2023新高考新教材版英语高考第二轮复习--八主旨要义.pdf

2023新高考新教材版英语高考第二轮复习专 题 八 主 旨 要 义五年高考A组新高考卷题组Passage 1（2022 新高考 I,D）Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds,from the common m and a to the rareclicks of some southern African languages.But why are certain sounds more common than others?Aground-breaking,five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds thatare now found in half the worlds languages.More than 30 years ago,the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals,such asfandv”,were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods.Now a team of researchersled by DamiOn Blasi at the University of Zurich,Switzerland,has found how and why this trend arose.They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned（又 寸 齐）,making ithard to produce labiodentals,which are formed by touching the lower lip（嘴唇）to the upper teeth.Later,ourjaws changed to an overbite structure,making it easier to produce such sounds.The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithicperiod.Food became easier to chew at this point.The jawbone didnt have to do as much work and so didntgrow to be so large.Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of worldlanguages after the Neolithic age,with the use o ff and increasing remarkably during the last fewthousand years.These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today.This research overturns the popular view that all human speech sounds were present when human beingsevolved（进化）around 300,000 years ago.The set of speech sounds we use has not necessarily remainedstable since the appearance of human beings,but rather the huge variety of speech sounds that we find todayis the product of a complex interplay of things like biological change and cultural evolution,said StevenMoran,a member of the research team.第1页 共4 8页1 .Which aspect of the human speech sound does DamiDn Blasis research focus on?A.Its variety.B.Its distribution.C.Its quantity.D.Its development.2.Why was it difficult for ancient human adults to produce labiodentals?A.They had fewer upper teeth than lower teeth.B.They could not open and close their lips easily.C.Their jaws were not conveniently structured.D.Their lower front teeth were not large enough.3.What is paragraph 5 mainly about?A.Supporting evidence for the research results.B.Potential application of the research findings.C.A further explanation of the research methods.D.A reasonable doubt about the research process.4.What does Steven Moran say about the set of human speech sounds?A.It is key to effective communication.B.It contributes much to cultural diversity.C.It is a complex and dynamic system.D.It drives the evolution of human beings.答案l.D 2.C 3.A 4.CPassage 2（2022 新高考 11,c）Over the last seven years,most states have banned texting by drivers,and public service campaigns havetried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.Yet the problem,by just about any measure,appears to be getting worse.Americans are still texting whiledriving,as well as using social networks and taking photos.Road accidents,which had fallen for years,arenow rising sharply.That is partly because people are driving more,but Mark Rosekind,the chief of the National Highway TrafficSafety Administration,said distracted（分心）driving was only increasing,unfortunately.”第2页 共4 8页“Big change requires big ideas,“he said in a speech last month,referring broadly to the need to improve roadsafety.So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior,lawmakers and public health experts are reachingback to an old approach:They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer.It wouldwork like this:An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use theTextalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity.The technology could determine whether adriver had just texted,emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New Yorks hands-free drivinglaws.“We need something on the books that can change peoples behavior,said Felix W.Ortiz,who pushed fbr thestates 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers.If the Textalyzer bill becomes law,he said,people aregoing to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”1 .Which of the following best describes the ban on drivers texting in the US?A.Ineffective.B.Unnecessary.C.Inconsistent.D.Unfair.2.What can the Textalyzer help a police officer find out?A.Where a driver came from.B.Whether a driver used their phone.C.How fast a driver was going.D.When a driver arrived at the scene.3.What does the underlined word something“in the last paragraph refer to?A.Advice.B.Data.C.Tests.D.Laws.4.What is a suitable title for the text?A.To Drive or Not to Drive?Think Before You StartB.Texting and Driving?Watch Out for the TextalyzerC.New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by DriversD.The Next Generation Cell Phone:The Textalyzer冬口空木第 3页 共，4 8页l.A 2.B 3.D 4.BPassage 3（2021 新高考 I ,D）Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional。情感的）intelligence.Manypeople now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a persons makeup thatcannot be measured by an IQ test,such as character,motivation,confidence,mental stability,optimism and“people skills.Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities,but mostof them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or badpurposes.The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find howbest to help her patients,while a cheater might use it to control potential victims.Being emotionally intelligentdoes not necessarily make one a moral person.Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonablysupport,the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful.The most positive aspectof this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis（重视）on emotion by employers,educators andothers interested in promoting social well-being.The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped boththe public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively ineveryday life.Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable,we hope that such attention willexcite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion.It is our hope that in coming decades,advances in science will offer new perspectives（视角）from which to study how people manage their lives.Emotional intelligence,with its focus on both head and heart,may serve to point us in the right direction.1 .What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?A.It can be measured by an IQ test.B.It helps to exercise a persons mind.C.It includes a set of emotional skills.D.It refers to a persons positive qualities.2.Why does the author mention“doctor and cheater“in paragraph 2?A.To explain a rule.第4页 共4 8页B.To clarify a concept.C.To present a fact.D.To make a prediction.3.What is the authors attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?A.Favorable.B.Intolerant.C.Doubtful.D.Unclear.4.What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?A.lts appeal to the public.B.Expectations for future studies.C.Its practical application.D.Scientists with new perspectives.