初中英语人教新目标九年级（2023年修订）Grammar初中英语语法.pdf

英语的词性：通常分为10类。其中名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词为实词，冠词、介词、连词和感叹词为虚词。(文章标题通常实词大写，虚词小写)冠词：冠词是放在名词前面的一种虚词，不能单独使用。冠词有两种：不定冠词a/a n,定冠词the。A:(a/an)的用法：l.a 用在读音为辅音开头的名词之前,a n 用在读音为元音开头的名词之前。【注意】(1)这里指的是 读音”，而不是指字母。例如：a university/useful book/usual thing/European/an hour(2)另外在单独一个字母前也用a n,如：A/E/F/H/I/L/M/N/O/R/S/X如：There*s an m in the word-music.2.表示某一类人或某事物中的任何一个，通常在首次提到某人或某物时用a/an,以表示与其他事物的区别。(1)1gave him a book yesterday.(2)I am reading an interesting story.3.用在事物的度量单位前，如时间、速度、价格等，表 示“每一个”。(1)We often go to school two times a day.(2)The potato is sold at about 30 yuan ten jin.4.特定的词组。如：a few,a little,have a good time,have a look,a number of,have a cold,go for a walk 等5.a/an+序数词表示“又一,再 一 例 如：I have three books.I want to buy a fourth one.B:定冠词(the)的用法1.定冠词特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。1)The bag in the desk is mine.2)Is this the book you are looking for?3)Do you know the man in back?2.如果第一次提到某人或事物的时候，用 a/a n,那么以后再次提到的话，就变成特指的人或事物了；或者说话双方都知道的名词前。例如：Open the door,please.(2)I bought a book from Xinhua Bookshop.The book cost me 15 yuan.3.定冠词用于表示世界上独一无二的事物或用于自然界现象或方位名词之前。这些事物当然是特指的事物，不可能有两个以上。the sun the moon the earth the world the spring of 20234.定冠词与形容词连用，可表示某一类人或事物。(the+形容词表示“一类人”)(1)He always helps the poor.(2)The disabled can go to this special school.【注意】：the用在姓名复数之前，表示一家人。例如：The Greens are very kind to us.5.用在形容词或副词的最高级和序数词前(1)He is the tallest students in my class.(2)Jim was the first student who came to school this morning.6.用在西洋乐器前面；在中国乐器前面可加可不加。如：play the piano/violin play(the)crhu7.用在山脉、河流、海、洋、名胜古迹等专有名词前。$0：the Yellow R iver the West Lake the Great Wall8.习惯用语：in the morning by the way in the end on the rightC:零冠词的用法：1.人名、地名、国名等专有名词前通常不用冠词。如：(1)Mary;Tom;Jim;Miss Li;Mr.Zhang(2)(2)Beijing;Shanghai;London;Paris(3)(3)England;China;Germany;South Africa2.表 示官衔，职位、身份的名词前不加冠词。如：(1)The guards took the American to General Lee.士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。(2)In 1860,Lincoln became President of the United States.在 1860 年，林肯成为美国总统。3.当 名词前有this/that等指示代词、my/your等形容词性物主代词时，不用任何冠词。如：(1)This is my computer.(2)That book is their teachers.4.年份、月份、星期、日期、季节、节日等名词前不用冠词：in 1988；in August；on Thursday；on December 8th；in spring；Thanksgiving Day We go to school from Monday to Friday.Childrens Day falls on June 1st.5.一日三餐 等名词前不用冠词：have breakfast(lunch,supper)【注意】(1)前面有形容词修饰，需用不定冠词；He had a big/nice/quick/slow dinner today.(2)后面有定语修饰，需用定冠词：The breakfast he had today was good.6.球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前不用冠词：play soccer/basketball/volleyball/tennis.play chess/cards7.当“b汰e,car,bus,train,boat,ship,plane,rocket”等与by”连用，表示一种交通手段时，不用冠词。如：by bus,by train Did you come back by plane or by train?8.一些固定词组中：go to bed,go to school,at nightD:在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：1)in front o f 在.前面，in the fi*ont o f 在.范围内的前部2)有些个体名词“school,college,prison,hospital,bed”等词与动词或介词连用时,有无冠词表示不同含义,如：go to hospital;go to the hospital in hospital(生病)住院；in the hospital(在医院里)3)两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。He raises a black and white cat.The black and the white cats are hers.练习 用 a,an,th e 填空，如果没有必要，可以不填。