上海名校高中自主招生英语阅读理解（培优）（共5讲）含答案.pdf

上海名校高中自主招生英语词汇（培优）5 讲0第01讲：名校高中自主招生完形填空题 考点归纳、考前巩固、真题链接Q解 题 技 巧 一、利用文章首句信息解题 例 1 Over the past few dec ades,more and more c ountries have opened up the markets,inc reasinglytransforming the world ec onomy into one free-flowing global market.The question is:Is ec onomicglobalization 50 for all?（2013 年上海英语高考）50.A.possible B.smooth C.good D.easy【答案】C【解析】根据文章首句解题。本题是整篇完型的首句，强调开放市场的好处，后文中的“The question”表转折，突出经济全球化是否并无弊端，因此选C 选项。【例 2】Everyone in business has been told that suc c ess is all about attrac ting and retaining（留住）c ustomers.It sounds simple and ac hievable.But,50,words of wisdom are soon forgotten.（2011年上海高考英语）50.A.in partic ular B.in reality C.at least D.first of all【答案】B【解析】根据文章首句解题。本句是文章开头句，根据句意，做生意看似简单，但事实上并没有想象中的简单，所以选B 选项。例 3 Most people believe they dont have muc h imagination.They are 50.Everyone has imagination.（2009年上海高考英语）50.A.wrong B.unbelievable C.reasonable D.realistic【答案】A【解析】根据文章首句解题。本句是整篇完型的开头句，空格的前后表示对于想象力的相反的观点，因此选择A 选项。二、利用逻辑关系解题 例 1 Critic s take a different view,believing that ec onomic globalization is ac tually 57 the gapbetween the ric h and poor.（2013 年上海高考英语）57.A.finding B.exploring C.bridging D.widening【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。完型前文提到经济全球化的利处，本句笔锋一转，表明经济全球化也有弊端，那就是能增大贫富差距，选择D 选项，考生容易对于gap一词的不熟悉做出误判。例 2 In some situations,those who are physic ally attrac tive are more likely to rec eive aid.56,ina field study researc hers plac ed a c ompleted applic ation to graduate sc hool in a telephone box at the airport.（2012年上海高考英语）56.A.At first B.Above all C.In addition D.For example【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。本题空格的前文是观点句，后文则是以具体的研究来证明观点，根据两者间的逻辑关系，属于观点与举例，因此选择D 选项。【例 3】A c ustomer who rec eives a poor quality produc t or servic e on their first visit and 58 neverreturns,is losing the c ompany thousands of dollars in potential profits.（2011年上海高考英语）58.A.as a result B.on the whole C.in c onc lusion D.on the c ontrary【答案】A【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。空格前文表明顾客收到劣质产品，后文则说不再购买公司产品，两者是逻辑关系中的因果关系，选填表示因果关系的as a result。【例 4】What is the purpose of the dress rehearsals and the out-of-town previews that many Broadwayshows go through?The answer is adding,deleting,replac ing,reordering,51 revising.（2010 年上海高考英语）51.A.in partic ular B.as a result C.for example D.in other words【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。前文提到百老汇演出所经历的步骤，涉及添加、删除、替换和重新排序。这些步骤和后文的revise所表述的意思是一致的，选 D 选项。例 5 Think about your goal and the new possibilities.If your goal is to learn to ski,60.you c annow prac tic e skiing every day of your life（bec ause you have the time and the money）.（2009年上海高考英语）60.A.in fac t B.in partic ular C.as a whole D.for example【答案】D【解析】根据逻辑关系解题。空格前文是观点句，后文则举了滑雪的例子具体来说明确定目标的新的可能性的观点，选 填 D 选项。三、利用词汇复现解题【例 11 The measure of helping was whether the individual who found the envelope ac tually mailed it ornot.Results showed that people were more likely to 59 the applic ation if the person in the photo wasphysic ally attrac tive.（2012 年上海高考英语）59.A.send inB.throw awayC.fill outD.turn down【答案】A【解析】根据词汇复现解题。根据上文提到的“mail”一词，空格处填相近含义的“send in ，因此选择A 选项。