急救培训英文板.pptx

第1页FIRST AIDThis is the first help/assistance given to a person who is sick/injured before medical help is obtained第2页TreatmentBASIC PRINCIPLES OF RESCUSCITATIONDRABCD is Danger/safety R is Response A is for airways(mouth and nose)B is for breathing(chest expansion)C is for circulation(check for the pulse)第3页THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FIRST AID1.DiagnosisHistory(Find out what happened,when,where and how)Signs(Physical features you can see on the patient,wound,vomiting,swelling,bleeding)Symptoms(things felt by the patient,pain,discomfort,dizziness etc)第4页2.TreatmentPreserve lifePrevent condition getting worsePromote recovery3.DisposalSending the patient to the hospital or any medical center第5页SKELETONThis is the framework of the body;its made up of 206 bones.TYPESLong bones arms and legsHand and foot(27 bones on the hand)第6页第7页第8页SKELETONFlat bones skull,ribs,pelvis(these are for protection)Irregular bones vertebrae(backbone)(26 of them)第9页第10页CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMThe central nervous system controls all voluntary activities and is made up of:The brainGreater brain:for consciousness e.g.第11页CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMThe lesser brain:for balancingBrain stem:for autonomic nervous system e.g.breathing The spinal cord to conduct impulses to and from the brainNerves to transport impulses to and from the spinal cord第12页第13页MUSCLESIt is the red flesh of the body,which carries 50%of the total weight of the body.TYPESVoluntary muscles those that are controlled by the will e.g.walking,running,stopping,smiling,laughing etc.Involuntary muscles those that are controlled automatically e.g.breathing,blinking of the eye第14页FRACTUREThis is the break in the boneTYPESClosed fracture(simple fracture)Open fracture(compound fracture)All these fractures can become complicated when the bone breaks and damages other vital organs第15页第16页FRACTURECAUSESDirect violence(bone breaks directly where force is applied)Transmitted violence(bone breaks away from where force is applied)Muscular action(this is causes by the pulling of muscles)Diseases of the bone第17页SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSP.I.D.A.C.I.S.S.SPainInabilityDeformity第18页SIGNS AND SYMPTOMSAbnormal movementCreptusIrregularitySwelling and discolorationShock due to pain and loss of bloodShortening第19页TREATMENTCheck.D R A B CStop bleeding if anyTake supportDress any wounds Immobilize the fracture so that You prevent further damage You lessen painYou can easily carry the patient to hospital第20页DISLOCATIONThis is the displacement of the bone at a jointTYPESClosedOpenSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSevere painDeformitySwellingFixation(no movement)at a joint第21页TREATMENTDo not try to straighten it Check.D R A B CImmobilize just as it is found and take the patient to the hospitalStop bleeding if anyTake support第22页TREATMENTDress any wounds Immobilize the dislocation so that You prevent further damage You lessen painYou can easily carry the patient to hospital第23页WOUNDSThis is a cut or break in the skinTYPESContused wound(the tissues are burst open by blunt force e.g.a hammer)第24页WOUNDSLacerated wound(the tissues are torn apart by rough surfaces)Incised wound(these are clean cut wounds using a knife or razor blade)Punctured wound(these are deep cuts e.g.bullet wound,a nail straight into the skin)第25页DANGERS OF WOUNDS Loss of bloodThere could be internal bleedingInfections:The object may transmit infectionsDamage to internal parts第26页TREATMENTStop bleedingUsing direct pressureUsing digital pointsUsing a tourniquetWash your hands(wear surgical gloves)第27页TREATMENTExpose the woundApply temporary dressing to prevent infectionsClean the area away and around the woundApply a permanent dressing and a pressure bandageWe do this in order to stop infections and bleedingSend the patient to the hospital 第28页BLEEDING/HEMORRHAGE Bleeding is the loss of blood from the bodyBlood is made up of two thingsPlasma fluidCells;Red blood cells carrying oxygenWhite blood cells to fight against infectionsPlatelets which help with clotting第29页第30页第31页第32页ORGANS OF CIRCULATION AND KINDS OF BLEEDING Heart to pump blood and has four chambersBlood vesselsArteries to carry blood away from the heartCapillaries to circulate blood around the bodyVeins to carry blood back to the heart 第33页第34页第35页TYPES OF BLEEDINGThere are two types of bleedingExternal bleeding(outside bleeding)Internal bleeding(inside bleeding)第36页TYPES OF BLEEDINGOn internal bleeding we have what is called concealed and revealed bleeding.Concealed bleeding is very dangerous because the patient may die if not taken to the hospital in time.第37页Arterial BleedingBleeding through the artery,blood will come out with pressure and it will be bright red in color because it is rich in oxygen.Capillary BleedingBleeding through the capillary,the blood will ooze out and can stop on its own.The blood will look dark.第38页Venous BleedingBleeding through the veins,blood will flow out in a stream and will look dark red in color since it has lost its oxygen.NOTE:When donating blood,blood will be taken from the person using the veins and will be given to the patient through the veins.