1.We often have sports after class,and I like to play basketball.2.Would you please pass me water on the table?3.Who is young lady with curly hair?3.Did you do well in English exam?Yes,I got A”.4.Today is unusual day for him because he became successful.5.-What can I do fbr you,madam?-I want orange skirt for my daughter.6.Excuse me.Is there park near here?一 Yes.Its over there next to post office.7.What heavy rain it was!Yes,but I love air after it rains.It smells so fresh.8.Where is math teacher?Hes talking with Sams father over there.you seen film Where Are We Going,Dad?Yes,its interesting film!10.-What do you know about kite surfing?It is exciting water sport.11.-Does your father go to work by car every day?-No,he sometimes takes bus.12.Some small shops in Britain usually close fbr hour at lunchtime.13.-Do you often play piano?-Yes.I want to be musician like Lang Lang.14.R unning is good exercise.15.Lefs take photo!Everyone,cheese!16.Dannys grandmother is ill in hospital.Hell go there to see her after school.17.Many people gave away money to poor after the earthquake in Nepal.18.Lee is actor from South Korea.He sang Chinese pop song on the 2023 CCTV New Years Gala.19.Whites have planned to visit Great Wall in China.20.Look!There is monkey eating apple in the tree.E n,m o n k e y is very cute.名 词(Noun)：英语名词分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。特点是：第一个字母大写，通常不与冠词连用。(一)人名 英美人的姓名与中国人的相反，姓在后，名在前，姓名前不用冠词。例如：Mary Smith(1)一般熟人间通常用名称呼。例如：Hows John getting o n?约翰近来好吗？(2)在不熟悉人之间或表示礼貌时，常把姓和称谓连用。例如：Would you please tell Mr Smith to come to the office?(3)姓氏复数前加定冠词可表示全家人。例如：The Turners have gone to America.（二）地 名 如：Asia；Africa；Mount Emei；the English Channel；the Sahara；the Pacific（三）节日,星期，月份名前通常不用冠词。例如：Christmas；National Day;Tuesday;April普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，可分为四类：1）个体名词，如：booko 2）集体名词：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：familyo 3）物质名词：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。4）抽象名词：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work,business,sadnesso 一般来说，个体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable 1011115）。物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词无法用数目来计算，称为不可数名词（111（：011110Nouns）o 集合名词有的可数，有的不可数。可数名词的复数规则变化：其它名词复数的规则变化1）以 y 结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接+s：如：two Marys the Henrys monkeymonkeys toytoys humanhumans Germans2）zero-zeros/zeroes3）名 词 复 数 的 不 规 则 变 化：1 ）child-children foot-feet toothteeth mouse-mice goosegeesemanmen womanwomen（注意：与 m an和 woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-m en和-women。如：an Englishman,two Englishmen）4）单复数同形，如：sheep,deer,fish,Chinese,Japanese,li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。a dollar,two dollars;a meter,two meters5）集体名词，如:clothes,people,police 等本身就是复数，不能说 a people,a police,但可以说 a person,a policcmanothe English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese 等名词，表示国民总称时,作复数用。6）表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses,jeans,shorts,trousers若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair（对，双）;suit（套）；a pair of glasses;two pairs of shorts7）以-an结尾或其他形式结尾的表示民族、国家的人的名词变复数时在词尾加-s,如:Americans,Asians,R ussians,Australians,Africans,Italians,Germans 等。