2022-2023学年上海市大同中学高三上学期期中考试英语试卷（解析版）.docx

2022-2023学年上海市大同中学高三上学期期中考试英语试卷ILGrammar and VocabularySection ADirections: After reading the passage below fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.Japan's Seniors Discover New Way to Stay Young: Competitive Video-gamingSixty-six-year-old Atsuko Oyama shares a goal 1 (hold) by many people a half-century younger. She wants to get 100 kills in the first-person shooter video-game “Apex Legends.”E-sports promoters who have seen Japan 2 (fall) behind powerhouses such as the U. S. in video-game competitions think the senior market 3 be the way to catch up. And if the over-65 set feels a little more energized after winning over a few rival warriors, so much the better.Japan is the world's oldest nation, and its efforts to boost the size of its younger population have been mostly unsuccessful. It is, however, at the forefront of initiatives 4 (keep) old people thinking younger.Ms. Oyama, 5 player name is Mama, tried out for the team known as the Matagi Snipers after her daughter saw an ad asking for players. She now practices a couple of hours a day at home, sometimes going to acupuncture(针灸)to take care of her tired neck.The Matagi Snipers, named for a traditional group of bear hunters in northern Japan, 6 (practice) since September at their home base in northern Akita prefecture.7 an average age of 68, the 14-person team hopes eventually to compete in professional tournaments in first-person shooter titles such as "Apex Legends J from Electronic Arts Inc., and Epic Games Inc/s "Fortnite.”Before they can gun for prize money or monetize YouTube page views, they need to heed the guidance of coach Yoshito “Lemon" Suda, 28. Some members, to his surprise, didn't know 8 to use a computer, let alone play a video-game.“For the first month, it was more like a gathering of some good friends/9 Mr. Suda said. "I had to give them a pep talk and tell themJYou're not here for that. You're going to be professional.The members took it to heart, he said, and now he sees some online playing at midnight.Mr. Suda begins each practice session with a lecture. After the lecture, it was time to play. Masashi "K" Shinoda, 69, was having a hard time 9 (sense) the presence of enemies.Coach Lemon motivates his team by telling them age is an advantage. "There is a huge difference in socialPlastic-Eating WormsHumans produce more than 300 million tons of plastic every year. Almostgreater wax mothhalf of that winds up in landfills（垃圾填埋场），and up to 12 million tons pollute the oceans. So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.Researchers in Spain and England recently found that the worms of the greater wax moth can break down polyethylene, which accounts for 40% of plastics. The team left 100 wax worms on a commercial polyethylene shopping bag for 12 hours, and the worms consumed and broke down about 92 milligrams, or almost 3% of it. To confirm that the worms' chewing alone was not responsible fbr the polyethylene breakdown, the researchers made some worms into paste（糊状物）and applied it to plastic films. 14 hours later the films had lost 13% of their mass - apparently broken down by enzymes （酶）from the worms' stomachs. Their findings were published in CurrentBiology in 2017.Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms' ability to break down their everyday food beeswax - also allows them to break down plastic. " Wax is a complex mixture, but the basic bond in polyethylene, the carbon-carbon bond, is there as well, ” she explains, " The wax worm evolved a method or system to break this bond."Jennifer DeBruyn, a microbiologist at the University of Tennessee, who was not involved in the study, says it is not surprising that such worms can break down polyethylene. But compared with previous studies, she finds the speed of breaking down in this one exciting. The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes（肠道彳散生物）？Bertocchini agrees and hopes her team's findings might one day help employ the enzyme to break down plastics in landfills. But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process - not simply ” millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. H36. What can we learn about the worms in the study?A. They take plastics as their everyday food.B. They are newly evolved creatures.C. They can consume plastics.D. They wind up in landfills.37. According to Jennifer DeBruyn, the next step of the study is to.A. identify other means of the breakdownB. find out the source of the enzymeC. confirm the research findingsD. increase the breakdown speed38. It can be infeiTed from the last paragraph that the chemical might.A. help to raise wormsB. help make plastic bagsC. be used to clean the oceansD. be produced in factories in future39. What is the main purpose of the passage?A. To explain a study method on worms.B. To introduce the diet of a special worm.C. To present a way to break down plastics.D. To propose new means to keep eco-balance.