.by bike,by bus,by train,by plane,by ship,by car(on foot)by land 陆路，by sea 水路，by air 空运 _但：但：on the bike,on the bus,on the train,on the plane,on the ship,in the car7.Shanghai lies _the east of China.()Japan lies _the east of China.()Hubei lies _the north of Hunan.()8.in a read coat,the girl in yellow,the boy in white _9.lie in bed,after a while,in the sun（在阳光下）under the sun（天下，世界上；到底，究竟）使用交通工具用 使用交通工具用 by byintoon在中国内部 在中国内部在中国外部 在中国外部两地接壤 两地接壤表示穿衣服用 表示穿衣服用 in in固定搭配()()9三.时间介词1.at six oclock,at noon,at that time,at half past three,at mid-night _2.on Sunday,on New Years Day,on March 21st,on my birthday _3.in three days,in a week,in a month,in May,in 1998 _4.in the morning,in the afternoon,in the evening _ 但：on the morning of May 1st5.at night=_ _ night6.in the day=in the _表示点钟或具体一点时间用 表示点钟或具体一点时间用 at at表示在某一天用 表示在某一天用 on on表示大于一天的时间用 表示大于一天的时间用 in in在早上 在早上/下午 下午/傍晚 傍晚 用 用 in inin theday-time10later 单独使用可用将来时或过去时态Theotherswilljoinuslater。lateron 后来，再过些时候7.具体时间用不同的介词:在放假期间_theholiday在圣诞节期间_Christmas三天之后threedays_（一般过去时）_threedays（一般过去时）_threedays（一般将来时）duringlateratafterin注意注意11 在岁时 _ the age of 有时 _ times/sometimes 开始,在起初 _ the beginning of 此刻 _ the/this moment=now 在结尾,在尽头_ the end of 例如 _ example=such_ 代替 instead _ 到的时候 _ the time=when 从到 _ 在户外,在野外 _ the open air atatatatatforofbyfromtoinas四.固定搭配的含介词的词组:12 相邻，靠近 next _ 遍及 all_ 将来 _ the future 由于,幸亏 thanks _ 过了一会儿 _ a while 在地球上 _ the earth 到底、究竟_ earth 下课/放学/下班后 _class/school/work 展出 _ show 值日 _ duty 独立,单独 all _ oneself 令(某人)惊讶 _ ones surprisetointoafteronafteron onbytooveron13arrive _/_a place find _（发现，找到）get on/along _ be afraid _ sth.hand _(上交）hand _(分发）be angry _ sb.be angry _ sth.be strict _ sb.be strict _ sth.be ready _ be full _=be filled_be good _=do well _ be busy _ sth.be late _ be interested _eat _ give _(放弃）grow _ in atwithupinforatforup upoutofwithwithofinatoutwithinwith in14常用易混淆介词辨析after/in皆可表示时间在之后，其区别为：after.表示“在某点时间之后”，用于将来时。如：Wellgooutforawalkaftersupper.表示“一段时间之后”，用于过去时。如：Mymothercamehomeafterhalfanhour.in表示“一段时间之后”，用于将来时。如：Wellgotoschoolintwoweeks.15between/among1)between 1)between 多指两者之间。如：多指两者之间。如：Whatsthedifference Whatsthedifferencebetweenthetwowords?betweenthetwowords?2)among 2)among 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间，在或笼统的一群 指三者或三者以上的同类事物之间，在或笼统的一群人或一些物之中，表示 人或一些物之中，表示“在 在 中间，在 中间，在 之中 之中”。如：。如：Theyoungpeoplelivedandworkedamongtheworkers.Theyoungpeoplelivedandworkedamongtheworkers.注意：注意：我们可以说 我们可以说betweenyouandme betweenyouandme，但不能说，但不能说 betweenyouandI betweenyouandI，因为，因为between between 是介词。是介词。3)between 3)between 还可以用来指三个或三个以上的人或物的每两个之 还可以用来指三个或三个以上的人或物的每两个之间。三个或三个以上的名词用 间。三个或三个以上的名词用and and 连接，前面用 连接，前面用between between，而，而不用 不用among among。如：。