全身反应法专业知识讲座.pptx
Chapter Five刘虹刘虹第1页ApproachDesignProcedureModel Teaching第2页What is Total Physical Response?Total Physical Response(TPR)is a language teaching method built around the coordination of speech and action;it attempts to teach language through physical(motor)activity.第3页 James Asher 美国圣加州约瑟大学心美国圣加州约瑟大学心理学专家理学专家20世纪世纪60年代年代第4页Asher states that“most of the grammatical structure of the target languge and hundreds of vocabulary items can be learned from the skillful use of the imperative by the instructor”.Asher sees a stimulus-response view as providing the learning theory underlying language teaching pedagory.Approach:Theory of language and learning第5页In addition,Asher has elaborated an account of what he feels facilitates or inhibits foreign language learing.He draws on 3 rather influential learning hypothesesThe bio-programBrain lateralizationReduction of stress第6页The bio-programThere exists a specific innate bio-program for language learning which defines an optimal path for first and second language development.第7页The bio-programChildren develop listening competence before they develop the ability to speak.Childrens ability in listening comprehension is acquired bcause chilren are required to respond physically to spoken languge in the form of parental commandsOnce a foundation in listening comprehension has been estabilished,speech evolves naturally and effortlessly out of it.第8页Parellel to the process of the first language learning,the foreign language learner should first internalize a“cognitive map”of the target languge through listening exercises.Listening should be accomplished by physical movement.第9页Brain lateralization Brain lateralization defines different learning functions in the left and right-brain hemispheres.第10页Brain lateralizationAsher sees Total Physical Response as directed to right-brain learning,whereas most second language teaching methods are directed to left-brain learning.Similarly,the adult should proceed to languge matery through right-hemisphere motor activities,while the left hemisphere watches and learns.第11页第12页第13页Reduction of stressStress(an affective filter)intervenes between the act of learning and what is to be learned;the lower the stress,the greater the learning.第14页Reduction of stressAn important condition for successful language learning is the absence of stress.First langugae acquisition takes place in a stress-free environment,according to Asher,whereas the adult language learning environment often causes considerable stress and anxiety.The key to stress-free learning is to tap into the natural bio-program for language development and thus to recapture the relaxed and pleasurable experiences that accompany first languge learning.第15页Design ObjectivesGeneral Objectives Specific Objectives第16页 SyllabusSentence-based SyllabusMeaning firstInductive grammar teachingLanguage chunksImperative第17页Types of learning and teaching activitiesImperative drillsConventional dialoguesRole playsSlides presentationsReading and writing第18页Roles of learnersListenerPerformer/ActorProducer Monitor and evaluateSpeak 第19页Roles of teachersActive directorDecide what to teachModels and presents teaching materialsSelects supporting materialsProvide opportunities for learningGiving feedbacks to learners第20页The role of instructional materialsNo basic textTeachers voice,actions and gesturesCommon classroom objectsSupporting materialsTPR Kits第21页ProcedureAn amount of a course provided by Asher(1977)on Page 77.A.Review B.New demands C.Ask simple questions D.Role reversal E.Reading and writing.第22页第23页TPR教学旳重要特点1）听力理解领先。一方面培养学生旳听力理解能力，然后再规定学生用口语体现。2）学生应通过身体对语言旳反映动作来提高理解力。这种身体反映应当由教师用有计划旳指令来控制。学生根据教师旳指令做出相应旳动作，从而感知并理解掌握语言。3）容许学生在预先做好准备旳状况下发言。教师不逼迫学生发言。4）教学应强调教学旳意义而不是形式，这样可以减少学生旳紧张情绪。第24页TPR教学旳重要长处1）抓住学生旳注意力，吸引学生参与活动，让他们在身临其境旳实抓住学生旳注意力，吸引学生参与活动，让他们在身临其境旳实验体验中学习英语。验体验中学习英语。2）它可以提供一种与实际生活紧密相连旳学习环境，使学生在多种它可以提供一种与实际生活紧密相连旳学习环境，使学生在多种多样旳活动中、在循环反复旳练习中学会英语。多样旳活动中、在循环反复旳练习中学会英语。3）协调学生旳左、右脑，有助于学生旳左脑发展以及语言学习旳成协调学生旳左、右脑，有助于学生旳左脑发展以及语言学习旳成效。效。4）主张以句子为教学单位，整句学、整句用，注重语言内容和意义，主张以句子为教学单位，整句学、整句用，注重语言内容和意义，有助于培养学生实际运用语言进行交际旳能力。有助于培养学生实际运用语言进行交际旳能力。5)采用大量挂图、小纸条等教具，创设语言情境。采用大量挂图、小纸条等教具，创设语言情境。第25页TPR教学旳重要缺陷1）对成人学习旳特点注意不够2）对读写能力旳培养注重不够3）比较抽象旳单词和句子很难用TPR来表述第26页 ConclusionAsher stressed that Total Physical Response should be used in association with other methods and techniques.Indeed,practitioners of TPR typically follow this recommendation,suggesting that for many teachers TPR represents a useful set of techniques and is compatible with other approaches to teaching.第27页第28页第29页