注意：Englishmen,Frenchmen.8）复合名词的复数形式：在词末加-（e）s,如：afternoons,housewives等。把主体名词变成复数形式。如：lookers-on（旁观者），passers-by（过路人）等。9）由 man或 woman作为第一部分的复数名词，两个组成部分皆变为复数形式。如：a man driver-men drivers,awoman doctor women doctors 等。10）有些复数形式的名词表示特别的意义。如：papers（文件），times（时代），goods（货物），works（作品）等。不可数名词 不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种：（1）不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如：Knowledge is pow er.知识就是力量。（2）由 much,little 等词修饰。例如：They have saved much money fbr future use.（3）不可数名词量的表示，例如：a piece of paper a drop of water a loaf of bread 一条面包a bag of money 一袋钱 a bottle of milk 瓶牛奶 a piece of news/information/advice名词的格：名词所有格是指一个名词与另一个名词之间存在所有关系时所用的形式。其构成有两种：1.由名词末尾加 s 构成；2.由介词+0件名词构成。前者多用来表示有生命的东西；后者多用来表示无生命的东西。例如:Childrens Palace,the legs of the table,the name of the book(一)所有格形式的构成(1)单数名词后加 s,其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。例如：the girFs father(2)以 s 结尾的复数名词后加，。例如：two hours，w alk两个小时的步行(3)不以s 结尾的复数名词后加,s。例如：the childrens holiday孩子们的节日(4)以 s 结尾的人名，可以加&也可加号。例如：Thomass brother Charles job(5)表示各自的所有关系，不是共有的，则分别在名词末尾加&如：Johns and Marys room若表示共有的，则在最后一个名词的末尾加 s,如：John and Marys room(二)所有格的用法：飞所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可表示无生命的东西。例如：(1)表示时间：todays newspaper今 天 的 报 纸(2)表示自然现象：the moons ray s月光(3)表示国家、城市机构：.Shanghai culture/history,Chinas population(An)(4)表示度量衡及价值：twenty dollars，value 20美元的价值 five miles,distance 5 英里的距离(三)s 所有格所表示的关系1.表示所有关系:可分为可分割的所有关系和不可分割的所有关系。可分割的所有关系通常指身外之物，一般不可用of表示。例如：Johns pen(John has a pen)约翰的钢笔。不可说：a pen of Johno但不可分割的所有关系，指自身拥有的不可分割的东西可用s,也可用o f表示。例如：Mary hands(Mary has two hands)玛丽的手 可以说：the hands of Mary2.表示同位语关系(通常用of表 示)the city of R ome罗马城 the city of Pairs巴黎城3.复合名词或短语，s 加在最后一个词的词尾，如：a month or twos vacation练习：)1.-Do you know the woman over there?Yes.Shesaunt.A.Lily and LucysB.Lilys and LucysC.Lilys and Lucy)2.Jack is now inA.the Third GradeB.Grade ThirdC.Grade Three)3.Thanks for giving meI wanted.A.thatB.whatC.where)4.Nobody thinks its easy to finish so much work inA.two days time B.two-days timeC.two days timeD.two days time)5.Are there anyon the fann?A.milkB.cat C.chickensD.dog)6.Football is a popular around the world.A.game B.sport C.show)7.-What would you like to d r i n k,o r orange?-Orange,please.A.hamburger B.dessert C.tea D.soup)8.How many would you like?A.cups of tea B.cup of teas C.cups of teas)9.These are bedrooms.The twin sisters like them very much.A.Anne and Janes B.Annes and Janes C.Annes and Jane)10.-How far is it from your home to the school?Its a bout.A.10 minutes walk B.10 minutes walk C.10-minutes walk D.10 minutes9 walk)11.Ted,take some to school.Its so hot and you may feel thirsty.A.hamburgers B.bananas C.oranges D.juice)12.The police searching for a tall man with long hair.A.is B.are C.不填介词：是一种用来表示词与词，词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句字成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。一、表示时间的介词：l)in,oni n表 示 较 长 时 间，如 世 纪、朝 代、时 代、年、季 节、月 及 一 般(非 特 指)的 早、中、晚 等。如：in the 20th century,in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in the morning,in the night,in the daytime,in a week,in 100 years,in ones life,in ones thirties 等。on 表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。