如：Thereisnotmuchdifferencebetween Thereisnotmuchdifferencebetweenthethreeofthem.thethreeofthem.Switzerlandlies_France,Ger-many,Austriaand Switzerlandlies_France,Ger-many,AustriaandItaly.Italy.between between16aboveoveronbelowunderabove aboveover overunder underononBe careful,there is a heavy box_ your head.Be careful,there is a heavy box_ your head.The sun is _ the mountain in the east.The sun is _ the mountain in the east.There are some stamps _ the desk.There are some stamps _ the desk.The little mouse is _ the table,so it is not easy to The little mouse is _ the table,so it is not easy to find it.find it.The temperature will stay The temperature will stay _ _ zero in the day timezero in the day time，but but at night it will fall at night it will fall _ _ zero again.zero again.白天气温将保持在零度以上，但在晚上又将降到零度以白天气温将保持在零度以上，但在晚上又将降到零度以下。下。overabove onunderbelow belowbelow belowabove above17infrontofinfrontof表示表示“在某人或某物的前面在某人或某物的前面”，在某个范，在某个范围围以外；以外；inthefrontofinthefrontof表示表示“在在的前部的前部”，在某个范围以，在某个范围以内内例如：例如：Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding.Therearesometalltreesinfrontofthebuilding.在楼前有一些高树。在楼前有一些高树。TheteacherissittinginthefrontoftheTheteacherissittinginthefrontoftheclassroom.classroom.老师坐在教室前面老师坐在教室前面infrontof,inthefrontof18表示表示在在上上时，不是都用时，不是都用onon，有时须用，有时须用inin。在树上在树上inthetreeinthetree用于指树上的鸟、人等。用于指树上的鸟、人等。onthetreeonthetree用于指生长在树上的叶子、果实。用于指生长在树上的叶子、果实。在墙上在墙上inthewallinthewall镶嵌在墙内，指窗户、门、钉子等。镶嵌在墙内，指窗户、门、钉子等。onthewallonthewall在墙的表面之上，指地图、画像等。在墙的表面之上，指地图、画像等。在报纸上在报纸上inthenewspaperinthenewspaper用于指报上的内容。用于指报上的内容。onthenewspaperonthenewspaper用于指放在报纸上的东西，如眼镜等。用于指放在报纸上的东西，如眼镜等。in,on19be made of be made of 从成品上看得出的材料 从成品上看得出的材料be made from be made from 从成品上看不出的原料 从成品上看不出的原料be made in be made in 产地 产地 be made by be made by 制造者 制造者be made up of be made up of 由 由 组成，由 组成，由 构成 构成be made into be made into 被制成 被制成 Eg:It is said that this kind of cloth is made of silk and Eg:It is said that this kind of cloth is made of silk and it is made in China.it is made in China.据说这种布料是由丝绸制成的并且由中国制造。据说这种布料是由丝绸制成的并且由中国制造。This wine is made from grapes.This wine is made from grapes.这酒是葡萄酿的。这酒是葡萄酿的。This machine is made by Uncle Wang.This machine is made by Uncle Wang.这机器是王伯伯制造的。这机器是王伯伯制造的。The article is made up of four parts.The article is made up of four parts.这篇文章有四部分组成。这篇文章有四部分组成。Flour Flour（面粉 面粉）can be made into bread.can be made into bread.bemadeofbemadeof、bemadefrombemadefrom、bemadeinbemadein、bemadebemadebyby、bemadeupofbemadeupof、bemadeintobemadeinto201.Weusuallyhavelunch_noon.2.LinTaowasborn_February18th.3.Annsits_myright,_Katesleft.Shesits_us.4.Myfatherisleaving_Suzhoutomorrow.5.Wemustlearn_eachother.atatononononononbetweenbetweenforforfromfrom用适当的介词填空practice216.Theywent_thegateandenteredthegarden.7.Wecandoallthings_ourhands.8._theendofthelastcap，hecaughtup_theothers.9.Bekind_people.Dontshout_people.10.Lastmonthheworked_ateacher_threeweeks.throughthroughwithwithAtAtwithwithtotoatatasasforforpractice221.There