大学英语4级英语写作技巧课件.ppt

四级作文写作技巧 n英语四级考试作文的评分依据评分依据是：文章切题，文章切题，条理清楚语言准确和字数符合要求条理清楚语言准确和字数符合要求.n所谓切题就是要求考生紧扣文章大纲；条理则要求考生词汇、语法运用不出错误；四级作文的字数要求一般是不少于120字。一、审题一、审题 题型：题型：n文字命题：文字命题：明确的标题明确的标题和和提纲要点提纲要点或或起始句起始句n图表命题：图表命题：图表图表或或图画图画并带有并带有相应的文字提示信息相应的文字提示信息n应用文应用文 主题主题 体裁：体裁：议论文议论文，说明文，记叙文说明文，记叙文和和应用文应用文从近些年看，四级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的糅合体。二、确定主题句二、确定主题句n审完题后，接下来就是如何写的问题。第一步审完题后，接下来就是如何写的问题。第一步是确定主题句，主题句既能保证你不跑题，又是确定主题句，主题句既能保证你不跑题，又能帮助你制定写作思路。能帮助你制定写作思路。例如例如2006.6作文题作文题On Students Choosing Lecturers，所给，所给提纲如下：提纲如下：n（1）有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课老师。任课老师。n（2）学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素是n（3）学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的学生自选任课老师的益处及可能产生的问题。问题。二、确定主题句二、确定主题句上述题目的三段主题句三段主题句为：nAtpresent,somecollegesanduniversitieshaveallowedtheirstudentstochoosetheirownteachersforcertainreasons.nWhenitcomestochoosinglecturers,somefactorsshouldbetakenintoaccount.nThereisagoodsideandabadsidetoeverything,andtheselectionoflecturersisnoexception.三、组织段落三、组织段落n确定主题句后，接下来的工作就是展开论述。将文确定主题句后，接下来的工作就是展开论述。将文章合理划分为三段：章合理划分为三段：基本上包括基本上包括开头，主体，结尾开头，主体，结尾三个部分。三个部分。n组织段落的能力也是尤为重要的（接下来的连贯与组织段落的能力也是尤为重要的（接下来的连贯与衔接部分，我们更为详细的为大家讲解衔接部分，我们更为详细的为大家讲解)。n行文时，不只是提供一些行文时，不只是提供一些information,还要学会运用还要学会运用一些一些examples,personal experiences,comparisons,descriptions等等，只有这样，才不等等，只有这样，才不会觉得无话可会觉得无话可“写写”。1.观点论证型第一部分：总结描述。主题句+扩展句第二部分：论据及理由。主题句+举例第三部分：表明自己的观点，总结全文。ItpaystobehonestHonestyisthebestpolicy利弊选择型第一部分：简述事件第二部分：阐述第一种看法，给出理由或举例主题句+理由/举例1+理由/举例2+理由/举例3第三部分：阐述第二种看法，给出理由或举例主题句+理由/举例1+理由/举例2+理由/举例3第四部分：表面自己的观点，总结全文。SpringfestivalgalaonCCTV现象解释型第一部分：描述现象，引起话题。第二部分：对现象进行分析，解释现象发生或变化的原因第三部分：针对现象做出评论，表明自己的态度、观点和做法等。nHarmfulnessoffakecommodities途径方法型第一部分：概述现状，提出问题第二部分：分析和解决问题第三部分：总结全文或提出建议Howtosucceedinajobinterview应用文第一部分：简短的问候，自我介绍，引出话题，提出写信的目的。第二部分：就上面提及的问题进行展开阐述。第三部分：总结补充，提出解决问题的方案或者对问题的解决表示期盼。以简单的结束语收尾。AletterinreplytoafriendsinquiryaboutapplyingforadmissiontoyourcollegeoruniversityALetterReplytoaFriendDecember27,2011DearTom,Iamlookingforwardtoyourgoodnews.sincerely/truly/faithfullyyours,LiMing四、连贯与衔接四、连贯与衔接n1.列举法列举法列举事实或举出实例来说明中心思想列举事实或举出实例来说明中心思想,是简单易行、是简单易行、具有说服力的写作方法。具有说服力的写作方法。n列举时常用for example,for instance,such as,like,takeas an/for example,to illustrate等词语.nCommunicatingwithotherpeoplebytelephoneisveryconvenient,especiallywhenyouhavesomethingurgent.Forexample,ifoneofyourfamilymembersisseriouslyillatnight,andyoudontknowhowtodealwithitandwheretofindadoctor,whatcanyoudo?Atelephoneistheanswer.Dial120andyouwillgetservicesfromthehospitalverysoon.2.分类法n一般是在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部一般是在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部分或几个方面。然后，选用丰富的事例对所罗列的各个部分分或几个方面。然后，选用丰富的事例对所罗列的各个部分或各个方面进行具体地说明或解释。或各个方面进行具体地说明或解释。Therearethreebasickindsofmaterialsthatcanbefoundinanygoodlibrary.First,therearebooksonallsubjects,bothinEnglishandinmanyotherlanguages.Thesebooksareorganizedaccordingtosubject,title,andauthorinacentralfilecannedthecardcatalog.Second,therearereferenceworks,whichincludeencyclopedias,dictionaries,bibliography,atlases,etc.,andwhichgenerallymustbeusedinthelibraryitself.Third,thereareperiodicals-magazines,newspapers,pamphlets-whicharefiledalphabeticallyinracks,orwhichhavebeenfilmedtoconservespace.n分类时常用：most of all，next，moreover，in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third3.因果关系因果关系n在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以阐述中心思想。材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以阐述中心思想。GrowingnumbersofAmericansaremakingthedecisiontomoveabroad.TheyfinditimpossibleinAmericatowalkthestreetsatnightwithoutfearofbeingraped,mugged,ormurdered,nordotheyseeawaytoescapethepoisonousairofthecities.TheymaintainthatevenAmericanfoodhasbecomeincreasinglydangeroustoeat.Lastbutnotleast,theyinsistthattheyaresickofthepaceofAmericanlife,apacethatleavesnotimeforrelaxationorpleasure.