如 on May 1st,on Thursday,on New Years Day,on Saturday evening,on a fine morning,on a cold night in January,on National Day 等。a t表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。如 at 3:20,at this time of year,at the beginning of,at the end of.,at the age of.,at Christmas,at lunchtime,at night,at noon,at this time/moment 等。注意：在 last,next,this,that,some,every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：this term;next Friday,We met last year.“a t时间点，有 o n 必有天，in 指月季年，也和色相连“。就是说，有具体的时间点的时候用a t,具体那一天用o n,说到月份，季节，年份，就用in；而且说谁穿了什么颜色的衣服的时候，也是用inXX(color)归纳总结：在初中阶段常见的固定短语in English in a minute 一会儿、立亥U in a short while 一会儿、不久 in a word一句话 in some waysin danger in a hurry 匆匆忙忙 in full 全部地、详细地 in front of in commonin all 总共 in this way in need in the end in person 亲自 in good health in fhct2)before,after before表 示“在某时刻或某件事之前，after用在时刻或某件事之后。3)by,until/till by 表 示“不迟于 3 “在.之前 例如：Could you reply to my invitation by tonight?until/till到为止 在肯定句中谓语动词要用延续性动词。例如：I waited for my mum until she came home.在否定句中，not until译 成“直到才”，谓语动词用非延续性动词。例如：I didnt go to bed until my mum came home.He can not be back until January.4)in,a f t e r 两者都有“在一段时间之后”之意，但“in+时间段”表示时间从现在算起，常用于将来时态；而“他什时间段/时间点”表示的时间从过去算起，多用于过去时。Eg：(1)I will finish the work two hours.(2)He returned his hometown half an year.(3)No hurry.The bus will arrive ten minutes.A.at B.fbr C.in D.by5)in,fbr,during,throughl)in表 示“在时间内”“在时间后”-从现在算起，后接时间段，常用于将来时。例如:Do you work in the daytime or at night?I hear hell be back in a week.2)after 在.以后”，从过去算起，后接时间段，常用于过去时。例如：They got there after 8 hours.后接时间点，常用于将来时。例如：The plane is leaving after nine.3)for后接一段时间，可与多种时态连用，如与现在完成时连用，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。例如：She has worked there for 8 years.4)during 表 示“在.期间，强 调“自始自终。例如：During those days he asked a lot of questions.5)through=from the beginning to the end”自始自终”“从头到尾例如：Dr.Bethune went on working through the night.注：对“in+时间段”提问用how soon;对“for+时间段”提问用how long二、of,about,on表 示“关于 1)of仅 指“关于”人或事物的存在。He spoke of the film the other day.He thought of the matter yesterday.2)about指“关于 某人或某事物的较详细的情况。Can you tell me something about yourself?Its a book for children about Africa and its people.3）on指“关于 学术性的或严肃性的，供专门研究用的。It，s a textbook on history of China.三、表示地点的介词：1）in,on,to 表示方位：In表 示“在内”，on表 示“与相邻”，to 表 示“在之外，又不相邻”2）above,over,on；below,under表 示 在.之上或之下”的介词A:above指在.上方，不强调是否垂直，与 below相 对;over指垂直的上方,与under相对，但 over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。Under”在正下方；below 在下，不一定在正下方二例如：There is a bridge over the river.The bird is flying above my head.There is a cat under the table.Please write your name below the line.练习：用 below 或者 under 填空 Please do not write this line.My pencil-case is Li Leis desk.There is a bridge the river.The plane is flying the clouds.The water flows the bridge.The weather report said that the temperature would f el l（在下面）zero.【解析】可用 below 或 under,表示在温度的上方或下方用above（上）或 below（下）。B:on表示某物体上面并与之接触。He put his watch on the desk.3）表示在某地的介词：at,in,on On the+身体硬部位;in the+身体软部位a t表示较小的地点，in表示较大的地方，on表示在一个平面上。Eg：Shanghai.h o m e.t h e ground.Toin told me his parents had arrived Beijing.4）表 示“前、后”的介词 in fhmtof,in the front of,before表 示 在 之 前 in front of=before表 示“在 某 一范围之外的前面 ；in the front o f表 示“在某一范围之内的前部”。