初中英语语法学习之现在完成时相关考点分析.docx

初中英语语法学习之现在完成时相关考点分析 现在完成时与时间状语连用现在完成时是一个现在时态，所以它可以和包括“现在时刻”在内的时间状语连用，如now，today，this week，this month，this year，always，often等，如：The rain has stopped now. 雨终于停了。（now在此等于at last）I have lived here for five years now. 我到现在已经在这里住了五年了。（now在此等于up to now）Have you seen John today? 你今天见过约翰吗？I have got up very early this morning. 我今天早上起得很早。Its rained every day this week. 这个星期天下雨。I have been there only once this year. 我今年只去过那儿一次。由于同样的原因，现在完成时虽然一般不可和具体地表过去的时间状语如just now，a minute ago，yesterday，last year连用，但可和just，recently，of late，before，never，always，often，already，in the past等笼统地表过去的时间状语连用，如：Hes just gone. 他刚走。I have seen his name in the papers rather often of late. 我近来常在报上看见他的名字。Ive already read that book. 我已经读过那本书了。现在完成时与since连用现在完成时表持续性时可与since（自从）作为介词与连词引导的词语（即短语与从句）连用。此外：1） since作副词用时也可与现在完成时连用，如：Nothing has happened since. 从那以后未发生什么事。Nothing has been quite the same ever since. 从那以后情况就完全不一样了。（ever为加强语气用）2） since从句虽常用过去一般时，但有时也可以用现在完成时。Since从句用现在完成时时，since的意思是“在期间”或“自期间”的开头，但其后的动词必须是无限动词，有持续性。如：I have learned a lot from him since I have known him. 自从我认识了他，我向他学到许多东西。但since从句的现在完成时亦可与一些非无限动词连用，这是它与过去一般时即无多大区别。如：Its a long time since Ive been seen you. 好久不见你了。（since Ive seen you等于since I last saw you）Its a long time since Ive spoken to you. 我有好久没有和谈谈了。（since Ive spoken to you等于since I last spoke to you）I must look terrible, he thought. How long has it been since Ive had a shave? 他想道：我的样子一定很可怕，我有多久没刮脸啦？（since Ive had a shave等于since I last had a shave）现在完成时与介词短语连用现在完成时除可和介词for（经历）与since(自从)引导的介词短语连用外，还可和before，after，during，from，in等介词引导的介词短语连用，如：He has usually finished all his correspondence before bed time. 他通常在就寝前将所有信件处理完毕）After six years, a quite different Smith has emerged. 6年之后，史密斯变得判若两人了。I have learned a lot during the year. 这一年来我学到很多东西。The State has not existed from all eternity. 国家并非从来就有。I have read quite a bit in the past few days. 近日我读了不少书。Until recently he has hidden the book in a secret place. 直至近日，他将此书藏在一个秘密的地方。现在完成时亦可后接内含过去一般时的when（或while）从句，如：I havent studied English when I was at school. 我上学时没有学过英语。Have you been here while I was out? 你在我出去时来过这里吗？现在完成时与long ago连用现在完成时有时可和时间状语long ago连用，如：I have ceased to believe that long ago. 我早就不信那个了。有的语法家认为long ago和before相仿，指笼统的过去时间。这种看法恐难成立，因为现在完成时也可以和指具体过去时间的ago连用，如：Say, Billy, Ive quit the old businessa year ago. 我说呀，比利，我不做那老生意了一年前就不做了。The five-thirty train has been in and gone half an hour ago. 5时半的火车在半小时前就进了站又出站了。现在完成时与疑问副词连用现在完成时可以和how，why及where等疑问副词连用，如：How have you done it? 你是怎么做的？(强调结果。如用过去一般时则问方式)现在完成时也可和疑问副词when连用，但往往有反问的口气，如：When have I ever been accustomed to be treated like this? 我什么时候吃过这一套？When have I been harsh with the children? 我什么时候对孩子们粗暴过？现在完成时用于时间状语从句现在完成时和现在一般时一样，也可用在when，before，after，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句中。这种从句中的现在完成时较之于现在一般时，常强调下列3种情况：1） 强调动作的完成或结果，如：When he has finished his letters, he usually takes them to the post himself. 他写完信，通常都是他亲自付邮。(强调完成)When they have been frightened, dairy cows may refuse to give milk. 奶牛受惊后可能不出奶。（强调结果）2） 强调从句的动作与主句的动作不紧相连接，两者之间有时隔，如：They often play chess after they have had supper. 他们晚饭后经常下棋。Almost as soon as we have started we find ourselves at the bottom of the hill. 我们几乎刚刚动身，就到山脚下了。3） 强调无限动词的动作已完成，如：When I have studied a book I write a report on it. 我研读完一本书后就写一篇报告。现在完成时亦可表原因，所以自然可用在because引导的原因状语从句中，如：We cannot cross the river because the water has risen. 我们过不了河，因为河水涨了。She can drive by herself because she has passed her test. 她现在可以独立开车了，因为她已经通过了驾驶考试。现在完成时与其他时态连用现在完成时常和过去一般时连用。从时间先后看，共有三种情况：1）现在完成时所表的动作（或状态）发生（或存在）于过去一般时所表的动作（或状态）之后，如：My friend gave it to me, and I have since kept it in the drawer. 这是我的朋友给我的，我一直把它保存在这个抽屉里。2）两个时态的动作（或状态）同时发生（或存在），如：I have climbed that hill many a time when I was young. 我年轻时多次爬过那座山。3）现在完成时所表的动作（或状态）发生（或存在）于过去一般时所表的动作（或状态）之前，如Professor Lin left yesterday for America where a lecture-tour has been arranged for him. 美国那边为林教授安排了一次巡回讲学，他昨天已动身去美国了。现在完成时常可用来引导过去一般时。有一位英国语法家说，现在完成时引导过去一般时时，前者像不定冠词那样“不定”，后者则像定冠词那样“确定”。如：I have seen the film. I saw it last week. 这个电影我看过了，是上星期看的。I always thought you were nice, Neil. 我一向认为你很好，尼尔。有时这两种时态形成一种对照，如：She has made several attempts to get away, but we succeed in persuading her to stay. 她几次三番地要走，可是我们还是说服她留下了。I have tried to help her, but I did it clumsily and scared her off. 我想帮助她，可是我做得太笨，反而把她吓跑了。现在完成时也常和其他现在时态连用，如：Were tired. Its been a long day. 我们累了，今天干了好久。（和现在一般时连用）Harry has made the tea and is watching TV again. 哈里把茶煮好后，又看起电视来。（和现在进行时连用）现在完成时也常和另一现在完成时连用，如：Why! He has only just gone. What has brought him back soon? 嗬！他刚走，怎么不大一会儿又回来啦？有时可有两个以上的现在完成时连用，如：“We have been stranded a half an hour,” he said. “The cars have gone by and I have thought when will a Good Samaritan appear?” “我们抛锚已有半个小时了，”他说道，“许多车辆都过去了，我于是想何时会来一个好心人呢？”学科网（北京）股份有限公司