【答案】36.C37. B 38. D 39. C【解析】【分析】本文为说明文。文章介绍了一种吃塑料的虫子大蜡螟，它胃中的酶能够降解塑料，这为解决塑料 污染提供了新的途径。【36题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第三段 Federica Bertocchini, co-author of the study, says the worms5 ability to break down their everyday food - beeswax - also allows them to break down plastic.可知，研究结果发现，蠕虫分解日常 食物的能力让它们可以分解塑料，也就是说它们可以消费塑料。故选C。【37题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第四段 The next step, DeBruyn says, will be to identify the cause of the breakdown. Is it an enzyme produced by the worm itself or by its gut microbes（肠道微生物）?可知,下一步研究是辨清分解的原因， 查明这种酶来源于哪里，是虫子自己产生的还是它肠道里的微生物产生的。故选B。38题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process 一 not simply " millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. H可以推断出，Bertocchini 希望这种化学物质将来能在 工业生产中使用，而不是仅仅依靠蠕虫来分解塑料。故选D。【39题详解】写作意图题。根据文章第一段最后一句 So far there is no effective way to get rid of it, but a new study suggests an answer may lie in the stomachs of some hungry worms.可知，有一种新的方法被用于分解塑料。再根据最后一 段最后句 But she expects using the chemical in some kind of industrial process not simply ” millions of worms thrown on top of the plastic. n可知，Bertocchini希望将这种方法推广到工业中。由此可以推知写作意 图为介绍一种分解塑料的方法。故选C。点睛：根据不同文体，推断目的意图。不同的文章可能有不同的写作目的，通常作者的写作目的有以下三 种：1) to entertain readers (娱乐读者，让人发笑)，常见于故事类的文章。2) to persuade readers (说服读者 接受某种观点)，常见于广告类的文章。3) to inform readers (告知读者某些信息)，多见于科普类、新闻报 道类、文化类或社会类的文章。阅读时要善于根据文章的文体来学会推断作者的情感态度和目的。本题的 最后一题为写作意图题。文章为说明文，主要介绍了一项新的研究发现一蠕虫可以分解塑料。因此可以推 着写作意图是告知、告诉读者一种新的分解塑料的方法。(B)"Buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, bufTalo" is a real sentence.How?Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.Monkeys from Pisa bully deer from London.Ok, admittedly, it's an impossible scenario, but it is a grammatically fine sentence. In English, we can use place names as adjective, so let's shorten the sentence a little.Pisa monkeys bully London deer.Now we'll throw in some giraffes from Paris to even the score with those mean monkeys.Pisa monkeys, whom Paris giraffes intimidate, bully London deer.English is peculiar in that you can omit relative pronouns, eg, “ the person whom I love“ can be expressed as the the person I love." Lefs do that to this sentence.Pisa monkeys Paris giraffes intimidate bully London deer.This kind of pronoun removal can be a little more dedicate to grasp when written than when spoken. Saying the above sentence with pauses after monkeys and intimidate can help. Now we need to replace both of the verbs, intimidate and bully, with their (admittedly uncommon) synonym, buffalo.Pisa monkeys Paris giraffes buffalo buffalo London deer.Again, pauses help keep the meaning in mind: Put a pause after monkeys and the first buffalo. Now we'll replace all the worldwide place names with the second-largest city in New York State, Buffalo.(That Buffalo's tallest building, One Seneca Tower, below.)Buffalo monkeys Buffalo giraffes buffalo buffalo Buffalo deer.You can probably guess what the next step is. But before we replace all the animals with the common name for the American bison, note how the capital letters in the above sentence help you keep the place names separate from the other usages of the word. Ok, here goes:Buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, buffalo, Buffalo, buffalo.One last thing to note: This exceptional sentence is possible because the plural of the animal buffalo is buffalo, not buffalos, otherwise all the words wouldn't be identical.40. How should we read the following sentence with proper pauses?A. Buffalo buffalo Buffalo / buffalo buffalo /buffalo Buffalo buffalo.B. Buffalo Buffalo /Buffalo buffalo buffalo / buffalo Buffalo buffalo.C. Buffalo buffalo Buffalo / buffalo buffalo buffalo / Buffalo buffalo.D. Buffalo buffalo /Buffalo buffalo / buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo.41. What's the key element to make this sentence possible?A. The relative pronouns in English can be omitted.B. In English, place names can be used as adjectives.C. The city has the same name with a kind of American bison.D. The word buffalo has the same form of singular and plural.42. Where can you probably find this article?A. Wandering the EarthB. Linguistics Around UsC. Popular Animal ScienceD. Collins English Grammar【答案】40.C41. D 42. B【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要以一句话为例，说明了语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律。