冬u至宋l.D 2.B 3.A 4.BPassage 4（2021 新高考 I I ,c）A British woman who won a$1 million prize after she was named the Worlds Best Teacher will use thecash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.Andria Zafirakou,a north London secondary school teacher,said she wanted to bring about a classroomrevolution（变革）.“We are going to make a change,“she said.64Ive started a project to promote the teachingof the arts in our schools.MThe project results from the difficulties many schools have in getting artists of any sortwhether anup-and-coming local musician or a major movie starinto schools to work with and inspire children.Zafirakou began the project at Alperton Community School,her place of work for the past twelve years.tFveseen those magic moments when children are talking to someone they are inspired bytheir eyes are shiningand their faces light up,“she said.We need artists,more than ever in our schools.Artist Michael Craig-Martin said,Andrias brilliant project to bring artists from all fields into direct contactwith children is particularly welcome at a time when the arts are being downgraded in schools.It was amistake to see the arts as unnecessary,he added.Historian Sir Simon Schama is also a supporter of the project.He said that arts education in schools was notjust an add-on.44It is absolutely necessary.The future depends on creativity and creativity depends on the第5页 共4 8页young.What will remain of us when artificial intelligence takes over will be our creativity,and it is ourcreative spirit,our visionary sense of freshness,that has been our strength fbr centuries.1 .What will Zafirakou do with her prize money?A.Make a movie.B.Build new schools.C.Run a project.D.Help local musicians.2.What does Craig-Martin think of the teaching of the arts in UK schools?A.lt is particularly difficult.B.It increases artists*income.C.It opens childrens mind.D.It deserves greater attention.3.What should be stressed in school education according to Schama?A.Moral principles.B.Interpersonal skills.C.Creative abilities.0.Positive worldviews.4.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A.Bring Artists to SchoolsB.When Historians Meet ArtistsC.Arts Education in BritainD.The Worlds Best Arts Teacher分口窣l.C 2,D 3.C 4,AB组课标全国卷、省（区、市）卷题组Passage 1（2022 全国甲,B）Goffins cockatoos,a kind of small parrot native to Australasia,have been shown to have similarshape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old.Though not known to use tools in the wild,the birds haveproved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage.In a recent experiment,cockatoos were presented with a box第6页 共4 8页with a nut inside it.The clear front of the box had a“keyhole“in a geometric shape,and the birds were givenfive differently shaped keys to choose from.Inserting the correct key would let out the nut.In humans,babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age,but it will be anotheryear before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical（对称的）shapes.This ability to recognize that ashape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an allocentric frame ofreference.In the experiment,Goffins cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job,in most cases,by visual recognition alone.Where trial-and-error was used,the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similartests.This indicates that Goffins cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when movingobjects in space,similar to two-year-old babies.The next step,according to the researchers,is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely onvisual clues（线索）,or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.l.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment?A.By following instructions.B.By using a tool.C.By turning the box around.D.By removing the lid.2.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text?A.Using a key to unlock a door.B.Telling parrots from other birds.C.Putting a ball into a round hole.Grouping toys of different shapes.3.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos?A.How far they are able to see.B.How they track moving objects.C.Whether they are smarter than monkeys.D.Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?A.Cockatoos:Quick Error Checkers第7页 共4 8页B.Cockatoos:Independent LearnersC.Cockatoos:Clever Signal-ReadersD.Cockatoos:Skilful Shape-Sorters较口全木l.B 2.C 3.D 4.DPassage 2（2022 全国甲,D）Sometime in the early 1960s,a significant thing happened in Sydney,Australia.The city discovered itsharbor.Then,one after another,Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of therebroad parks,superb beaches,and a culturally diverse population.But it is the harbor that makes the city.Andrew Reynolds,a cheerful fellow in his early 30s,pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living.I spent the wholemorning shuttling back and forth across the harbor.After our third run Andrew shut down the engine,and wewent our separate wayshe for a lunch break,I to explore the city.TH miss these old boats,“he said as we parted.“How do you mean?I asked.“Oh,theyYe replacing them with catamarans.Catamarans are faster,but theyYe not so elegant,and theyre notfun to pilot.But thafs progress,I guess.Everywhere in Sydney these days,change and progress are the watch words（口 号），and traditions areincreasingly rare.Shirley Fitzgerald,the citys official historian,told me that in its rush to modernity in the1970s,Sydney swept aside much of its past,including many of its finest buildings.Sydney is confused aboutitself“she said.uWe cant seem to make up our minds whether we want a modem city or a traditional one.Itsa conflict that we arent getting any better at resolving（解决）On the other hand,being young and old at the same time has its attractions.I considered this when I met athoughtful young businessman named Anthony.Many people say that we lack culture in this country,hetold me.What people forget is that the Italians,when they came to Australia,brought 2000 years of theirculture,the Greeks some 3000 years,and the Chinese more still.Weve got a foundation built on ancientcultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country.It*s a pretty hard combination to beat.”He is right,but 1 cant help wishing they would keep those old ferries.第8页 共4 8页1 .What is the first paragraph mainly about?A.Sydneys striking architecture.B.The cultural diversity of Sydney.C.The key to Sydneys development.D.Sydneys tourist attractions in the 1960s.2.What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds?A.He goes to work by boat.B.He looks forward to a new life.C.He pilots catamarans well.D.He is attached to the old ferries.3.What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney?A.It is losing its traditions.B.It should speed up its progress.C.It should expand its population.D.It is becoming more international.4.Which statement will the author probably agree with?A.A city can be young and old at the same time.B.A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.C.Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.0.Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.分口窣l.C 2,D 3.A 4.APassage 3（2021 全国乙,C）Youve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans-between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter oceanecosyst