初中英语语法学习之现在完成时用法分析.docx

初中英语语法学习之现在完成时用法分析现在完成时的基本用法现在完成时跨在两个时间之上，一是过去，一是现在。它的动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果），而这种影响（或结果）却往往是说话人的兴趣所在，所以常常后面不用时间状语。现在完成时所表的动作离说话人的说话时刻可近可远，所以有近距离与远距离之别。表近距离的如：The car has arrived. 车子来了。（结果：车子已在门口）Someone has broken the window. 有人把窗户打破了。（结果：窗户仍破着）I have lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。（结果：我现在无钢笔用）【注】美国英语常用过去一般时代替表近距离的现在完成时，如：What happened? 发生什么事了？（等于Whats happened?）Who took my dictionary? 谁把我的词典拿走了？（等于Whos taken my dictionary?）表远距离的如：He has travelled over many lands. 他到过许多国家。（结果：他见识很广）Have you ever seen the sea? 你看见过大海吗？（结果：如见过就告诉我海是什么样的吧）She has had a good education. 她受过良好的教育。（结果：她的文化水平比较高）I have been a teacher. 我当过教师。（结果：我知道教书的甘苦）有时我们可以连用现在完成时去完成一个以上相互紧接的动作，如：I have bought a pen but lost it. 我买了一支钢笔，可又把它丢了。Shes been married and divorced. 她结了婚，又离了。注意have been与have gone的意思不同，试比较：I have been to the library. 我刚从图书馆回来。（have been意谓“去而复归”）He has gone to the library. 他到图书馆去了。（has gone意谓“去而未归”）但have gone to后接学校时则可意谓“上过学”，如：Im the only one whos gone to a public high school. 我是惟一上过公立学校的人。have been还可和不定式连用，如：I have been to see John. 我去看过约翰了。【注】在口语中，have got除具有本义“得到”外，往往等于have，如：Have you got a light? 你有火吗？但在美国口语中，get如具有本义，则用have gotten，如：Tom, I have gotten some very good news for you. 汤姆，我得到了一些对你非常好的消息。现在完成时表死者言行和现在一般时一样，现在完成时亦可用于死者。也有两种情况：一种是死者刚死不久，生者觉得他仿佛还在人间，如：How long has she lived there? 她在那里住了多久？（“她”刚死不久）Its a beautiful place. Your papa has told me about it. He loved it very much. 那可是个好地方。你爸爸生前和我说过，他非常喜欢那个地方。另一种情况是说名人。他们虽已死去，但其言行对现在仍有影响，如：Shakespeare has written most of the best plays we know. 在我们最熟悉的最佳剧作中，大部分都是莎士比亚写的。现在完成时的感情色彩现在完成时有时带有感情色彩，如：What have you done! 你干了些什么！Now youve done it! 这你可闯下祸了！在口语中，往往用“have gone（或been）and +过去分词”的形式，如：Youve gone and broken my fan. 你把我的扇子弄断了。You have been and moved my papers! 你乱动我的文件啦！See what youve been and done. 看你干的事。有时甚至可以说：Hes been and gone and done it. 他干了那件事了。有时这种口语形式也不一定带有感情色彩，如：Hes been and won first prize. 他获得了头奖。表持续和重复现在完成时用于无限动词表持续现在完成时常用来表一持续的动作或状态。这种表持续动作或状态的动词多是无限动词，如live，study，teach，be，wait等。现在完成时表持续的动作或状态时，常和since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用。如：I have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在此住了30多年。I have been here since last October. 从去年10月起，我一直在这里。（since是介词）She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来到这学校，她一直教我们。（since是连词）在一般情况下，这种现在一般时今后还会延续下去。但也有可能不再延续，如：Have you waited long? 你等了很久了吗？（动作不再延续，如果说话人是对方所等待人的话。long前省去了for）The shoes are worn out. They have lasted a long time. 这些鞋子已穿破了。已穿了很长时间了。(have lasted也不再延续。a long time前省去了for)非无限动词一般不可用现在完成时表持续性，如不可说I have bought this picture for three months，应该说I bought this picture three months ago，或It is three months since I bought this picture. 但非无限动词在否定结构中则可用现在完成时，因为“否定”本身是可以延续的，如：I havent bought anything for three months. 