2023新课标版英语高考第二轮复习--十　主旨要义(一).pdf

2023新课标版英语高考第二轮复习专 题 十 主 旨 要 义五年高考A 组 统 一 命 题课标全国卷题组Passage 1（2022 全国甲,B）词数 285Goffins cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to ahuman two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In arecent experiment,cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a“keyhole“in a geometricshape,and the birds were given five differently shaped keys to choose from.Inserting the correct key would let out the nut.In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age,but it will be another year before they areable to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的）shapes.This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specificdirection before it will fit is called an 4tallocentric frame of reference.In the experiment,Goffins cockatoos were able to select theright tool for the job,in most cases,by visual recognition alone.Where trial-and-error was used,the cockatoos did better than monkeysin similar tests.This indicates that Goffins cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects inspace,similar to two-year-old babies.The next step,according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues（线索）,oralso use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.l.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?A.By following instructions.B.By using a tool.C.By turning the box around.D.By removing the lid.2.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?A.Using a key to unlock a door.B.Telling parrots from other birds.C.Putting a ball into a round hole.D.Grouping toys of different shapes.3.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?第1页 共4 2页A.How far they are able to see.B.How they track moving objects.C.Whether they arc smarter than monkeys.0.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?A.Cockatoos:Quick Error CheckersB.Cockatoos independent LearnersC.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters答案l.B 2.C 3.D 4.DPassage 2（2021 全国乙,o 词数 309Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceansbetween 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year.Butdoes one plastic straw or cup really make a difference?Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does.He builds massivesculptures out of plastic garbage,forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year,the artist built a piece called Strawpocalypsc/a pair of 1 O-foot-tall plastic waves,frozen mid-crash.Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups,the sculpture made its first appearance at the EstellaPlace shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam.Just 9%of global plastic waste is recycled.Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution,buttheyve recently come under fire because most people dont need them to drink with and,because of their small size and weight,theycannot be recycled.Every straw thats part of Von Wongs artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a fewminutes.Once the drink is gone,the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018,Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明）a specific statistic:Every 60 seconds,a truckloads worth of plasticenters the ocean.For this work,titled“Truckload of Plastic,Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 piecesof plastic,which were then tied together to look like theyd been dumped（if?ij）from a truck all at once.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.l.What are Von Wongs artworks intended for?A.Bcautifying the city he lives in.B.Introducing eco-friendly products.第 2页 共，4 2 页C.Drawing public attention to plastic waste.D.Reducing garbage on the beach.2.Why docs the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?A.To show the difficulty of their recycling.B.To explain why they are useful.C.To voice his views on modern art.D.To find a substitute for them.3.What effect would Truckload of Plastic have on viewers?A.Calming.B.Disturbing.C.Refreshing.D.Challenging.4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Artists*Opinions on Plastic SafetyB.Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC.Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD.Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures答案l.C 2.A 3.B 4.DPassage 3（2021 全国甲,D）词数 314Who is a genius?This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.Lets state clcarIy:Einstcin was a genius.His face is almost the international symbol for genius.But we want to go beyond oneman and explore the nature of genius itself.Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us?Andwho are they?In the sciences and arts,those praised as geniuses were most often white men,of European origin.Perhaps this is not a surprise.Its said that history is written by the victors,and those victors set the standards fbr admission to the genius club.When contributionswere made by geniuses outside the clubwomen,or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected byothers.A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six,girls are less likely than boys to say that members of theirgender（性别）are ureally,really smart.Even worse,the study found that girls act on that belief:Around age six they start to avoid第 3 页 共，4 2 页activities said to be fbr children who are really,really smart.Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouragedand give up?It doesnt take a genius to know the answer:absolutely not.Heres the good news.In a wired world with constant global communication,were all positioned to see flashes of geniuswherever they appear.And the more we look,the more we will sec that social factors（因素）1 ike gender,race,and class do notdetermine the appearance of genius.As a writer says,future geniuses come from those with intelligence,creativity,perseverance（毅力）,and simple good fortune,who are able to change the world.l.What does the author think of victors1 standards for joining the genius club?A.Theyre unfair.B.They Ye conservative.C.TheyYe objective.D.Thcyrc strict.2.What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?A.They think themselves smart.B.They look up to great thinkers.C.Thcy see gender differences earlier than boys.D.They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs.3.Why are more geniuses known to the public?A.Improved global communication.B.Less discrimination against women.C.Acceptance of victors concepts.D.Changes in peoples social positions.4.What is the best title for the text?A.Gcniuses Think AlikeB.Genius Takes Many FormsC.Genius and IntelligenceD.Genius and Luck答案l.A 2.D 3.A 4.BPassage 4（2020 课标全国 i,D）词数 351第4页 共，4 2页The connection between people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research.Recent studies have found positiveeffects.A study conducted in Youngstown,Ohio,fbr example,discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime.Inanother,employees were shown to be 15%more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engineers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（MIT）have taken it a step further-changing the actual composition ofplants in order to get them to perform diverse,even unusual