初中英语语法学习之句中结构的省略与高频考点.docx

初中英语语法学习之句中结构的省略与高频考点一、省略句分类：句中结构的省略1. 简单句的省略a) 名词所有格之后的省略He is going to his uncle's (house).b) 含there be结构中的省略(Is there) Anything wrong?c) 独立主格结构中的分词如为being或having been时的省略The examination (being) over, we all left the school.d) 不定式的省略并列的不定式Her job is to take care of the elders and (to) wash their clothes.为避免重复，作某些动词hope, want等宾语或tell, order, ask的宾补时，省略不定式短语，只保留不定式符号to.The child wanted to play in the street, but her mother told her not to.（ 此句中 not to 后省略了和上文相重复的play in the street.）感官动词see, hear, feel, notice, hear或使役动词let, make, have,等后跟不定式作宾补时省略to.I saw the girl cross the street.I had my father repair my bike.注意：当感官动词与使役动词用于被动时，需恢复to的省略。如：The girl was seen to cross the street.有had better, would rather, can't but 或Why not等句型后面直接跟动词原形，实际上是接省to的不定式。You had better tell me the truth.I could not but (to) laugh at him.Why not go and ask the teacher for help?在回答问句及其它形式的答语中，如有和上文重复的不定式时，在答语中只保留其不定式符号to，而把动词和其它部分省略。 Would you like to come to dinner tonight? I'd like to. But I'm too busy. （ 此句中的I'd like to 后省略了come to dinner tonight.）e) 介词（或介词短语）的省略动名词前面的介词in在一定条件下常被省略We spent a large sum of money (in) building the mansion.而当spend money in doing sth. 结构用于被动语态时in不能省略A large sum of money was spent in building the mansion.near或opposite作形容词表示“在的附近”或“在对面”时后接的介词to可省略It is near (to) the airport, opposite (to) the supermarket.of +形容词+名词作补语表示大小、年龄、形状、颜色或价格时of常被省略We are (of) the same age, I suppose.含有side, height, length, size, shape等惯用语前介词on有时可被省略Try to keep your discourse (on) this side of 3000 words.有些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配介词短语, 在以what, when, how, whether, that出现的从句或不定式短语之前有时被省略介词短语as to.Be careful (as to) how you do that.f) 同源宾语的省略同源宾语的修饰语是形容词最高级或含有最高级意义时可以省去该同源宾语During the football match, the fans all shouted their loudest (shout).She sang her sweetest (song).g) 英语中惯用的省略句型即，What/How about后只跟名词、代词或动名词（短语），以及感叹句中的省略现象。How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden?What a beautiful view (it is)!2. 并列句中的省略a) 并列句的省略是最常见的，一般说来，在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通常都会被省略。To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard.b) 简单句的并列结构中也常有省略的做法We may go there by train or (by) air.c) 并列平行结构有时会出现在状语从句中As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.（此句中，前一个分句带一个As引导的状语从句，状语从句中 move away from 后为并列平行结构，their，their，their在and后的分句中，the confidence后省略了is cut off.）3. 复合句中的省略a) 复合句中从句的句尾和主句相重复时从句的句尾部分可省掉Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won't (sweep the floor).b) 含有定语从句的复合句定语从句中可以省略作宾语的关系代词；非正式文体中，也可省略关系副词when或why.I shall never forget the day (when) I entered TV University.I like the film for the very reason (why) you dislike it.关系代词as后面的主谓结构也可省略He gave the same answer as (he had given) before.c) 含有宾语从句的复合句在两个并列的that从句如主动词及其宾语、表语、状语等都一样时可将第二个that从句的主动词及随带成份省略。I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won't (dance in the party).在两个并列的that从句如主语相同，而谓语不同，可把第二个that从句的连词和主语一起省略。Tell Peter that I'll call to see him and (that I 'll ) have talk with him.在两个并列从句如连词不同而其它成份相同时，可省略第一分句和第二分句相同的部分，只把两个连词连接起来。Her parents don't know when (she was born) and where she was born.在以某些形容词或过去分词，如：sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied的词所引导的宾语从句中，连词that可省略。We aren't sure which the best is.I was very pleased my friend had passed the exam.在以which, when, where, how和why引导的宾语从句中，其谓语与主句谓语相同时省略全部谓语，有时甚至主语也可省略，只保留一个w h的词。He can't go to school, but I don't know why (he can't go to school).d) 含有状语从句的复合句状语从句中的省略原则是，如主语与主句主语一致，或主语是it，可省略从句的连接词、主语和be助动词，只保留分词和其它成分，从而使语言更加简洁明了。京戏时间状语从句中的省略I favor English when (I was) a pupil.地点状语从句中的省略The river is clean where (it is) deep.让步状语从句中的省略Although (she was) the youngest of the group, she won all the prizes.方式状语从句中的省略The baby closed his eyes as if ( he were ) to sleep.条件状语从句中的省略She won't come unless (she is) invited.原因状语从句中的省略(If we were) Given more attention, the plants could have grown better.比较状语从句中的省略You can play the game just as wonderfully as I (do).在以than和as引导的比较结构的状语从句中，省略某些与主句相同的成分或在特定上下文中有某些不言而喻的成分，可省掉整个as/than从句。The pianos in the other shop will be cheaper (than those in this shop), but (they are) not as good (as those in this shop).状语从句中并列结构的省略在复合句中，如两个并列的状语从句只是从属连词不同，其它相同时，则可省略一个状语从句，而把两个从属连词连接起来。They will be arriving either before (the film begins) or after the film begins.e) 虚拟语气条件句中if的省略与If引导的条件从句中含有were, had时，可将if省略，并用倒装结构。Were I you, I wouldn't go with him.高频考点1. Video games can be a poor influence if _ in the wrong hands.Ato leave     BleavingCleave     Dleft【答案】D【解析】考查省略句。句意：如果落在不合适的人的手中，电子游戏就会有一个很坏的影响。leave的逻辑主语是video games，主语video games与leave之间是被动关系，故用过去分词。if left.是“连词过去分词”构成的状语从句的省略。2.If _ for the job，youll be informed soon.Ato accept     BacceptCaccepting     Daccepted【答案】D【解析】考查省略句。句意：如果你被接受做这份工作，你很快就会接到通知。句中you与accept之间为被动关系，应用过去分词，所以答案为D。本题中if之后省略了主语和be动词，补充完整为：If you are accepted for the job，youll be informed soon.。3.The climate here is quite pleasant，the temperature rarely，_，reaching 30 in summer.Aif not     Bif everCif any     Dif so【答案】B【解析】考查省略句。句意：这里的气候宜人，如果曾经有的话，在夏季气温极少达到30摄氏度。if not如果不；if ever如果曾经有，如果曾经发生；if any如果有的话；if so如果是这样的话。根据句中的关键词quite pleasant(宜人)，rarely(极少)可知，空格处表达的意思是“如果曾经有(if ever)”。4.The driver wanted to park his car near the roadside but was asked by the police _Anot to do     Bnot toCnot do     Ddo not【答案】B【解析】考查省略。句意：那个司机想把车停靠在路边，但是警察不允许他这样做。这里为了避免重复，省略与前文相同的部分，只保留不定式符号to。补充完整后应为“was asked by the police not to park his car near the roadside”。学科网（北京）股份有限公司