例 2 The logic behind c ultivating c ustomer 60 is impossible to deny.In prac tic e most c ompaniesmarketing effort is foc used on getting c ustomers,with little attention paid to keeping them”.（2011 年上海高考英语）60.A.beliefs B.loyalty C.habits D.interest【答案】B【解析】根据词汇复现解题。空格后文提到大多数公司花尽很大努力开发客户，而很少关注留住客户，其中的“keeping them”需要特别关注，空格处因此填写表忠诚度的“loyalty”。【例 3】When you revise,you c hange aspec ts of your work in response to your evolving purpose,or toinc lude 55 ideas or newly disc overed information.（2010 年上海高考英语）55.A.fixed B.ambitious C.familiar D.fresh【答案】D【解析】根据词汇复现解题。根据后文的“newly disc overed,选填同一含义的“fresh”作为正确选项。例 4 Do 1 ever lose sight of my purpose?Have I given my readers all of the 63 that is,fac ts,opinions.（2010年上海高考英语）63.A.angles B.evidenc e C.information D.hints【答案】C【解析】根据词汇复现解题。后文的fac ts,opinions统一都是information”，因此选择C 选项。四、利用对比信息解题 例 1 Small farmers in Brazil who produc e nuts that would originally have sold only in 56open-air markets c an now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.（2013年上海高考英语）56.A.mature B.new C.loc al D.foreign【答案】C【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文提到“promole their goods worldwide”，则前文应是相对应的“loc alopen-air m ark ets,选择 C 选项。彳 列 2 When large-sc ale manufac turers start to produc e the same goods,or when superstores likeWal-Mart move in,these small businesses will not be able to 62 and will be c rowded out.（2013 年上海高考英语）62.A.keep up B.c ome in C.go around D.help out【答案】A【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文是be c rowded o u t,空格处相对地填写表示反义的“keep up”,选择A 选项。例 3 The photo attac hed to the applic ation was sometimes that of a very 58 person and sometimesthat of a less attrac tive person.（2012 年上海高考英语）58.A.talented B.good-looking C.helpful D.hard-working【答案】B【解析】根据对比信息解题。空格后文的信息和前文很明显是对比关系，后文是“less attrac tive”，则前文选填表示相貌好的“good-looking”。【例 4】Making c onnec tions:This tec hnique involves taking 54 ideas and trying to find links betweenthem.（2009年上海高考英语）54.A.familiar B.unrelated C.c reative D.imaginary【答案】B【解析】根据对比信息解题。后文提到“links between them”，则前面填写相反的表述“unrelated”，答案是B 选项。五、利用语义理解解题 例 1 A study c arried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Soc ial Dimension ofGlobalization shows that only a few developing c ountries have ac tually 58 from integration into theworld ec onomy.（2013年上海高考英语）58.A.suffered B.profited C.learned D.withdrawn【答案】B【解析】根据语义理解解题。本题所在的段落谈论经济全球化的弊端，因此此处的语义表达应为真正从经济全球化受益的发展中国家很少，选择B 选项。【例 2】53 to c onc entrate on retaining as well as attrac ting c ustomers c osts business huge amounts ofmoney annually.（2011年上海高考英语）53.A.Moving.B.Hoping C.Starting D.Failing【答案】D【解析】根据语义理解解题。后文提到每年消耗了公司大量的金钱，显然之前提到的事情是不好的，选 择 Failing”。例 3 However,dont make the mistake of skipping the revision stage that follows 58.（2010 年上海高考英语）58.A.draftingB.rearranging C.performingD.training【答案】A【解析】根据语义理解解题。根据语义，显然修改是在打草稿之后发生的，选择A 选项。