Eg：Tom is short and always sits the classroom.There is a tree my house.（2）at the back of,behind,after三者均有“在之后”之意，at the back o f是 in the front o f的反义词，表 示“在某一范围之内的后部“，behind是 in front o f的反义词，表示“在某一范围之外的后面”，after可与behind互换，也可以用于表示运动的词后面。Eg：1.The couples are walking their son.2.Your cat is the tree.3.There9s a blackboard the classroom.4.There is a bank the bus station.5）表 示“里外”的介词in 表 示“在内”，有静止之意，inside表 示“在里面、“到里面,强调“以为界”之意，into表示动作的方向，意 为“到内”。Eg：He was reading English the door.The boy rushed the house.outside是 inside的反义词，表 示“在外面，out o f是 into的反义词，表 示“到外”。Eg：1.Dont look the window when you are in class.2.They are having an important meeting,please wait the office.6)from,to,for,into,out of from.to 从，至 ll Eg:leave.from.for.The train started from Paris.She will fly from Beijing to HK.介词(短语)语法功能1.作状语 介词(短语)在句子作状语修饰动词。表 示“时间”，“地点”，“条件”，“方式”或“目的”等。例如:She gets up at 6:30 in the morning every day.(时间)There are some books on the desk.(地 点)People cant live without air or water.(条件)2.作定语介词短语作定语表示某个关系，一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。例如：The girl in the red skirt is Lucy.(后置定语)3.作表语 例如：She is in the next room.He is from English.练习一、选择填空()1.Thanks our English teachers help,we can learn English well.A.to B.for C./D.of()2.We went to the country a very cold morning.A.at B.in C.on()3.My grandfather often reads newspapers breakfast.A.on B.in C.after D.of()4.Some supermarkets open 8:30.and 8:00.the Mid-Autumn Day.A.at,during B.between,during C.between,in()5.The third girl the left is a famous movie star.A.on B.beside C.next to()6.The twins were born a Friday evening.A.in B.at C.on()7.My uncle bought a house a small garden in front of it.A.with B.of C.near D.in()8.First go the park,and then walk a bridge.You can find him on the farm.A.through,acrossB.across,throughC.pass,cross练习二、用适当的介词填空。1.He arrived Moscow 3:30 the afternoon.2.They were talking Chinese names when I came their room.3.Mr Smith is very strict his students and his work.4.Thanks looking my little cat.5.He will go to Hainan vacation.5.I spent 10 dollars my pen.=I paid ten dollars my book.6.I decided to swim the river,but he didnt agree me.7.I didnt know the way her house.That old man told m e go Center Street and turn left.You cansee a hotel the right.Her house is across the hotel.8.My mom makes me be in bed 10:30 school nights.9.What did you do the summer vacation?10.Jim looks his mother,but he is her.He is very shy.11.We wont go to bed we finish our homework night.12.Fill the mix the turkey,then cook it a high temperature.Finally place it a plate.Before we eatturkey,we should cut it thin pieces and eat it vegetables.13.We can improve our physical health exercise.So the best way to keep healthy is doing sports everyday.14.Pour half a cup of corn the popcorn machine,turn it.A few minutes later,get popcorn out and add somesalt or sugar it.Then you can enjoy it.15.There were many goods sale.I bought a pair of trousers a good price.16.the help of my English teacher,I can learn English better.17.order to improve myself,I need to make a plan.18.Td be glad to help out any of the party preparations.形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰不定代词时，要放在这些词之后，例如：s