英语历年考研真题.pdf

2006Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society?I amgoing to suggest that it is not true.Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it isthe intellectuals who have rejected America.But they have done more than that.They have growndissatisfied with the role of intellectual.It is they,not America,who have become anti-intellectual.First,the object of our study pleads for definition.What is an intellectual?46）I shall define him asan individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in aSocratic（苏 格 拉 底）way about moral problems.He explores such problems consciously,articulately,and frankly,first by asking factual questions,then by asking moral questions,finally by suggestingaction which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.47）His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in asobvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals-the averagescientist,for one.48）I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to thesolution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factualaspects of those problems.Like other human beings,he encounters moral issues even in theeveryday performance of his routine duties-he is not supposed to cook his experiments,manufacture evidence,or doctor his reports.49）But his primary task is not to think about the moralcode which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies toan exploration of rules of conduct in business.During most of his waking life he will take his code forgranted,as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition also excludes the majority of teachers,despite the fact that teaching hastraditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.50）They may teach verywell and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections onhuman problems which involve moral judgment.This description even fits the majority of eminentscholars.Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing,living in public andillustrious thoughts；*as Emerson would say,is something else.ANSWERS46.I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life theactivity of thinking in Socratic（苏 格 拉 底）way about moral problems.翻 译 步 骤 分 析 词 义 推 敲 步 骤 一、浏 览 语 句，识 别 动 词 和 代 词 含 义 1 6力 也.怎 5.“把.定 义 为.”elected as“选 择 作 为”thinking in Socratic way about 用 苏 格 拉 底 式 的 方 式 思 考”them i t 遵 循 代 词 的 指 代 原 则，them指 代“知 识 分 子”结 构 分 析 步 骤 二、浏 览 语 句，断 句 1、，and原 则（用 来 区 分 并 列 句，句 子 中 的 and,o r等 并 列 连 词 要 首 先 区 分）（I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activityof thinking in Socratic（苏 格 拉 底）way about moral problems.2、which/that原 则 用 来 区 分 主 句 和 从 句，句 子 中 的 which,that,because,while,when等 标 志 词 区 分 主 句 和 从 句）I shall define him as an individualwho has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏 格 拉 底）way about moral problems.3、较 长 不 定 式 短 语 或 介 词 短 语 原 则（用 来 将 单 句 中 的 不 顶 事 短 语 和 介 词 短 语 与 主 句 区 别 对 待，即 恢 复 单 句 完 整，理 解 短 语 功 能）I shall define him as an individualwho has elected the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏 格 拉 底）way about moral problems.as his primary duty and pleasure in life这 是 一 个 复 合 句。I shall define him as an individual 是 主 句。定 语 从 句 who has elected as his primaryduty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏 格 拉 底）way about moral problems 用 来 修 饰 名 词“individual。该 定 语 从 句 中 构 成“electas”的 结 构。翻 译 润 色 步 骤 三、单 句 翻 译，准 确 排 序 I shall define him as an individual我 将 知 识 分 子 定 义 这 种 个 体：who has elected the activity of thinking in Socratic（苏 格 拉 底）way about moral problem s,用 苏 格 拉 底 式 的 方 式 思 考 对 道 德 问 题，as his primary duty and pleasure in life并 将 此 作 为 自 己 人 生 首 要 责 任 和 快 乐 的 人。参 考 译 文 我 将 知 识 分 子 定 义 这 种 个 体：用 苏 格 拉 底 式 的 方 式 思 考 道 德 问 题，并 将 此 作 为 自 己 人 生 首 要 责 任 和 人 生 乐 趣。47.His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in asobvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.翻 译 步 骤 分 析 词 义 推 敲 步 骤 一、浏 览 语 句，识 别 动 词 和 代 词 含 义 is analogous to 与 相 似”accept（the obligation of）“接 受”在 此 意 为“承 担”revealing“揭 露”在 此 意 为“揭 示”led him to his decision.