因果关系常用语汇:because of,so,owing to,thanks to,thus,as a result of,hence,for this reason,consequently,is caused by,lead to,result in4比较法n主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围，主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围，实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点。实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点。LearningEnglishislikebuildingahouse.Layingasolidfoundationisthefirstandmostimportantstep.Inotherwords,youshouldreadandspeakEnglisheveryday.Memorizingnewwordsandphrasesisalsohelpful.Likebuildingahouse,learningEnglishtakessometime.Sodontbeimpatient.Remember,Romewasntbuiltinaday.常用语汇：at the same time,similar to,accordingly,both,similarly,the same as,in the same way,1:do preparations for writing(Example)nTitle:OnJob-hoppingnOutline1job hopping is a common phenomenon2the reasons for job hopping:lowincome;greatpressure;lesslikelytobepromoted3the result of job hopping:lackofexperienceandtraining4solutions or advice for settling the problemas to individuals:learntoadapttojobsas far as companies are concerned,inthelongrun,itisbettertoaccommodateemployeesincomeforthesakeofitsdevelopment2:scratch off the beginning and endingn2.1Adviceforthegoodbeginningofacompositionn切记点题,方法如下:n1.开门见山开门见山n2.借用观点借用观点n3.事实说话事实说话n4.引用名言引用名言2.1.1 开门见山n.Recently the problem of has aroused peoples common/great concern.n.One of the hottest topics many people talk about now isn.Now people become increasingly aware of the necessity of 2.1.2借用观点nIt is commonly believed/acknowledged thatn.It is a common belief thatn.It has been taken for granted thatn.Everything has two sides and is not an exception.It has both advantages and disadvantages.2.1.2.3引用他人不同的观点不同的观点n.Peoplesviews onvaryfrom person to person.Someholdthat,however,othersbelievethatn.Peoplemayhavedifferent opinions onn.Attitudes towardsvary from individual to individual.n.Differentpeoplehold different attitudes toward2.1.3.事实说话n.According toarecentstudy/survey/statistics/chart/graph/diagram,n.Arecentsurveyindicates/shows/revealsthat,sosome peopletaketheviewthat,others,however,dontthinkso.n.Statistics availablesuggest that2.1.4引用名言nAs the saying/proverb/motto goes:n“Practicemakesperfect.”n“Wherethereissmoke,thereisfire”(无风不起浪)n“WhenatRome,doasRomansdo”（入乡随俗）n“Morehaste,lessspeed”(欲速则不达)n“Thewaterthatbearsboatisthesamethatswallowsitup.”（水能载舟也能覆舟）2.2 Advice for the good ending of a compositionn2.2.1.展望未来，充满信心nWemayhavealongwaytogobeforewereachthefinalgoal.Butonceweareontheway,thechancetoreachisgreater.2.2.2 依据事实，得出结论n.Taking all these factors into consideration/account,wenaturallycome to/draw/arrive at/reach the conclusionthatn.Fromwhathasbeendiscussed/mentioned above,wemaysafely come to the conclusionthatn.Therefore,wecanreach the following conclusionthat2.2.3 提出建议，指明方向n.There is no doubt thatenoughconcernmustbepaidtotheproblemofn.It is timeweputspecialemphasisonn.Its necessary/urgent/essential thatpropersteps/measuresshouldbetaken.2.2.4预计结果，警钟长鸣nNodoubt,unlesswetakeeffectivemeasures,itisverylikelythatn.Nodoubt,ifweignoretheproblem,thereisverychancethat2.3 中间段注意衔接过度及逻辑关系衔接过度及逻辑关系表强调：aboveall/apparently/obviously表比较：inthesameway/equally表对比：bycontrast/onthecontrary/otherwise表列举：forexample/forinstance/takeforexample表时间顺序：later;then;finally;atlast;atthesametime;inthemeanwhilen表先后顺序：first;second;third;finally;Lastbutnotleast表解释：inotherwords;thatis;namely表递进：moreover;whatsmore;furthermore;inaddition表转折：however;insteadof;ontheotherhand表原因：owingto;dueto;becauseof;onaccountof;because;inthat(clause)asaresultofn表结果：consequently;asaresult;therefore;thus;hencen表总结:onthewhole;inconclusion/inaword;inshort;inbelief五五.四级写作时需要注意的几点事宜四级写作时需要注意的几点事宜n1.写作过程中切记不要用中式英语，比如：“mancanlivehappiness”，要多积累一些习惯短语和表达法，在写作过程中尽可能多用模式化的句型，少些逐字翻译。n2.考试作文中一定要长短句结合。对于一些基础差的同学，如果不能很好的把握复杂句，还是用简单句比较好，至少不会用错。n3.作文写完之后的检查。a，就是对整个文章结构的检查。对于自己写的文章，一定要把结构搞清楚，要想到别人阅读你的文章时，要一眼就能找到你的中心句，看出你文章论证的结构。b，语言错误。请一定避免简单但严重的错误。比如：单复数、主谓一致、时态、搭配和简单词的拼写。记得简单无误是写作的第一准则。n4.字迹一定要工整，清晰。Advice for writing1.Beingtothepoint切题2.Paragraphdividing分段3.Grammarmistakesavoiding避免语法错误4.Wordscontrolling字数控制