【40题详解】细节理解题。根据倒数第五段第句 Again, pauses help keep the meaning in mind: Put a pause after monkeys and the first buffalo.(再一次，停顿有助于记住意思:在猴子和第一只水牛之后停顿。)和第六段首句Saying the above sentence with pauses after monkeys and intimidate can help. Now we need to replace both of the verbs, intimidate and bully, with their （admittedly uncommon） synonym, buffalo.（说上面这句话时，加上猴子和恐吓之 后的停顿会有所帮助。现在，我们需要把恐吓和恶霸这两个动词都换成它们的同义词水牛（确实不常见）。） 可知说明前面第三个词后停顿一下，接着第六个词后需要停顿一下，故答案为C。【41题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句 One last thing to note: This exceptional sentence is possible because the plural of the animal buffalo is buffalo, not buffalos, otherwise all the words wouldn't be identical.（最后要注意的 是:这个特殊的句子是可能的，因为单词buffalo的复数是buffalo,而不是buffalos,否则所有的单词就不一 样了。）可知使这个句子成为可能的关键因素是名词buffalo的单复数是一致的。故选D。【42题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.（让我们从简单的短语开始。）以及 第四段中 In English, we can use place names as adjective, so lets shorten the sentence a little.（在英语中, 我彳门 可以用地名作形容词，所以让我们把句子缩短一点。）等表明主要研究语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律，可 知文章最有可能在Linguistics Around Us中找到，故答案为B。【点睛】文章出处类推理判断题。做这类题重要的是要抓住文章的内容或结构特征，这是推理判断的前提 和基础。如报纸，前面会出现日期、地点、通讯社名称等；广告，其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明、器 皿设备的使用说明有产品名称或操作方法，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数和药量等。如第三小 题，根据第三段Let's break it down, starting with simple phrase.（让我们从简单的短语开始。）以及第四段中 In English, we can use place names as adjective, so lets shorten the sentence a little.（在英语中， 我们可以用地名 作形容词，所以让我们把句子缩短一点。）等表明主要研究语言学中句子组成和拆分的规律，可知文章最有 可能在Linguistics Around Us中找到，故答案为Bo（C）Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this “clawback“ rule is to hold bankers responsible for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long-term decision-making not only by banks but also by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism“ or the desire fbr quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economies, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like "Children who pick the strawberries out of their pudding to eat them at once rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient（短期的）investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hold back a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been called "quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities（股 票）,quicker use of information, and thus shortens attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be an advantage of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in speech this week.In the US the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to delay performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short-termism." In its latest survey of CEO pay, The Wall Street Journal finds that “a substantial part“ of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage “long-termism J such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure（披露）of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide motivation for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all shareholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.43. According to Paragraph 1 one reason for imposing the new rule is the.A. enhance banker's sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives44. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be.A. indirectB. negativeC. favorableD. temporary45. The US and France examples in paragraphs 5 and 6 are used to illustrate.A. the obstacles to preventing “short-termism”.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting “long-termism”D. the popularity of short-term thinking.46. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers【答案】43.A44. B 45. C 46. B【解析】【分析】本文为新闻报道。英国金融法规实施了一条不寻常的规定，让银行家为不良风险负责以及修复公 众对金融机构的信任。所有的公司都要做出“长期”投资，为子孙后代建设更强的经济。43题详解】细节理解题。根据题干关键词Paragraph 1和one motive in imposing the new rule定位到第一段第三句The main purpose of this “clawback“ rule is to hold bankers responsible for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.这项“clawback”规则的主要目的是让银行家为有害的风险承担责任，并修复公众对