我有三个月没有买过任何东西。I havent touched beer for a whole week. 我有整整一个星期没沾啤酒了。现在完成时用于有限动词表持续在当代英语里，有些有限动词已冲破了上述规则，在某种情况下也可以与since（自从）或for（经历）引导的词语连用表“持续性”，如：The two leaders have met for two hours. 这两位领导人会晤了两个小时。Since when have you become active? 你什么时候开始变得积极了？但要注意介词for有时并不表“经历”，而是表“目的”，如：Ive come only for a few moments. 我来只能待几分钟。Charlie has gone off to Canada for six months. 查理去加拿大了，要去六个月。The meeting has adjourned for three weeks. 会议休会3个星期。现在完成时表重复动作现在完成时常可表过去重复的动作。这种现在完成时常与always，often，many times，every day等时间状语连用，如：My father has always gone to work by bike. 我父亲一向是骑车上班。How often have you seen her? 你见过她多少次？Oh, hundreds of times. 噢，有几百次了。It rained every day this week. 这个星期天下雨。Six times he has tried and six times he has failed. 他试了六次，六次都失败了。这种现在完成时还常与含有另一现在完成时的when从句连用，表过去的经验，如：I have often met him when I have been in London. 我在伦敦时经常见到他。Our doctors been a good friend to us; hes always helped us when weve needed him. 我们的医生对我们很友好；他总是在我们需要他的时候给我们看病。除when从句外，也可用every time等引导的从句，如：Every time Ive said a thing like that, Ive been sorry for having said it. 我每次说了这种话，都感内疚。【注】when从句中的现在完成时往往被过去一般时所代替，如：Here men have been killed when they fired at a grizzly.（这里人们开枪打灰熊时，是有过牺牲的。）表将来现在完成时表将来同现在一般时一样，现在完成时也可以在时间状语从句里表示将来，如：When you have rested, Ill show you the garden. 等你休息好了之后，我领你看我们的花园。Were going after weve had breakfast. 我们吃过早饭走。How can you go before the rain stopped? 雨还没有停，你怎么能走呢？Ill wait until he has written his letter. 我愿等到他把信写完。有时现在完成时可从属与将来一般时，用在宾语从句中表将来，如：The test questions will be spoken just one time, you must listen very carefully in order to understand what the speaker has said. 试题只念一遍，考生必须仔细听，以理解试题内容。（从属于must listen）We can only hope that she will soon see how foolish she has been and unthinking, and come back. 我们只能希望她不久即会明白她是如何地愚蠢和无头脑而知途迷返。（从属于will soon see）If he asks for me, tell him I have left for Paris. 他如问到我，你就告诉他我去巴黎了。（从属于tell him）下面一句中的现在完成时have gone亦属于这一类：I have gone to New York, and will write you as soon as I get there. 我去纽约了，我一到那里就给你写信。（I have gone等于When you see this note, youll find that I have gone，从属于will find）有时现在完成时可以代替将来完成时，以强调一种自然的或必然的结果。如：There is but one more question: then I have done. 只再提一个问题，我就问完了。（I have done等于Ill have done，但强调其自然结果）If I blow the conch and they dont come back, then weve had it. 如果我吹了海螺而他们还不回来，那我们就苦了。Ill cook you a dinner. Right now. If you like it, you take me on. If you dont like it, what have you lost? 我给你做一顿饭。现在就做。你如爱吃，就雇我。你如不爱吃，又会亏了你什么呢？与其他词语连用现在完成时与宾语从句连用现在完成时后接的宾语从句可用任何时态，如：Have you found out how wide the ditch was? 你了解到那条沟有多宽吗？（指量沟时的宽度）Have you found out how wide the ditch will be? 你了解到这条沟将来有多宽吗？和现在一般时一样，现在完成时也可以用在过去时态之后的间接引语中，表示说话人相信间接引语的真实性。如：I heard you have been ill. 我听说你病了。The investigation proved that he has done his best. 调查结果说明他是尽了最大努力的。学科网（北京）股份有限公司