Q典 例 剖 析 ADirections:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Organizations and soc ieties rely on fines and rewards to c ontrol peoples self-interest in the servic e ofthe c ommon good.The_21_of a tic ket keeps drivers in line,and the promise of a bonus inspires highperformanc e.But inc entives（激励）c an also _22_,minifying the very behavior theyre meant toenc ourage.A generation ago,Ric hard Titmuss c laimed that paying people to donate blood _23_the supply.Ec onomists were skeptic al,c iting a lac k of sc ientific evidenc e.But sinc e then,new data and models haveprompted a sea c hange in how ec onomists think about inc entives-showing,among other things,that Titmusswas right in so many c ases that businesses should_24_.Experimental ec onomists have found that offering to pay women for donating blood dec reases thenumber willing to donate by almost half,and that letting them c ontribute the payment to c harity_25_the effec t.Dozens of rec ent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with ec onomic inc entives c an havethe opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith c alled the moral sentiments（情绪）Thepsyc hology here has esc aped blac kboard ec onomists,but it will be no suiprise to people in business:Whenwe take a job or buy a c ar,we are not only trying to get stuff-we are also trying to be a c ertain kind of person._26_,people desire to be respec ted by others as ethic al and_ 27_.And they dont want to be takenfor losers.Rewarding blood donations may not serve the intended purpose bec ause it suggests that the donoris less interested in being_28_than in making a dollar.Inc entives also run into trouble when they signalthat the employer _29_ the employee or is greedy.Close supervision of workers c oupled with30 for performanc e is textbook ec onomic s,but it c an lead to the depression of employees.Perhaps most important,inc entives affec t what our ac tions signal,whether were being self-interested orc ivic-minded,manipulated or trusted and they c an imply sometimes wrongly what 31 us.Fines or public c ritic ism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling soc ial disapproval(think of littering)c an be highly effec tive.But inc entives go wrong when they 32 or diminish our ethic alsensibilities.This does not mean its 33 to appeal to self-interested and ethic al motivations at the sametime-just that efforts to do so often f ai l.34,polic ies support soc ially valued ends not only byc ontrolling self-interest but also by enc ouraging public-spiritedness.The small tax on plastic groc ery bagspassed by law in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appears to have had suc h an effec t.Itpunished offenders 35 while c onveying a moral message.Carrying a plastic bag joined wearinga fur c oat in the gallery of anti-soc ial anac hronisms.21.A.temptationB.threatC.valueD.equivalent22.A.overflowB.bac kfireC.surviveD.work23.A.reduc edB.affec tedC.affordedD.balanc ed24.A.c ut bac kB.stand byC.take noteD.hold on25.A.c auseB.reverseC.takeD.detec t26.A.In other wordsB.On the c ontraryC.By c ontrastD.In addition27.A.satisfiedB.determinedC.dignifiedD.disc ouraged28.A.unselfishB.ambitiousC.thoughtfulD.aggressive29.A.boastsB.valuesC.enc ouragesD.mistrusts30.A.requirementB.c ritic ismC.implic ationD.reward31.A.supportsB.threatensC.motivatesD.c hanges32.A.refineB.offendC.c ontrolD.arouse33.A.impossibleB.strangeC.nec essaryD.abnormal34.A.RarelyB.Oc c asionallyC.SurprisinglyD.Ideally35.A.public lyB.severelyC.monetarilyD.mildly【答案】21.B 22.B23.A 24.C 25.B26.B 27.C 28.A 29.A 30.D31.C 32.B33.A 34.D 35.C【解析】【分析】本文是议论文。