is a good play_TV this evening.A.on B.by C.in 2.How far is it _ Guangzhou_Beijing?A.fromto B.fromfor C.awayto 3.Japan lies _the east of China.A.to B.in C.on4.Mr.Brown has gone to Canada.He will be back _ two weeks.A.for B.after C.in 5.A:What time did you get there this morning?B:_ eight.A.In B.At C.On6.We all agree _you.Lets start at once.A.to B.for C.withAAACBCpractice237.He is rich _ unhappy.A.or B.and C.so D.but8.Paper is made_wood.A.from B.of C.by D.in9.The basket is full_apples.A.with B.of C.in D.by10.Kate cant come.Lets ask wei Hua instead_her.A.of B.for C.to D.with11.The heavy rain stopped me_getting to school on time.A.to B.from C.on D.for DDAABBAABBpractice2412.Take a rest _ you finish the work.A.before B.after C.until D.while13.You cant pass the exam,_ you study hard.A.if B.of C.unless D.and14._our team tried best,_ we failed.A.Though,but B.Because,so C.If,and D.Though,/15.Dont get off _the bus stops.A.when B.after C.until D.soB BD DC CC Cpractice2516.My aunt arrived here _a warm spring morning.A.in B.at C.on17.A:When did your uncle arrive _ China?B:He got to Guangzhou_the morning of the 16th of April.A.in,on B.in,in C.at,on18.Hawaii is famous _its beautiful beaches.A.in B.for C.with19.We must stop children from_with fire.A.play B.played C.playingCABC26一、连词定义:用来连接词、短语或句子的词。e.g.IstudyEnglishandChinese.Doesheworkatschoolorinthehospital?Igetupearly,butmybrothergetsuplate.27二、用法 1.并列连词-连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的有：(1)表并列关系的and,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor，as well as（也，和）等。(2)表选择关系的or,eitheror 等。(3)表转折关系的but,however 等。(4)表因果关系的for,so 等。28考点一：1）判断改错：Theysatdownandtalkaboutsomething.Theystartedtodanceandsang.Isawtwomensittingbehindandatethere.FFFeatingsingtalkedand(“和，并且”)与 or(“否则”)“and”连接平行结构。29（1）肯定句中用“and”表“和”；（2）否定句中用“or”表“和”。2）翻译：我喜欢英语和数学。我不喜欢英语和数学。IlikeEnglish_math.IdontlikeEnglish_math.andor30=Studyhard,_yourmathwillbeworse.3）用“and”或“or”填空：Studyhard,_yourmathwillbebetter.andor“and”意为“这样，那么”；“or”意为“否则”。311.Which do you like better,apples,_ pears?A.and B.but C.or2.Now we have no time _ money.A.so B.and C.or or:1.用于疑问句,表选择2.用于否定句,表并列（肯定句用and）3.Christine,Aileen _(和)I are good friends.Study hard,_(否则)youll fall behind.4.Are you coming by bus _(或者)on foot?andandorororor321.Itsgettingwarmer_warmer.A.andB.butC.or2.Heorthetwins_theUSA.A.comesfromB.comefromC.isfrom4.NotTombutI_goingtogivethetalk.A.amB.isC.areadj.比+and+adj.比表示越来越AorB和notAbutB结构作主语时，谓语动词要使用就近原则。and,or,but,so 特殊用法33 表转折的连词but 和however：e.g.(他努力工作，但以失败告终。)He worked hard,_ he failed at last.He worked hard._,he failed at last.区别:but 后没有逗号，直接连接分句；however 后有逗号相隔，可放句末。考点二：butHowever34观察句子：（1）Although he is over sixty,but he works as hard as others.