他 自 己 得 出 结 论”结 构 分 析 步 骤 二、浏 览 语 句，断 句 1、，and原 则（用 来 区 分 并 列 句，句 子 中 的 and,o r等 并 列 连 词 要 首 先 区 分）（His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in asobvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.2、which/that原 则 用 来 区 分 主 句 和 从 句，句 子 中 的 which,that,because,while,when等 标 志 词 区 分 主 句 和 从 句）His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course ofreasoningwhich led him to his decision.3、较 长 不 定 式 短 语 或 介 词 短 语 原 则（用 来 将 单 句 中 的 不 顶 事 短 语 和 介 词 短 语 与 主 句 区 别 对 待，即 恢 复 单 句 完 整，理 解 短 语 功 能）His function is analogous to that of a judge,who must accept the obligation of revealing the course of reasoningin as obvious a matter as possiblewhich led him to his decision.这 是 一 复 合 句。His function is analogous to that of a judge 是 主 句。非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 who mustaccept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which ledhim to his decision用 来 修 饰 前 文 名 词 judgeo在 该 定 语 从 句 中，which led him to his decision是 定 语 从 句，修 饰 名 词 短 语“the course of reasoning%翻 译 润 色 步 骤 三、单 句 翻 译，准 确 排 序 His function is analogous to that of a judge 他 的 职 责 与 法 官 相 似，,who must accept the obligation of revealing the course of reasoning 必 须 承 担 揭 示 推 理 过 程 的 责 任。in as obvious a matter as possible 用 尽 可 能 明 了 的 方 式 which led him to his decision.自 己 做 出 决 定 的 参 考 译 文 他 的 职 责 与 法 官 相 似，必 须 承 担 这 样 的 责 任：用 尽 可 能 明 了 的 方 式 来 展 示 自 己 做 出 决 定 的 推 理 过 程。48.I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moralproblems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of thoseproblems.翻 译 步 骤 分 析 词 义 推 敲 步 骤 一、浏 览 语 句，识 别 动 词 和 代 词 含 义 excluded排 除 在 外”contribute to“促 成”has not been charged with(the obligation)“被 控 告”在 此 意 为“承 担”approaching(the factual aspect)“接 近 在 此 意 为“探 究”h im 遵 循 代 词 的 指 代 原 则，him指 代“普 通 科 学 家”结 构 分 析 步 骤 二、浏 览 语 句，断 句 1、，and原 则(用 来 区 分 并 列 句，句 子 中 的 and,o r等 并 列 连 词 要 首 先 区 分)I have excluded him because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moralproblems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of thoseproblems.2、which/that原 则(用 来 区 分 主 句 和 从 句，句 子 中 的 which,that,because,while,when等 标 志 词 区 分 主 句 和 从 句)I have excluded himbecause,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of thoseproblems.这 是 一 个 复 合 句。I have excluded him是 主 句。because,引 导 原 因 状 语 从 句。在 该 原 因 状 语 从 句 中 whilehis accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems 和 he has not been charged withthe task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.构 成 让 步 关 系 的 主、从 句。翻 译 润 色 步 骤 三、单 句 翻 译，准 确 排 序 I have excluded him我 已 经 把 普 通 科 学 家 排 除 在 外，because,while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems 是 因 为 尽 管 他 的 成 果 可 能 会 有 助 于 解 决 道 德 问 题，,he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of thoseproblems.但 他 承 担 的 任 务 只 不 过 是 研 究 这 些 问 题 的 事 实 方 面。参 考 译 文 我 之 所 以 把 普 通 科 学 家 排 除 在 外，是 因 为 尽 管 他 的 成 果 可 能 会 有 助 于 解 决 道 德 问 题，但 他 承 担 的 任 务 只 不 过 是 研 究 这 些 问 题 的 事 实 方 面。49.But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more thana businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.翻 译 步 骤 分 析 词 义 推 敲 步 骤 一、浏 览 语 句，识 别 动 词 和 代 词 含 义 think about 思 考，考 虑”governs his activity“管 理”在 此 意 为“支 配”is expected to“期 望”dedicate his energies to 投 身 于;专 注 于”结 构 分 析 步 骤 二、浏 览 语 句，断 句 1、，and原 则（用 来 区 分 并 列 句，句 子 中 的 and,o r等 并 列 连 词 要 首 先 区 分）But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules ofconduct in business.2、which/that原 则（用 来 区 分 主 句 和 从 句，句 子 中 的 which,that,because,while,when等 标 志 词 区 分 主 句 和 从 句）But his primary task is not to think about the moral code,which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules ofconduct in business.这 是 一 个 复 合 句。But his primary task is not to think about the moral code any more than abusinessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business 是 主 句，在 该 句 子 中 体 现 了 结 构“notany more than”，译 为“不 是 也 不 是。非 限 制 性 定 语 从 句 whichgoverns his activity 用 来 修 饰 名 词“moral code%翻 译 润 色 步 骤 三、单 句 翻 译，准 确 排 序 But his primary task is not to think about the moral code但 是，他 的 首 要 任 务 并 不 是 考 虑 道 德 规 范，,which governs his activity 支 配 自 己 行 为 的,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules ofconduct in business.就 如 同 不 能 指 望 商 人 专 注 于 探 索 行 业 规 范 一 样。参 考 译 文 但 是，他 的 首 要 任 务 并 不 是 考 虑 支 配 自 己 行 为 的 道 德 规 范，就 如 同 不 能 指 望 商 人 专 注 于 探 索 行 业 规 范 一 样。50.They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or noindependent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.