本文就经济激励产生适得其反结果的现象做了深入探讨。2 1 题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：交通违章罚款单的城胁可使驾车者保持队列，而关于奖金红利的许诺可以激发高业绩。A.temptation诱惑；B.threat威 胁;C.value价 值;D.equivalent对等的人:当量。根据上文“Organizations and soc ieties rely on fines and rewards to c ontrol peoples self-interest in the servic e ofthe c ommon good.”可知，各类组织和团体依靠罚款和奖金来控制人们在公益服务中的自私自利。因此推断交通罚单的威胁可以让司机有秩序。故 选 B。【22题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但是激励也可能产生适得其反的结果减少原本想要鼓励的行为。A.overflow 溢出：B.bac kfire 适得其反；C.survive 幸存；D.work 工作。根据下文“minifying the verybehavior theyre meant to enc ourage.“可知，激励减少了原本要鼓励的行为，因此产生了适得其反的结果。故选B。(2 3 题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：约 2030年之前，理查德蒂特马斯(Ric hard Titmuss)声称，付钱让人们献血会减少血液供应。A.reduc ed减少；B.affec ted影响；C.afforded给予；提供；D.balanc ed保持稳定。根据上文But inc entives(激励)c an al s o,minifying the very behavior theyre meant toenc ourage.”可知，激励可以产生适得其反的结果，减少原本要激励的行为，因此推断付钱让人们献血会减少供应。故选A。【24题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：但自那以后，新的数据和模型促使经济学家对激励的看法发生了翻天覆地的变化这表明，蒂特马斯在很多情况下都是正确的，企业应该注意到这一点。A.c utbac k削减:B.standby支持；袖手旁观；C.takenote注意到；记笔记；D.holdon等一下；继续。根据上文“Titmusswas right in so many c ases”可推断，蒂特马斯在很多情况下都是正确，因此企业应该注意。故选C。【25题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：实验经济学家发现，给捐血女性提供报酬使愿意捐血的人数减少了将近一半，而让她们将捐血所得贡献给福利事业扭转了这个局面。A.c ause导致；B.reverse撤销；颠倒；C.take 拿；取；D.detec t 发现；觉察。根据第一段的But inc entives（激励）c an also 2-minifying thevery behavior theyre meant to enc ourage.”可推断，激励会产生适得其反的结果，因此推断给捐血的女性报酬没有更多的人献血，但是让她们把捐血所得给福利事业就扭转了局面。故选B。【26题详解】考查固定短语辨析。句意：恰恰相反，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。A.In other words 换句话说；B.On the c ontrary 恰恰相反：C.By c ontrast 相比之下；D.In addition此 夕 卜。根据上文“Dozens of rec ent experiments show that rewarding self-interest with ec onomic inc entivesc an have the opposite result when they destroy what Adam Smith c alled the moral sentimentsd青绪）可知，大量近期的实验表明，当激励损害了亚当斯密所说的“道德情操”时，以经济激励奖赏私利可能产生适得其反的结果。因此推断，相反的，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和美好情操的人。故选B。【27题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：恰恰相反，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。A.satisfied满意的；B.determined意志坚定的；C.dignified有尊严的；D.disc ouraged灰心的。根据上文“people desire to be respec ted by others”可知，人们希望受到他人尊重，希望被看作是具有高尚道德和有尊严的人。故选C。2 8 题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：奖励献血可能达不到预期的目的，是因为它暗含“捐血者对无私奉献的兴趣少于对挣钱的热衷”之意。A.unselfish无私的；慷慨的；B.ambitious雄心勃勃的；C.thoughtful体贴的；D.aggressive 咄咄逼人的。根据上文“letting them c ontribute the payment to c harity”可知，此处说的是无私奉献与挣钱进行对比。故选A。【29题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：当激励暗示雇主夸耀雇员或贪婪时，激励也会遇到麻烦。A.boasts自吹自擂；夸耀；B.values重视；C.enc ourages鼓励；D.mistrusts不信任。由下文的“greedy”可推断，此处表示雇主过分夸耀雇工，激励也会遇到麻烦，故选A。【30题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：密切监督员工并对其表现进行奖励是典型的经济学，但这可能会导致员工的抑郁。A.requirement 要求；B.c ritic ism 批评；Complic ation 暗示；D.reward 奖赏。根据下文“forperformanc e is textbook ec onomic s”和常识可知，员工会因为好的表现被给予奖励。故选D。【31题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：或许最为重要的是，激励影响我们的行为所传达的信息：我们是自私自利还是热心公益，被操控还是被信任，而且激励可以暗示有时错误地暗示我们的动机是什么。