改为：Althoughheisoversixty,heworksashardasothers.或Heisoversixty,butheworksashardasothers.（2）“Because John was ill,so I took him to the doctor.”*although/though 和but 这两个关联词不能同时用。?同样，此句错误，because 和 so 等关联词都不能同时使用。考点三：35eitherAorB“或者A 或者B”neitherAnorB“既不A 也不B”notonlyAbutalsoB“不仅A 而且B”-连词词组：EitheryouorI_goingtotheparty.(或者你或者我将去晚会。)Neither Inor he_seenthemovie.（我和他都没有看过这部电影。）Not onlyyoubut alsohe_French.（不但你而且他也讲法语。）【连接主语时，谓语“就近原则”】amhasspeaks考点四362.从属连词-用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：(1)引导时间状语从句的after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if,unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because,as,since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的so that,in order that等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though,although,even if等。(6)引导结果状语从句的so that,sothat,suchthat等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than,asas等。(8)引导宾语从句的that,if,whether等。37三者均可译为 三者均可译为“在 在 时候 时候”。when when 引导的从句，动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止 引导的从句，动词既可以是延续性的，也可以是终止性的。性的。while while 引导的从句中，动词只能是延续性的，一般来说，当 引导的从句中，动词只能是延续性的，一般来说，当while while 引导的从句的动作正在进行时，主句的动作才发生；引导的从句的动作正在进行时，主句的动作才发生；若主从句动作同时发生，且强调 若主从句动作同时发生，且强调“一边一边 一边一边”这样的意思，这样的意思，一般用 一般用 as as。WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundhimlyingthere WhenIcameintotheroom,Ifoundhimlyingthereasleep.asleep.Shesangasshewalked.Shesangasshewalked.她一边走一边唱歌。她一边走一边唱歌。注意：注意：while while 可以表示对比关系 可以表示对比关系“然而 然而”。Heisshortwhilehisbrotheristall.Heisshortwhilehisbrotheristall.when，while，as连 词 用 法 比 较38Mr.Whitewastakingashower_theUFOlandedonthestreet.A.whereB.whileC.whenD.whetherCWhileMr.Whitewastakingashower，theUFOlandedonthestreet.考点一“when”和“while”when 引导的状语从句的动作多为终止性动词，也为可持续动词；但while 只能是可持续动词。39考点二 我父亲直到我们吃完饭时才回来。Myfather_comebackuntilwehadsupper.notuntil/till 直到才till 直到为止翻译：他直到3 岁才会讲话。He_getupuntilhismotherwakeshimup.didnt 他经常等到妈妈叫他才起床。He_speakuntilhewas3.couldntdoesnt401)sothat 中的so 是个副词，其后只能跟形容词或副词 而such.that 中的such 是个形容词，后接名词或名词短语。例如：Im so tired that I cant walk any farther.It was such a warm day that he went swimming.2)如果在名词之前有many,much,little,few 时，用so,不用such。例如：He has so little education that he is unable to get a job.sothat,such.that连 词 用 法 比 较41HetooktheMP3playerwithhim_hecouldenjoymusicduringthetrip.A.becauseB.sothatC.whenB考点三他起早是为了赶上早班车。(表目的)Hegotupearlysothathecouldcatchtheearlybus.Hegotupearlysothathecaughttheearlybus.他起早，结果赶上了早班车。（表结果）He got up so early that he caught the early bus.sothatsothat：为了；所以，结果如此以致42ifif和和whetherwhether都可作都可作“是否是否”讲，在引导宾语从句是一般讲，在引导宾语从句是一般可互换。例如：可互换。例如：I wonder whether(if)you still study in that school.I wonder whether(if)you still study in that school.在下列情况下，只能用在下列情况下，只能用whether,whether,不能用不能用ifif：.在不定式前。例如：在不定式前。例如：I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.I havent made up my mind whether to go there or not.