翻 译 步 骤 分 析 词 义 推 敲 步 骤 一、浏 览 语 句，识 别 动 词 和 代 词 含 义 teach“教”earn their salaries“挣 工 资”make little or no independent reflections on 很 少 或 几 乎 没 有 独 立 思 考”involve（moral judgment）“包 括”在 此 意 为“需 要（道 德 判 断）”结 构 分 析 步 骤 二、浏 览 语 句，断 句 1、，and原 则（用 来 区 分 并 列 句，句 子 中 的 and,o r等 并 列 连 词 要 首 先 区 分）They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moraljudgment.2、which/that原 贝 ij（用 来 区 分 主 句 和 从 句，句 子 中 的 which,that,because,while,when等 标 志 同 区 分 主 句 和 从 句）They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moraljudgment.这 是 一 个 并 歹 ij句。They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries 与 but most of them makelittle or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.构 成 并 歹 i 关 系。在 but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moraljudgment 中，定 语 从 句 which involve moral judgment 修 饰 名 词 human problems”。翻 译 润 色 步 骤 三、单 句 翻 译，准 确 排 序 They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries 他 们 可 以 教 得 很 好，而 且 不 仅 仅 是 为 了 挣 薪 水，,but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems 但 他 们 大 多 数 人 去 1 很 少 或 没 有 对、人 的 问 题 进 行 独 立 思 考。which involve moral judgm ent.需 要 进 行 道 德 判 断 的 参 考 译 文 他 们 可 以 教 得 很 好，而 且 不 仅 仅 是 为 了 挣 薪 水，但 他 们 大 多 数 人 却 很 少 或 没 有 对 需 要 进 行 道 德 判 断 的、人 的 问 题 进 行 独 立 思 考。2007The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in Europeanuniversities.However,only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs inCanadian universities.(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as thespecial preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educatedperson.Happily,the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in anumber of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education,its aimsand methods should appeal directly to journalism educators.Law is a discipline which encouragesresponsible judgment.On the one hand,it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice,democracy and freedom.(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a mannerwhich is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.For example,notions of evidence and fact,of basic rights and public interest are at work in the processof journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law.Sharpening judgment by absorbing andreflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalists intellectual preparation for his or her career.(48)But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinarycitizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of thenews media.Politics or,more broadly,the functioning of the state,is a major subject for journalists.The better informed they are about the way the state works,the better their reporting will be.(49)Infact,it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear preps of the basic features of theCanadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.Furthermore,the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects forjournalists.While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly,there is an undue reliance amongstmany journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers.(50)While comment and reactionfrom lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions ofsignificance and make their own judgments.These can only come from a well-groundedunderstanding of the legal system.ANSWERS46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve oflawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.翻 译 步 骤 分 析 词 义 推 敲 步 骤 一、浏 览 语 句，识 别 动 词 和 代 词 含 义legal learning 学 习 法 律 viewed.as.“把.视 为”intellectually equipment 知 识 才 能 结 构 分 析 步 骤 二、浏 览 语 句，断 句 1、，and原 则（用 来 区 分 并 列 句，句 子 中 的 and,o r等 并 列 连 词 要 首 先 区 分）Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.这 个 句 子 结 构 十 分 清 晰，这 是 一 个 简 单 句。Traditionally是 状 语，用 来 修 饰 整 个 语 句。legal learning hasbeen viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers 是 主 句。短 语 rather than anecessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.用 来 补 充 说 明 前 文 语 句。翻 译 润 色 步 骤 三、单 句 翻 译，准 确 排 序 Traditionally 传 统 上,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,这 些 院 校 一 直 把 学 习 法 律 看 作 是 律 师 专 有 的 特 权,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated p e rs o n.,而 不 是 一 个 受 过 教 育 的 人 必 备 的 知 识 才 能。参 考 译 文 传 统 上，这 些 院 校 一 直 把 学 习 法 律 看 作 是 律 师 专 有 的 特 权，而 不 是 一 个 受 过 教 育 的 人 必 备 的 知 识 才 能。47）On the other,it 1 inks these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the inksjournalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.翻 译 步 骤 分 析 词 义 推 敲 步 骤