functions.These include plants that have sensors printed onto their leavesto show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harmful chemicals in groundwater.uWe*re thinking about how we canengineer plants to replace functions of the things that wc use every day explained Michael Strano,a professor of chemicalengineering al MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（发光）in experiments using some common vegetables.Stranos team foundthat they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours.The light,about one-thousandth of the amount needed to read by,is just astart.The technology,Strano said,could one day be used to light the rooms or even to turn trees into self-powered street lamps.In the future,the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a one-off treatmentthat would last the planfs lifetime.The engineers are also trying to develop an on and off“switch“where the glow would fade whenexposed to daylight.Lighting accounts fbr about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US.Since lighting is often far removed from the powersource（电源）一such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highwaya lot of energy is lost duringtransmission（传输）.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.l.What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.A new study of different plants.B.A big fall in crime rates.C.Employees from various workplaces.D.Benefits from green plants.2.What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineers?A.To detect plants lack of water.B.To change compositions of plants.C.To make the life of plants longer.D.To test chemicals in plants.3.What can we expect of the glowing plants in the future?A.They will speed up energy production.B.They may transmit electricity to the home.第5页 共42页C.They might help reduce energy consumption.D.They could take the place of power plants.4.Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A.Can we grow more glowing plants?B.How do we live with glowing plants?C.Could glowing plants replace lamps?D.How arc glowing plants made pollution-free?答案l.D 2.A 3.C 4,CPassage 5（2020课标全国n,B）词数 261Some parents will buy any high-tech toy if they think it will help their child,but researchers said puzzles help children withmath-related skills.Psychologist Susan Levine,an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago,foundchildren who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.Puzzle play was found to be a significantpredictor of cognilion（认知）after controlling for differences in parents1 income,education and the amount of parent talk,Levine said.The researchers analyzed video recordings of 53 child-parent pairs during everyday activities at home and found children whoplay with puzzles between 26 and 46 months of age have better spatial skills when assessed at 54 months of age.“The children who played with puzzles performed better than those who did not,on tasks that assessed their ability to rotate（旋转）and translate shapes/Levine said in a statement.The parents were asked to interact with their children as they normally would,and about half of the children in the study playedwith puzzles at one time.Higher-income parents tended to have children play with puzzles more frequently,and both boys and girlswho played with puzzles had better spatial skills.However,boys tended to play with more complex puzzles than girls,and the parentsof boys provided more spatial language and were more active during puzzle play than the parents of girls.The findings were published in the journal Developmental Science.1 .In which aspect do children benefit from puzzle play?A.Building confidence.B.Developing spatial skills.C.Learning self-control.0.Gaining high-tech knowledge.第 6 页 共 4 2 页2.What did Levine take into consideration when designing her experiment?A.Parents age.B.Childrcns imagination.C.Parents education.D.Child-parent relationship.3.How do boys differ from girls in puzzle play?A.Thcy play with puzzles more often.B.They tend to talk less during the game.C.They prefer to use more spatial language.D.They are likely to play with tougher puzzles.4.What is the text mainly about?A.A mathematical method.B.A scientific study.C.A woman psychologist.D.A teaching program.答案l.B 2.C 3.D 4.BPassage 6（2019课标全国I,D）词 数 370During the rosy years of elementary school（小学），I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes,which allowed me to keep my highsocial status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens,and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranksnot by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes,breaking rules and playing jokes on others,among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein,a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popularinto two categories:the likable and the status seekers.The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships,jump-start interpersonal skills and.when tapped early,arc employed ever after in life and work.Then theres the kind of popularity thatappears in adolescence:status bom of power and even dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed,Dr.Prinstein studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest instatus in high school,as well as those least liked in elementary school,are l4most likely to engage（从事）in dangerous and riskybehavior.”第 7 页 共 4 2 页In one study,Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents,scoring the least liked,the most liked and thehighest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）.“We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over timetoward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthyadjustment,high status has just the opposite effect on us.”Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing,kindness,openness-carry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research,Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion:Not only is likability related to positive lifeoutcomes,but it is also responsible fbr those outcomes,too.Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of lifeexperiences that help somebody gain an advantage,he said.l.What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A.Unkind.B.Lonely.C.Generous.D.Cool.2.What is the second paragraph mainly about?A.The classification of the popular.B.Thc characteristics of adolescents.C.The importance of interpersonal skills.D.The causes of dishonorable behavior.3.What did Dr.Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A.Thcy appeared to be aggressive.B.They tended to be more adaptable.C.They enjoyed the highest status.D.They performed well academically.4.What is the best title for the text?A.Be Nice一You Wont Finish LastB.The Higher the Status,the BetterC.Be the Best-You Can Make ItD.More Self-Control,Less Aggressiveness答案l.C 2.A 3.B 4.A第 8页 共，4 2 页Passage 7(2 0 i 9课标全国n,c)词数 3 4 8Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself,quietly reading her e-book as she waits fbr her salad.What is she rcading?Nonc of your business!Lunch is BcchtcVs me time.And like more Americans,shes not alone.A new report found