A.supports 支持；B.threatens 威胁：C.motivates 激励；D.c hange 改变。由破折号后对前文“whetherwere being self-interested or c ivic-minded,manipulated or trusted（我们是自私自利还是热心公益，被操控还是被信任）“解释说明可知，此处说的是是什么激励了我们。故选C。【32题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：通过传达社会的不赞同来启发我们的道德情操的罚款或者公开批评（如乱丢垃圾）颇具成效。可是一旦触犯或者削弱了我们的道德感情，激励就会出问题。A.refine改善；B.offend冒犯；C.c ontrol控制；D.arouse引起。由 But可推断，上下文是转折关系，根据上文“Finesorpublic c ritic ism that appeal to our moral sentiments by signaling soc ial disapproval（think of littering）c an behighly effec tive.”可推断，触犯或者削弱道德情感会让激励出问题。故选B。【33题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的只是这样的努力往往以失败告终。A.impossible不可能的；B.strange奇怪的；C.nec essary必要的；D.abnormal 不正常的。根据下文“polic ies support soc ially valued ends not only by c ontrolling self-interestbut also by enc ouraging public-spiritedness.（政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标）“可知，这并不意味着同时启发自私自利且合乎道德的动机是不可能的。故选 Ao【34题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：理想的状况下，政策不但要通过治理自私，而且要通过鼓励公共道德来拥护社会上受重视的目标。A.Rarely很少；B.Oc c asionally偶尔；C.Surprisingly出人意料地；D.Ideally理想地。根据常识可知，既治理了自私又鼓励了公共道德是理想的。故选D.3 5 题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：它在从金钱上惩罚违规者的同时，也传达了一种道德信息。A.public ly公然地；B.severely严重地；C.monetarily财政地；从金钱上；D.mildly温和地。根据上文“The smalltax on plastic groc ery bags passed by law in Ireland in 2002 that resulted in their virtual elimination appearsto have had suc h an effec t.（2002年爱尔兰通过的向塑料杂货袋征收小额税款（的法案）取得了实际上消除塑料袋的结果，这似乎就起到了这样的效果。）”可知，从金钱上惩罚了冒犯者。故选C。Q实战演练一1.Directions:For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A,B,Cand D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.Should you listen to music when you work?Do you like to listen to music when you work?Ask this question at a party,and youll probably get 31 responses.Some will say they love it,c laiming that it improves their performanc e;others will say they find it distrac ting（分散注意力的）andc annot work 32 with music playing in the bac kground.Interestingly enough,our researc h has found that both of these viewpoints c an be true.It just 33on what sort of work youre doing.In a rec ent study,we brought partic ipants into our lab to perform a variety of tasks.They inc luded a（n）34 task-searc hing through word lists and c rossing out words c ontaining the letter a and a morediffic ult taskmemorizing word pairs and 35 word to its partner.Some partic ipants c ompleted allof the tasks in silenc e,36 others c ompleted the tasks with instrumental music that was c ither loudor soft,and either simple or c omplex,the latter meaning music with more instruments being played.Several key findings 37 from our study.We found that partic ipants who listened to simple music or no music performed about die same on theeasy task.However,partic ipants who listened to 38 music performed best on the easy taskOn the c ontrary,partic ipants performed worse on the more diffic ult task when they listened to anymusic,regardless of c omplexity or volume,c ompared to those who didnt listen to any music.How should we 39 these findings?We suggest that people have limited mental resourc es from whic h both 40 and tasks c an draw