第39页SIGNS AND SYMTOMS OF BLEEDING(F.R.I.S)Faintness going into collapseRapid thread pulse/weak pulseIncreasing pallor and restlessnessShallow sighing respiration第40页METHODS OF STOPPING BLEEDINGDirect pressure(always use a pad)Digital pressure on the pressure pointsTemporal arteries found near the ear when bleeding on the headSub-clevian arteries found on the collar bone,when bleeding on the upper armBrachial arteries found on the upper arm,when bleeding on the lower arm第41页Femoral arteries found on the groin when bleeding on the legFacial arteries found under the chin,when bleeding on the faceOccipital arteries found at the back of the head,when bleeding on the back of the headThe use of an instrument called a tourniquet第42页第43页The use of an instrument called a tourniquetRubber tourniquetBandage tourniquetPlugging第44页PRECAUTIONS WHEN USING A TOURNIQUETApply it where there is only one boneAlways pad the areaRelease it after 10-20 minutes and tighten after 15 seconds and if the bleeding has stopped leave the tourniquet loose but dont take it away.Accompany the patient to the hospital第45页DANGERS OF TOURNIQUETPainfulIt can cause tissue destructionIt can cause death of the limbIt can only be used where there is only one bone第46页ADVANTAGESIt can stop bleeding at onceIt can stop multiple bleeding on one single limbIt can stop bleeding as you attend to the other patients or other thingsIt can stop bleeding as you transport your patient to the hospital第47页SHOCKThis is the reduction of blood circulation affecting the brain第48页SHOCKTYPESNervous shock cause by fear,pain,bad or good newsHere the patient will have the same volume of blood but has just been drained from the brain to the lower part of the body.How?Surgical shock caused by loss of blood through injuries,burns,and diseases第49页SHOCKSIGNS AND SYMPTOMSSweatingTalkative and restlessFace and lips turn palePulse is weak and rapidCold and clammy skin(arms and legs)UnconsciousnessShallow breathing 第50页SHOCKWHAT TO DO/TREATMENTLay patient flat on his backCheck airways,breathing and circulationElevate the legs第51页SHOCKCover the patient with a blanket(dont overheat)Give nothing by mouth(absorption of food will not take place,the patient may go to the theatre)Reassure the patientSend the patient to the hospital第52页UNCONSCIOUSNESSThis is when the brain has been thrown out of its normal working order.第53页UNCONSCIOUSNESSLEVELS OR STAGESConfusion(you may ask the patient a question but he may give a negative answer)第54页UNCONSCIOUSNESSStupor(patient cannot respond but may respond to painful stimulations)Coma(no response in any way).Any person in a coma when getting back to consciousness will go through stupor then confusion and back to normal第55页CAUSESHead injuryConcussionCompressionElectric shockEpilepsyConvulsionsHeat stroke第56页CAUSESShockExtreme ColdSyncopeAlcohol abusePoisonDisease-diabetes,meningitis,cerebral malaria,kidney failure HysteriaAsphyxia第57页TREATMENTLay the patient flat on his backCheck the airways,breathing and circulationPut the patient in a semi prone position(recovery,coma position)第58页TREATMENTFor easy vomiting(in case)For easy breathingFor quick recoverySend the patient to hospital on a stretcher in a semi prone position第59页ASPHYXIAThis is when there is interference in the exchange of gases(oxygen and carbon dioxide)in the lungs.CAUSES G.E.M.P第60页ASPHYXIAGases e.g.nitrous fumes,carbon monoxide,sulphurated hydrogen,methane etc.Electric Shock第61页ASPHYXIAMechanical obstruction e.g.hanging,drowning,choking,false teeth,blood or torque,smotheringPoison(Nervous)e.g.drugs,snake bites etc第62页SIGNS AND SYMTOMSGasping for airRestlessnessConvulsions will followUnconsciousness(less oxygen in the brain)Then breathing will stop第63页WHAT TO DORemove the patient from the cause or the cause from the patientLay the patient flat on his backCheck the airways,breathing and circulationStart artificial respiration Mouth to mouth第64页WHAT TO DONose to mouthHip roll back pressureUse instrumentsAmbulance bagBrook airwaysPut the patient in a semi prone position and send him to hospital第65页GASESAir may become dangerous due to contamination with gases brought about by:BlastingUnderground firesBurning of explosivesStagnant waterLack of oxygen in ill ventilated area第66页GASESNITROUS FUMES:Liberated when blasting takes place or when burning explosives.SIGNS;-irritating and watering of the nose and eyes,cough and pains in the chest.LATE SIGNS:-Breathlessness and spitting of blood第67页GASESCARBON MONOXIDE:Produced in underground fires and when firing of air compressors.SIGNS;No smell,taste or colour,but very deadly.It causes headaches and giddiness and the legs give away.Victim becomes unconscious,breathing begins to fail,if not treated,he will die第68页GASESSULPHRETTED HYDROGEN:This is gas released stagnant water.SIGN;In low concentrations it has the smell of bad eggs.In high concentrations it deaden the sense of smell.第69页GASESNOTE:A VERY IMPORTANT WARNING IS IRRITATION OF THE EYES AND WHENEVER THIS WARNING IS GIVEN THE AIR MUST BE REGARDED AS DISTINCTLY DANGEROUS第70页GASESCarbon Dioxide(Black Damp)Usually found in disused parts of the mine,may cause suffocation.SIGNS.Gasping for breath and palpitations第71页GASESTREATMENTInform the officialsVentilate the area第72页GASES-Cover your nose and mouth with a wet mutton cloth or use the gas mask/respirators-Control bleeding if any第73页GASES-Remove the gassed person to the nearest fresh air.-If breathing has stopped or breathing is poor,start artificial respiration at once.-Mouth to Mouth-Hip roll back pressure method-Ambu bag-CPR mouth piece第74页GASES-When he is breathing or has started breathing transport him on the stretcher-NOTE:ALL CASES OF GASSING,MUST BE SENT TO HOSPITAL,WHERE THEY WILL BE KEPT FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS-第75页GASES-REMEMBER THAT SERIOUS SYMPTOMS MAY ONLY DEVELOP HOURS LATER第76页