与与or(not)or(not)连用时。连用时。例如：例如：I dont now whether he comes or not.I dont now whether he comes or not.从句作介词宾语时只用从句作介词宾语时只用whetherwhether不用不用ifif。It depends on whether it will be fine.It depends on whether it will be fine.那得看是不是晴天。那得看是不是晴天。.作作discussdiscuss等动词的宾语时，用等动词的宾语时，用whetherwhether不用不用ifif。We discussed whether we should close the shop.We discussed whether we should close the shop.我们讨我们讨论是不是该关掉商店论是不是该关掉商店if,whether 连 词 用 法 比 较43连接条件状语从句：1、Youllbelate_(如果)youdontgetupearlytomorrow.2、Illcometoseeyou_(如果)ImfreenextSaturday.3、Wellhaveapicnictomorrow_(如果)itdoesntraintomorrow.*注意状语从句的时态：“主将从现”。ififif连 词 练 习44连接时间状语从句1.I was cleaning the floor _(I was cleaning the floor _(当当的时候的时候)she knocked)she knocked at the door.at the door.2.Dick climbed up into a tree _(Dick climbed up into a tree _(一一就就)he saw the bear.)he saw the bear.3.I knew nothing about it _(I knew nothing about it _(直到直到才才)my friend told)my friend told me yesterday.me yesterday.4.I havent heard from Bill _(I havent heard from Bill _(自从自从)we graduated)we graduated from middle school.from middle school.whenwhenas soon asas soon asuntiluntilsincesince45连接原因、结果状语从句1.You should return the digital camera to Sally _ she will not be angry.A.so that B.because C.before 2.He was hurt _ badly _ he had to see a doctor.A.tooto B.so that C.so that 3.He took off his coat _ it was too hot in the room.A.And B.since C.but 4.Solo missed the bus _ he was late for school.A.because B.so C.or46连接让步状语从句1.Tom is still doing his homework _ it is very late.A.so that B.even though C.if 2.I never seem to put on any weight,_ hard I try.A.though B.no matter how 3.I enjoy learning English,_ it takes me a lot of time.A.unless B.although C.because 4.I will never give up learning English _(即使)it is difficult.eventhough471.Illtellyourfatherthetruthassoonashe_here.A.arrivesB.arrivedC.arrivesat2.Wedontknowifhe_usforthepicnic.Illcallyouifhe_.A.joins;comesB.willjoin;comesC.willjoin;willcome3.Nobodyknowswhenthewindows_.ButIlltellyouwhenI_theanswer.A.broke;findoutB.broken;willfindoutC.werebroken;findout连 词 用 法 练 习484.Youwontunderstanduntilyou_him.A.meetB.meetingC.willmeet5.YouwillfailinEnglish_youworkhard.A.becauseB.unlessC.if6.Justbecauseweareyoung,_weshouldworkevenharder.A.soB./C.but7.Ithasbeensevenyearssincehe_here.A.leftB.leavesC.leave连 词 用 法 练 习498.Thelittleboy_whenIcamein.A.fallsdownB.felldownC.wasfelldown9.Wewerereadingwhentheteacher_in.A.cameB.comesC.iscoming10.Hebecameadoctorwhenhe_theuniversity.A.graduatedfromB.graduatefromC.graduatedfor5011.Tomworksinahospital_Maryworksinacompany.A.becauseB.untilC.while12.Whilehismotherwaswashing,he_hishomework.A.doB.didC.wasdoing13.Thelittleboyfellalseepwhilehe_themusic.A.waslistenB.waslisteningtoC.listenedto表示对比，“然而，而”while表示“当的时候”。两个动词同时发生。必须使用延续性动词。51